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Abstract
The project in hand deals with the designing, feasibility and cost
effectiveness study of a wind turbine which may preferably be installed at
agricultural farms and open areas where there are no major hindrances to
the wind current or tower height limitations. This type of wind turbine
system is used to fulfill the local electricity power requirements of the site.
The project is done by three students and each student’s report emphasizes
on a particular area in addition to the overall design brief. In this report, the
detailed discussion on types of wind turbines as well as the detailed design
of turbine blade is discussed.
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(e) Incorporating safeties in design
(f) Estimating the cost of project
Drag Type Turbines These are the types of turbine which are sent into
motion due to the drag effect of the media (either air or water). Figure No 1
and 2 shows some basic shapes and arrangements for drag type turbines.
These turbines were mostly used in the early history in Persia and China.
These may be classified as:
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(b) Lift Type Turbines These types of turbines have airfoil type
geometry of blades and use the concept of lift generation to extract
energy from air. These wind turbines are most common now a
days. Followings are the subcategories of these turbines.
HAWTs
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Advantages This type of turbines has following advantages due to
which it suites our requirements: -
(a) The blade pitch angle can be varied to give the turbine blades an
optimum angle of attack. This feature enables the turbine to
collects the maximum amount of wind energy for any time of the
day and during any season.
(b) The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind
shear. In some wind shear sites, every ten meters up, the wind
speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%.
(c) Since the blades always move perpendicular to the wind, they
receive power through the whole rotation and hence are more
efficient. In contrast, all vertical axis wind turbines involve various
types of reciprocating actions, requiring airfoil surfaces to backtrack
against the wind for part of the cycle. Backtracking against the wind
leads to inherently lower efficiency.
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VAWTs
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Figure No 5 Different Arrangements in Lift Type Wind Turbines
IDEAS GENERATION
Optimum Locations for Installation
The installed location of wind turbine is one of the most important factors
dictating the design of the system. As mentioned in the basic design
requirements, the current system is being designed for large agricultural
farms. So, followings design features may readily be concluded as these are
the most feasible options for intended installation locations: -
(a) Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine may be installed without any major
limitations of tower height or area requirements.
(c) Wind changes its speed and direction smoothly. So the turbine may
not experience frequent variation of wind speed or directions. The
chances of wind gusting are also less frequent.
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(d) As most of the farms are generally far off from cities where major
maintenance facilities are established; the design should call for
minimum maintenance requirement and a reliable operation.
1
2
1 1
2 2
1
2
1
2
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The above relation shows that the wind power increases with the cube
of the wind velocity. So, wind speed is the most influential variable defining
the wind power density. Figure 6 shows a typical wind speed distribution
chart for a typical location. This chart provides the most important data for
installation of wind turbine.
Base on the discussion made above, the basic design features for the
Wind Turbine are estimated. The design process will be started based on this
design feature and further refinement will be carried out subsequently.
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larger capacity designs are larger and larger turbine blades. Thus they cover
a larger area and effectively increase the tip speed ratio of turbine at a given
wind speed. In this way, the energy extraction capability may be enhanced
many times. A blade size of 25 meter was selected to fulfill the design
requirements.
The ratio between the speed of the wind and the speed the blade tips
is called Tip speed ratio. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip
speed/wind speed ratios of 6 to 7.
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Blade materials
In case of composites there are three main types which may used in
blade manufacturing. These are:
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Preimpregnated Composites Preimpregnated composites are an
option for blade design. However, they come with following limitation:
COSTING OF PRODUCTS
Cost of the system was estimated to be $ 0.25 million for each unit.
The cost contains material and labor cost of all the individual components
and systems. The detailed cost calculations are done by the other student’s
report.
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BALANCING DESIGN/PERFORMANCE NEEDS
Following is the summary of other design features incorporated in the
system based on the operational requirements. A detailed discussion is
made in the other student’s report.
The design of wind turbine is incorporated with various safeties. The brake
system is made redundant to prevent the turbine from moving freely in case
of brake failure. Moreover, the factor of safety in blade strength is kept on
higher side to avoid blade failure. A wire mesh in blade material provides
extra strength to the blade as well as provides lightening protection. Aircraft
anti-collision arrangements have been made. In addition to this active speed
control systems and pitch control systems are incorporated to avoid blade
stall or over speeding which may cause rupturing of blades.
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LITERATURE SEARCH
1. A Wind Energy Pioneer: Charles F. Brush, Danish Wind Industry
Association
2. http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm
3. "Part 1 — Early History Through 1875".
4. http://www.telosnet.com/wind/early.html.
5. A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145-
151
6. Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle",
Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp.1-30 (10f.)
7. Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology:
An illustrated history, p. 54. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-
42239-6.
8. Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near
East", Scientific American, May 1991, p. 64-69. (cf. Donald Routledge
Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
9. "James Blyth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford
University Press.
10. http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/dnb/100957.html.
11. a b Quirky old-style contraptions make water from wind on the
mesas of West Texas.
12. Alan Wyatt: Electric Power: Challenges and Choices. Book Press
Ltd., Toronto 1986, ISBN 0-920650-00-7
13. Kansas Wind Energy Project, Affiliated Atlantic & Western Group
Inc, 5250 W 94th Terrace, Prairie Village, Kansas 66207
14. "Wind Energy Basics". American Wind Energy Association.
15. http://www.awea.org/faq/wwt_basics.html.
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