4 Ch04 First Order Circuits

Chapter 4
Differential Equations
Definition: Differential equations are equations
Introduction to Differential that involve dependent variables and their
Equations derivatives with respect to the independent
variables.
Transient Analysis of Simple harmonic d 2u

ku 0
motion: u(x)
First-Order Networks dx 2
Wave equation in three 2u 2u 2u 2u

2 c2 2
dimensions: u(x,y,z,t) x 2
y 2
z t
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute
University of the Philippines - Diliman
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 33 - p2
Revised by Michael Pedrasa, May 2012 Elec Ckts 9ed, Chapter 7
Ordinary Differential Equations Ordinary Differential Equations

Definition: Ordinary differential equations We can classify all ODEs according to
(ODE) are differential equations that involve only order, linearity and homogeneity.
ONE independent variable.
Example: The order of a differential equation is just the

d u( x )
2 highest differential term involved:
ku 0
dx 2
d 2y dy
a2 a1 a0 0 2nd order
u(x) is the dependent variable dt 2
dt
x is the independent variable dx d 3x
x 3 3rd order
dt dt
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 33 - p3 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 33 - p4
1
Linearity Linearity - Summary
The important issue is how the unknown variable
(ie y) appears in the equation. A linear equation Linear Non-linear
must have constant coefficients, or coefficients
which depend on the independent variable. If 2y y2 or sin( y)
y or its derivatives appear in the coefficient the
equation is non-linear. dy dy
y
dt dt
dy dy 2
y 0 is linear t 0 is linear
dt dt (2 3 sin t) y (2 3 y 2 ) y
dy dy 2 2
y 2 0 is non-linear y t 0 is non-linear dy dy
dt dt t
dt dt
Homogeniety Examples of Classification

Put all the terms of the differential equation which dy
1st Order
involve the dependent variable on the left hand y0 Linear
side (LHS) of the equation. dx Homogeneous
Homogeneous: If there is nothing left on the d2y 2nd Order

right-hand side (RHS), the equation is cos( x) y 2 sin( x) Non-linear
homogeneous. (unforced or free) dx 2 Non-homogeneous
Nonhomogeneous: If there are terms left on 3rd Order

the RHS involving constants or the independent d 3y
5 4y cos( x ) Linear
variable, the equation is nonhomogeneous (forced) dx 3 Non-homogeneous
2
Linear Differential Equations Linear Differential Equations
A linear ordinary differential equation describing Assume that we are given a network of passive
linear electric circuits is of the form elements and sources where all currents and
dnx d n1x dx voltages are initially known. At a reference instant
an an1 n1 ... a1 a0 v ( t )
dt n
dt dt of time designated t=0, the system is altered in a
manner that is represented by the opening or
where closing of a switch.
an, an-1,,a0 constants
Our objective is to obtain equations for currents
x(t) dependent variable (current or voltage)
and voltages in terms of time measured from the
t independent variable instant equilibrium was altered by the switching.
v(t) voltage or current sources
Solution to Differential Equations Solution to Differential Equations

1 R
In the network shown, the Equation 2 can be integrated to give
2
+ R
switch is moved from position (3)
E
-
L ln i tK
1 to position 2 at time t=0. L
After switching, the KVL equation is where ln means the natural logarithm (base e).
di The constant K can be expressed as ln k

L Ri 0 (1)
dt Thus, equation 3 can be written as
Re-arranging the equation to separate the
ln i ln e Rt / L ln k (4)
variables, we get
di R
dt (2) We know that ln y + ln z = ln yz
i L
3
Solution to Differential Equations General and Particular Solutions
Equation 4 is equivalent to The general solution refers to a set of solutions
Rt / L satisfying the differential equation.
ln i ln ( ke ) (5)
A particular 1.5e-250t
Applying the antilogarithm we get solution fits the
specification of a e-250t
i ke Rt / L (6)
particular problem. 0.5e-250t
Equation 6 is known as the general solution. If
Assume in the
the constant k is evaluated, the solution is a
previous circuit,
particular solution. R=1kW, L=4H.
First-Order Transients
Consider the homogeneous differential equation
dx
Transient Analysis of a bx 0
dt
First-Order Networks with initial condition x(0)=X0.
The solution can be shown to be an exponential of

Artemio P. Magabo the form
Professor of Electrical Engineering x Kst
where K and s are constants. Substitution gives
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

asKst bKst 0
University of the Philippines - Diliman
E
4
After canceling the exponential term, we get Source-Free RL Network
b Consider the circuit shown. Let R
as b 0 or s
a i(0) = I0. From KVL, we get
i
Thus the solution is L
b di
t L Ri 0
x K a
dt
The constant K can be found using the given initial The solution can be found to be
condition. At t=0, we get
R
t
x(0) X0 K0 K i K L
The final solution is At t=0, we get

b
t
x X0 a
t0 i(0) I0 K0 K
Substitution gives
R
Source-Free RC Network
t
i(t) I0 L Consider the circuit shown. Let R
vC(0) = V0. From KCL, we get
From Ohms Law, we get the resistor voltage. for t 0 i +
R
dvC 1 C vC
t -
vR Ri RI0 L C vC 0
dt R
The voltage across the inductor is given by
The solution can be shown to be
R
di t 1
vL L RI0 L vR t
dt vC K RC
Note: Every current and voltage in an RL At t=0, we get

network is a decaying exponential with a
time constant of =L/R. vC (0) V0 K0 K
5
Substitution gives
1
The Exponential Function
t 1
vC (t) V0 RC
x(t) X0
t

Given the function
From Ohms Law, we get the resistor current.
v V t
1 When t=0, x(0) X00 X0
iR C 0 RC When t=, x() X0 1 0.368X0
R R
The current in the capacitor is is given by When t=2, x(2) X0 2 0.135X0
dvC V t
1
When t=3, x(3) X0 3 0.050X0
iC C 0 RC iR
dt R When t=4, x(4) X0 4 0.018X0
Note: Every current and voltage in an RC
network is a decaying exponential with a When t=5, x(5) X0 5 0.007X0
time constant of =RC.
Plot of the Exponential Function Comments:
1. When R is expressed in ohms, L in Henrys

X0 .. 1
and C in Farads, the time constant is in
.. - t
.. x(t) X0e t0 seconds.
..
.. 2. For practical circuits, the typical values of
..
.. the parameters are: R in ohms, L in mH,
... C in F.
...
. .. 3. Typically, L
. . .. . . .. . . . in msec
R
1 2 3 4 5 t RC in sec
Note: As seen from the plot, after t=5, or after 5 Note: For practical circuits, the exponential
time constants, the function is practically zero. function will decay to zero in less than 1 second.
6
A More General RL Circuit Next, find the time constant of the circuit.
The circuit shown has several resistors but only L 1
sec
one inductor. Given 4W 0.1H R ab 80
i1(0+)=I0=2 Amps,
find i1, i2, and i3 for i2 i3 i1 I0 Every current will be described by the exponential
t 0. 6W 3W 2W K 80 t t0
First, determine the For example, we get
equivalent resistance
seen by the inductor.
4W a b i1 K1 80t t0
6(3) At t=0+, i1(0+)=I0=2 Amps. Thus, we get
R ab 2 4 6W 3W 2W
63 i1(0 ) 2 K10 K1
8W
Thus, we find the current i1 to be A More General RC Circuit

i1 2 80 t Amps t0 The circuit shown has several resistors but only
one capacitor. Given
The remaining currents, i2 and i3, can be found vC(0+)=V0=20 volts,
using current division. We get find i for t 0. 2KW
6kW + i 3kW
3 1 1F vC
i2 i1 i1 -
36 3 First, determine the
or equivalent resistance
2 80 t seen by the capacitor.
i2 Amps t0
3 6k(3k) 2KW
Similarly, we get R ab 2k 6kW 3kW
6k 3k a
4 4 kW b
i3 80 t Amps t0
3
7
Next, find the time constant of the circuit. Thus, we find the Voltage vC to be
R abC (4kW)(1F) 4 msec vC 20 250 t volts t0
Any current or voltage will be described by the The current in the capacitor is described by
exponential dvC
K 250 t t0 iC C 5 250 t mA t0
dt
For example, we get Applying current division, we get the current i(t).
vC K 250 t t0 6k
i(t) (-iC ) 3.33 e- 250 t mA t0
6k 3k
At t=0+, vC(0+)=V0=20 volts. Thus, we get
vC (0 ) 20 K0 K
RL Network with Constant Source Transient Response: The solution of the homo-
R geneous differential equation; that is
In the circuit shown, the
switch is closed at t = 0. t=0
+ i dit
Find current i(t) for t 0. E L L Rit 0
- dt
For t 0, we get from
KVL The transient response for the RL circuit is
di
L Ri E
R
t
dt it K L
The solution of a non-homogeneous differential Steady-State Response: The solution of the

equation consists of two components: differential equation itself; that is
1. The transient response diss
2. The steady-state response
L Riss E
dt
8
The steady-state response is similar in form to the Complete Response: The sum of the transient
forcing function plus all its unique derivatives. For response and steady-state response.
constant excitation, the steady-state response is R
also constant. E t
i(t) iss it K L t0
Let iss=A, constant R
diss
0 Initial Condition: For t<0, i=0 since the switch is
dt open. At t=0+, or immediately after the switch is
Substitute in the differential equation closed, i(0+)=0 since the current in the inductor
cannot change instantaneously.
0 RA E Evaluate K. At t=0+, we get
or
E E E
A i(0 ) 0 K0 or K
R R R
Finally,we get Transient Response

R
E E L t
i(t) t0 The transient response is the solution of the
R R homogeneous differential equation.
A plot of the current for t 0 is shown below. (1) It is an exponential function whose time
E iss constant depends on the values of the electrical
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. parameters (R, L and C);
R ....
i(t) (2) It is also called the natural response since it is
....
...
... a trademark of any network;
. . . . . . . . . . . . ..
2 .... 4 t (3) It is independent of the source; and
....
it ...
E ... (4) It serves as the transition from the initial
steady-state to the final steady-state value.
R
9
Steady-State Response RC Network with Constant Source
R
The steady-state response is the solution of the In the circuit shown, the
original differential equation. switch is closed at t = 0. t=0
+ i +
(1) It is also called the forced response since its Assume vC(0)=V0. Find E C vC
vC(t) for t 0. - -
form is forced on the electrical network by the
applied source; For t 0, we get from KVL
(2) It is similar in form to the applied source plus Ri vC E
all its unique derivatives;
(3) It is independent of the initial conditions; and dvC
Since iC , we get
(4) It exists for as long as the source is applied.
dt
dvC
The forced response is the response that will be left after RC vC E
the natural response dies out. dt
Transient Response: For an RC network, we get We get

1
t 0A E or A E
vC,t K RC
Complete Response: Add the transient response

Steady-State Response: Since the forcing and steady-state response.
function is constant, the steady-state response is 1
t
also constant. vC vC,ss vC,t E K RC
Let vC,ss = A, constant

Evaluate K. At t=0+, we get
dvC,ss
0 vC (0 ) V0 E K or K V0 E
dt
Substitute in
Finally,we get
dvC,ss 1
RC vC,ss E t
dt vC (t) E (V0 E) RC
t0
10
L and C at Steady State Example: Find the 10W
current and voltages + vR -
With all sources constant, then at steady-state, + +
at steady state. 24V i vL L
all currents and voltages are constant. - -
I0 L iC C
+ vL -
Since the source is constant,
+ V0 - the inductor is shorted at
If the current is If the voltage is steady state.
constant, then constant, then 24
10W iss 2.4 A
dI0 dV0 10
vL L 0 iC C 0 + vR,ss - +
dt dt 24V
+
iss vL,ss vR,ss 24 V
- -
Note: With constant sources, L is short-circuited
and C is open-circuited at steady state condition. vL,ss 0
Example: Find the 10W Example: Find the 3W

current and voltages + vR - +
inductor current and
+
at steady state. 24V i vC C capacitor voltage at + + L iL
- - steady state. 24V - vC C
- 9W
Since the source is constant,
the capacitor is open-circuited At steady state, short
at steady state. the inductor and open
the capacitor. 3W
10W iss 0
24
+ vR,ss - + iL ,ss 2A + + iL,ss
24V
+
iss vC,ss vR,ss 0 12 24V - vC,ss
- - - 9W
vC,ss 24 V vC,ss 9iL,ss 18 V
11
iL1
4W 4W
Example: Find the Example: The switch is
inductor currents closed at t=0. Find the t=0
+ +
8W + + i
and capacitor vC1 current i(t) for t 0.
24V + C3 vC3 12V - 10mH
voltages at - - vC2 iL2 -
steady state. - The transient current is
R
t
Equivalent circuit at steady-state it K L
K 400 t t0
IL1 IL1 0
4W The steady-state equivalent circuit for t 0
IL2 2A
4W
8W + VC1 16 V
+ +
VC1 12
24V
-
+ C3 VC3
VC2 0 Iss 3A + Iss
- VC2 IL2 - 4 12V
- VC3 16 V -
The complete solution RL and RC Networks

i(t) iss it 3 K 400 t t0 The solution of a non-homogeneous differential
equation consists of two components: the transient
Initial condition: At t=0+, i(0+)=0 since the response and the steady-state response
inductor current cannot change instantaneously.
RL Network with RC Network with
Evaluate K: At t = 0+,
Constant Source Constant Source
i(0 ) 0 3 K0
R
t
1
t
or i( t ) A K L
v( t ) A K RC
K 3
steady-state transient steady-state transient
Thus, we get response response response response
i(t) 3 3 400 t A t0 With constant sources, L is short-circuited and C

is open-circuited at steady state condition.
12
Example: The switch has been in position 1 for a Equivalent circuit for t 0
10kW
long time. At t=0, the switch is moved to position
2. Find the current i(t) for t 0. From KVL, we get
+
5kW 1 2 10kW 1 t 1F i E=6V
C
Ri idt E -
t=0
+ + +
12V vC 1F i 6V At t=0+,
-
-
-
Ri(0 ) vC (0 ) E
or E vC (0 )
The circuit is at steady-state 5kW i(0 )
condition prior to switching. R
+ + Since the capacitor voltage cannot change
- 12V vC,ss instantaneously,
vC,ss 12 V vC (0 ) - -
vC (0 ) vC (0- ) 12 V
We get Comments:
10kW
6 12 10kW
i(0 ) 0.6 mA - VR +
10k VC(0+) i
+ +
i +
=12V 1uF 6V VC 1uF 6V
-
- -
The transient response is
1
t 1. The actual current flows in the clockwise
it K RC
K 100 t t0 direction. The capacitor supplies the current.
The steady-state current is zero since the capacitor The 6-volt source is absorbing power.
will be open-circuited. Thus, the total current is 2. The voltages across the resistor and capacitor
equal to the transient current. Since i(0+)=-0.6 mA, can be found to be
we get
100 t
vR Ri(t) 6 100 t V t0
i(t) 0.6 mA t0 100 t
vC 6 vR 6 6 V t0
13
Comments: Example: The network has reached steady-state
condition with the switch in position 1. At t=0, the
3. The energy stored in the capacitor decreases
switch is moved to position 2. Find i, vc1 and vC2
from 72 J to 18 J.
for t 0. Assume that capacitor C2 is initially
WC (0 ) 12 CvC2 (0 ) 12 (1F)(12) 2 72 J uncharged. 10kW 1 2 2.5kW
WC () 12 CvC2 () 12 (1F)(6) 2 18 J t=0 +
+ +
100V 5F vC1 i vC2 20F
The resistor will dissipate a total energy of 18 J. - -
2 -
v 36
WR dt 200t dt 18 J
0 R 0 10kW 10kW
The circuit is at steady-state
The 6V source will absorb a total energy of 36 J. prior to switching. +
+
100V vC1,ss
WR Vi dt 6 (0.6 100t
mA)dt 36 J vC1,ss 100 V - -
0 0
2.5kW
Equivalent circuit at t=0+ The current for a source-free RC circuit is given by
1
+
vC1(0 ) 100 V vC1(0+)
+ i(0+)
vC2(0+) i(t) K

RC
t
K 100 t t0
C1 C2

vC2(0 ) 0 - -
Since i(0+) = 40 mA, we get
From KVL, we get i(t) 40 100 t mA t0

vC1(0 ) Ri(0 ) vC2(0 )
The voltages are
Substitution gives i(0+) = 40 mA.
2.5kW
vR Ri(t) 100 100 t V t 0
Equivalent circuit for t 0
1 t 1 t
C2 C2 0

Ceq 4 F + + v C2 idt v C 2 (0 ) idt
5F i 20F
- -
RC eq 10 ms 20 20 100 t V t0
14
vC1 vR vC2 3. The final energy stored in C1 and C2
20 80 100 t
V t0 WC1() 1
2
C1v2C1() 1 mJ
Comments: WC2() 1
2
C2v2C2() 4 mJ
1. The current decays to zero but vC1 And vC2 do 4. The total energy lost is 20 mJ.
not decay to zero. At steady-state (t=),
5. The total energy dissipated by the resistor
VC1,ss VC2,ss 20 V
2. The initial energy stored in C1 and C2

WR 0
i2Rdt 0
4 200 tdt 20 mJ
WC1(0 ) 1
C1v2C1(0 ) 25 mJ Note: At t=0+, vC1=100 volts and vC2=0. Capacitor
2
C1 supplies the current that charges capacitor C2.
The current stops when vC1 = vC2 =20 V.
WC2(0 ) 1
2
C2v2C2(0 ) 0
Example: The network has reached steady-state Equivalent circuit for t 0 1kW
condition with the switch closed. At t=0, the switch
is opened. Find i(t) The transient current is +
1kW t=0 2kW R 12V i 0.1H
-
for t 0. i t K L
t
K 10,000t
+ +
12V i 0.1H 36V At steady-state, the inductor is short-circuited.
- -
Thus, the steady state current is 12 mA.
The complete response is
The circuit is at steady-
1kW 2kW
state prior to switching. i(t ) 12 K 10,000t mA t 0
12 36 + + Since i(0+) = 30 mA, we get K = 18 mA. The final
IL,ss 12V IL,ss
1k 2k - - 36V expression is
30 mA i(t ) 12 18 10,000t mA t 0
15
First-Order RL and RC Circuits NOTES:
General Procedure 1. f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/
1. Find f(0+), the initial value of the variable to forced response natural response
be solved.
2. Req is the thevenin resistance seen by the
2. Find f(), the final value of the variable to be capacitor or inductor.
solved.
3. If a switch changed state (closes or opens) at
Note: When solving for the initial and final values, treat the
capacitors as open circuits & the inductors as short circuits. t = t0, then
vC(t0+) = vC(t0-) iL(t0+) = iL(t0-)
3. Simplify the RC or RL circuit to get Req, Ceq or
Leq. The time constant is ReqCeq or Leq/Req. The voltage across a The current through an
capacitor cannot change inductor cannot change
4. The solution is: instantaneously. instantaneously.
f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/ All other voltages and currents can change instantaneously.
t=0 1 kW i (t) Step 2: Final conditions

Example: In the circuit, R
vC1(0-) = 12 V + + After a very long time, iR() = 0.

and vC2(0-) = 0 V. vC1 3 uF 6 uF vC2 Therefore, vC1() = vC2() or
_ _
Find vC1(t), vC2(t) and iR(t). Q1 Q2
2Q1 Q2
3u 6u
Step 1: Initial conditions
Initial charge stored = final charge stored
At att=0
t = 0++ :
v C1(0 ) v C1(0 ) 12V
1 kW 12 mA
(12V)(3uF) 36uC Q1 Q2 Q1 2Q1
+ + Q1 12uC and Q2 24uC
12 V 3 uF 6 uF 0V v C2 (0 ) v C2 (0 ) 0V 1 kW 0 mA
_ _
Therefore, vC1() = 4 V + +
v (0 ) v C2 (0 ) 12 0 vC2() = 4 V
4V 3 uF 6 uF 4V
iR (0 ) C1 12mA _ _
1k 1k
16
Step 3: Find the time constant,
Req = 1 kW iR(t) = 12 e -t / 2ms mA
Ceq = 3 uF in series with 6 uF = 2 uF vC1(t) = 4 + 8 e -t / 2ms V
vC2(t) = 4 - 4 e -t / 2ms V
Therefore, = ReqCeq = (1 k)(2u) = 2 ms
Step 4: f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/
iR(t) = 0 + [12 - 0] e-t / 2ms = 12 e -t / 2ms mA

vC1(t) = 4 + [12 - 4] e-t / 2ms
= 4 + 8 e -t / 2ms V
vC2(t) = 4 + [0 - 4] e-t / 2ms
=4-4e -t / 2ms V
2.4 kW
Example: Find the inductor t=0
iL(t) Step 3: Find the time constant,
current iL(t) and the
inductor voltage vL(t).
+ Req = 2.4 kW Leq = 80 uH
10 V 80 uH vL(t)
_ Therefore = Leq / Req = 33.33 ns
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 0 vL(0+) = 10 V Step 4: f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/
Step 2: Final conditions iL(t) = 4.167 + [0 - 4.167] e-t/33.33n

2.4 kW The inductor will behave like a = 4.167 - 4.167 e-t/33.33n mA
short circuit so
+
10 V 0V vL() = 0 V vL(t) = 0 + [10 - 0] e-t/33.33n V
80 uH
_
iL() = 102400= 4.167 mA = 10 e-t/33.33n V
17
Transient and Steady-State Response
Example: If the switch in the network closes at
iL(t) = 4.167 - 4.167 e-t/33.33n mA t=0, find v0(t) for t>0.
iL(0+)=0A iL()=4.167mA 24V 2vA
4W
-+ -+
vL(t) = 10 e-t/33.33u V + +
Transient vL(0+)=10V vL()=0V 3A vA 4W 2F vo
- -
response Steady-state
Response
At t=0- 24V 2vA
4W vA(0-)=3A(4W)
-+ -+ = 12V
+ +
3A vA 4W vC(0-) vC(0-)= 2vA+24+vA
- -
= 60 V
=33.33 ns 5=1.67x10-4 s
Determine vOC 24V 2vA

At t=0+, 4W
-+ -+
v0(0+) = vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 60V +
+
v0C = 24V 3A vA 4W vOC
Step 2: Final conditions - -
24V 2vA
4W Get iSC
-+ -+ 24V 2vA
vA,ss = 0 4W
+ + -+ -+ From KVL,
3A vA 4W vo v0,ss = 24V
- +
- 3A vA 4W iSC 2vA + vA = -24
- vA = -8V
Step 3: Find the time constant,
Since we have a dependent source, the equivalent The two resistors are in parallel, thus
resistance seen by the capacitor can be obtained
by finding vOC/iSC 2iSC 24 2vA = 0 iSC = 4 A
18
The Unit Step Forcing
The equivalent resistance is Function
Req = vOC iSC = 24V / 4A = 6W
0 t0
The time constant is u(t) +
u(t) u(t)
1 t0 _
= ReqC = 6W(2F)= 12sec
Step 4: f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/ u(t)
v0(t) = 24 + [60 - 24] e-t/12 V 1
= 24 + 36 e-t/12 V
t
Translated Step Function

Example Step Function Inverted in Time
5u(t)
0 t to 1 t to
5V u (t to) u (to t )
1 t to 0 t to
+
5 u(t) V _
u(t-t0) u(t0-t)
t < 0: t > 0:
1 1
+
5V _
t0 t t0 t
19
Example Example: The circuit shown is initially at steady-
state condition. Formulate the expression for
2u(2-t) vC(t) and iR(t) for t>0. i 3kW R
2mA
2 u(2 - t)
+ +
mA
2 t 24u(t) 24u(t-4ms) vc 1F 6kW
-
-
2 - t > 0 or t < 2 s: 2 - t < 0 or t > 2 s:

Evaluate the forcing function:
24V 24V
24V 1
2 mA
t 4ms t 4ms t
24u(t) 24u(t-4ms) 24u(t) - 24u(t-4ms)
Time constant for 0<t<4ms 3kW iR

We need to evaluate the circuit using two time
intervals: 0 < t < 4ms , voltage source = 24V R eqC + +
t > 4ms , voltage source = 0 (2 KW)(1F) 24 V vC 1F 6kW
-
-
2 msec
First time interval: 0 < t < 4ms
The transient response is of the form
At t<0, the circuit is in steady-state. The 3kW
and 6kW resistors will dissipate whatever energy vC,t K1e-500t i R ,t K 2e-500t
is initially stored in C, thus vC(0-) = 0.
Equivalent circuit at steady-state
At t = 0+: 6 3kW iR,ss
3kW iR(0+) v C,ss (24 V) 16V
vC(0+) = vC(0-) = 0 3 6 + +
+ + 24 V vC,ss 6kW
vC(0+)=0 6kW iR(0+) = 0 24V - -
24V
-
1F i R ,ss 2.67mA
-
3kW 6kW
20
Complete Response Second time interval: t > 4ms
v C ( t ) 16 K1e -500t
V To get initial conditions, determine the voltage vC
right before switching.
i R ( t ) 2.67 K 2e -500t
mA
vC (4 ms- ) 16 16e-500(0.004) 13.83 V
Evaluate the constants K1 and K2 using initial
conditions. At t = 4ms+
3kW
iR vC(4ms+) = vC(4ms-)
vC (0 ) 0 16 K1 or K1 -16 = 13.83 V
vC(4ms+) +
i R (0 ) 0 2.67 K 2 or K 2 -2.67 13.83V - 1F 6kW
iR(4ms+) = 13.83 6k
Thus, we get = 2.305 mA
vC (t ) 16 16e-500t V 0 t 4 msec Note:
i R (4ms ) 2.67 2.67e-500(0.004) i (4ms ) i (4ms )
i R (t ) 2.67 2.67e -500t
mA 0 t 4 msec R R
2.31 mA
Equivalent circuit for t 4 ms.

3kW
iR Thus, the expression for vC and iR for t>0
Req = 3kW || 6kW= 2KW
+
' R eq C (2 KW)(1F) vC 1F 6kW 16 16e-500t V, t < 4ms
- vC(t) =
2 msec 13.83e-500(t-4ms) V, t > 4ms
This is a source-free network, so at steady-state 2.67 2.67e-500t mA, t < 4ms

iR(t) =
iR,ss=0 and vC,ss=0. 2.305e-500(t-4ms) mA, t > 4ms
Let t=t+4 ms. For t 0, the capacitor voltage
and resistor current is described by
vC (t ' ) 13.83e-500t' V, t' 0
i R (t ' ) 2.305e-500t' mA, t' 0
21
V
VCC(t)
(t) iR(t)
(V)
(V) (mA)
16 16e-500t V Graph for vc(t)

2.67 2.67e-500t mA
16 16e-500t V, t < 4ms
Graph for iR(t)
13.83e-500(t-4ms) V, t > 4ms 2.67 2.67e-500t mA, t < 4ms
2.305e-500(t-4ms) mA, t > 4ms
=2 ms
5= 10 ms =2 ms
5= 10 ms
13.83e-500(t-4ms)
2.305e-500(t-4ms) mA
t t
50 W
Equivalent of Switching Example: Find i(t) i
for t>0. 30 W
v(t) 2 u(t) 2H
+
Vu(t-t0) General General V _ 100 u(t)
+
_ Network V +
_ Network
t0 t When t < 0, the sources At t = 0+, the sources
Equivalent circuit are off, thus i(0-) = 0 A turn on 50 W
50 W i
i(t)
i 30 W
Iu(t-t0) General General
30 W 2H
I 2A
Network Network 2H +
_ 100 V
t0 t
Equivalent circuit
i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 A
22
Final condition: After a very long time, the Sinusoidal Sources
inductor will behave like a short circuit
Consider the network shown. R
50 W From KCL, i + ix = 2 Let v(t)=Vm sin t where Vm t=0
i +
KVL yields and are constant.
30 W v(t) i L
2A ix -100 30ix + 50i = 0 For t 0, we get from KVL -
di
+
100 V Thus, i = 2 A and ix = 0
L Ri Vm sin t
_
i() = 2 A dt
Time constant:
Leq = 2 H The transient response is
= 0.025 s
R
t
Req = 30 + 50 = 80 W it K L
t0
Finally, i(t) = i() + [i(0+) i()]e-t/ Remember: The transient response is independent
i(t) = 2 + (0 2) e-t/0.025 = 2 - 2 e-40t A of the source.
The steady-state response is the solution of the Substitution gives

differential equation itself. Let
LK1 cos t - LK2sin t
iss K1 sin t K2cos t
RK1sin t RK2cos t Vm sin t
diss
K1 cos t - K2sin t
dt Comparing coefficients, we get
Substituting in the original equation
Vm RK1 LK2 and 0 RK 2 LK1
di
L Ri Vm sin t
dt
gives Solving simultaneously, we get
LK1 cos t - LK2sin t RVm LVm
K1 and K2
RK1sin t RK2cos t Vm sin t R 2L2
2
R 2 2L2
23
The steady-state response is
iss K1 sin t K2cos t
Substituting K1 and K2
iss
Vm
(R sin t L cos t)
End
R 2L2
2
The complete response is

Vm
i(t) (R sin t L cos t)
R 2L2
2
R
t
K L
t0
24

4 Ch04 First Order Circuits

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Chapter 4

Transient Analysis of Simple harmonic d 2u

Wave equation in three 2u 2u 2u 2u

Ordinary Differential Equations Ordinary Differential Equations

Example: The order of a differential equation is just the

Homogeniety Examples of Classification

Homogeneous: If there is nothing left on the d2y 2nd Order

Nonhomogeneous: If there are terms left on 3rd Order

Solution to Differential Equations Solution to Differential Equations

di The constant K can be expressed as ln k

The solution can be shown to be an exponential of

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The final solution is At t=0, we get

Note: Every current and voltage in an RL At t=0, we get

Plot of the Exponential Function Comments:

1. When R is expressed in ohms, L in Henrys

Thus, we find the current i1 to be A More General RC Circuit

The solution of a non-homogeneous differential Steady-State Response: The solution of the

Finally,we get Transient Response

Transient Response: For an RC network, we get We get

Complete Response: Add the transient response

Let vC,ss = A, constant

Example: Find the 10W Example: Find the 3W

The complete solution RL and RC Networks

i(t) 3 3 400 t A t0 With constant sources, L is short-circuited and C

2. The initial energy stored in C1 and C2

t=0 1 kW i (t) Step 2: Final conditions

vC1(0-) = 12 V + + After a very long time, iR() = 0.

Step 4: f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/

iR(t) = 0 + [12 - 0] e-t / 2ms = 12 e -t / 2ms mA

Step 2: Final conditions iL(t) = 4.167 + [0 - 4.167] e-t/33.33n

Determine vOC 24V 2vA

Step 4: f(t) = f() + [f(0+) - f()] e-t/ u(t)

v0(t) = 24 + [60 - 24] e-t/12 V 1

Translated Step Function

2 - t > 0 or t < 2 s: 2 - t < 0 or t > 2 s:

Time constant for 0<t<4ms 3kW iR

Equivalent circuit for t 4 ms.

This is a source-free network, so at steady-state 2.67 2.67e-500t mA, t < 4ms

16 16e-500t V Graph for vc(t)

The steady-state response is the solution of the Substitution gives

The complete response is

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 33 - p95

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