Chapter 13: States of Matter

Chapter 13.1 Gases

Kinetic-molecular theory: If we separate the two terms we can determine the
meaning:
kinetic - to move
molecular - all gases contain molecules

Therefore, the kinetic molecular theory describes the behaviour of gases in terms
of particles in motion.

3 Assumptions about gas particles:

1. Particle size: Small particles that are separated by space. The volume of
space is much larger than the volume of the particles. Because of the
distance, there is no attraction or repulsion forces acting on the particles.
2. Particle motion: Particles of gas do not follow any set pattern. They are in
constant, random motion. The particles move around each other and
sometimes collide. These collisions are called Elastic collisions because no
kinetic energy is lost (no movement energy is lost).
3. Particle energy: Also called kinetic energy. There are 2 factors that
determine kinetic energy mass and velocity.
KE = mv2
KE is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity (speed with direction)

All particles of the same type DO NOT have the same kinetic energy because
although mass is the same, the velocity differs.

Draw a picture in the square below that explains the kinetic-molecular theory and
assumptions.

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TEMPERATURE is the measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of particles in a
sample of matter.
- The higher the temperature, the _______________ the kinetic energy.

Read the section on Explaining the Behaviour of Gases pg.386 - 388

Make notes on low density, compression and expansion, and diffusion.

Practice Problems #1-2, page 388 (use example problem 13-1 on pg. 388 to help)

Continue reading and define Pressure

Practice Problems #4-6, page 392

Assessment Questions: #9, page 392; #63, page 415

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 Chapter 13.2 Forces of Attraction

Definitions

Intramolecular forces: The attractive forces that hold particles together in

_______________, _______________, and _______________ bonds

- The prefix intra- means _______________.

Intermolecular forces: forces _______________ molecules, they are

_______________ than intramolecular forces.

Dipole: a pair of _______________ and _______________ charged poles.

Intermolecular Forces
1. Dispersion Forces

What are Dispersion Forces?

- occur between _______________

molecules.

- Non-polar molecules do not have a charge,

but as the electrons move,
_______________ distribution of
_______________ occurs. This causes
slight dipoles to be created.

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- When two molecules are in close contact or collide, the electron cloud of one
molecule _______________ the electron cloud of the other molecule.

- The attraction between the temporary dipoles causes a _______________

dispersion force between _______________ charged regions of the dipoles.

Dispersion Forces The weakest of the forces

- Because dipoles are only temporary charges, dispersion forces are the
_______________ intermolecular force

- Dispersion forces exist between all particles, but they play a significant role
only when there are no _______________ _______________
_______________ acting on particles (ie. permanent charges).

- These forces become stronger as the number of electrons involved

_______________.
o For example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine exist as diatomic
molecules since their dispersion forces are stronger than other
elements.
Use the periodic table below to show why these elements
are diatomic

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 When Dispersion Forces Are Strongest
- Because the larger halogen molecules (ie. Br, I) have more
_______________, there can be a greater _______________ between the
positive and negative regions of their temporary dipoles and, thus,
_______________ dispersion forces.

- This difference in dispersion forces explains why fluorine and chlorine are
_______________, bromine is a _______________, and iodine is a
_______________ at room temperature.

2. Dipole-Dipole Forces

- Polar molecules contain _______________ dipoles; that is, some regions of a

polar molecule are always partially _______________ and some regions of
the molecule are always partially _______________.

- Attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules are called

_______________-_______________forces.

- Neighbouring polar molecules orient themselves so that _______________

charged regions line up.

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 -
Figure 1 When hydrogen chloride gas molecules approach, the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to
the partially negative chlorine atom in another molecule.

3. Hydrogen Bonds
- One special type of dipoledipole attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
These are the strongest type of bond.

- A hydrogen bond is a dipoledipole attraction that occurs between

molecules containing a _______________ atom bonded to a small,
_______________ electronegative atom with at least one lone electron pair.

- For a hydrogen bond to form, hydrogen must be bonded to either a

_______________, _______________, or _______________ atom.

Water a liquid; Methane & Ammonia a gas?

- The difference between methane and water is easy to explain.

o Because methane molecules are relatively _______________, the
only forces holding the molecules together are relatively weak
_______________ _______________, whereas water has a
_______________ _______________. Since hydrogen bonds are
stronger, water is a liquid, and methane is a gas.

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 - The difference between ammonia and water is not as obvious. Molecules of
both compounds can form _______________ _______________
o Yet, ammonia is a gas at room temperature, which indicates that the
attractive forces between ammonia molecules are not as
_______________ as water.
o Because oxygen atoms are more _______________ than nitrogen
atoms, the OH bonds in water are more _______________ than the
NH bonds in ammonia.
o As a result, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules are
_______________ than those between ammonia molecules.

-
-

+
+

Water Methane Ammonia

Type of
Type of Bond Strength How its formed dipole 3 examples
(temp/perm)

Dispersion -

-
Dipole
-
Dipole
-

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 -
Hydrogen
-
bond
-

Assessment Questions: #14, page 395

Chapter 13.3 Liquids & Solids

Liquids
- take the _______________ of the container
- volume is _______________
- particles can _______________ to adjust to the _______________ of the
container
- cannot _______________ to _______________ its container

Kinetic Molecular Theory & Liquids

- particles are always _______________
- ______________________________ between liquid particles do not allow
the volume of a liquid to change.

Characteristics of Liquids

Density & Compression

- Although the density of a liquid is much greater than its gas form, at the
same temperature gas and liquid particles have the
_____________________________________________
- Higher density of liquids is because of the
______________________________
- Liquids can be compressed, but because the particles are so close together,
the volume only changes minimally
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Fluidity
- _______________ and _______________ are fluids because they can
_______________
- a liquid diffuses more slowly than a gas at the same temperature because
______________________________ interfere with the flow

Viscosity
- viscosity measures the _______________ of a liquid to
flow
- viscosity is determined by the
1. type of _____________________________
_______________ bonds make
glycerol viscous
these atoms are available to form
bonds with other glycerol molecules

2. shape of the
__________________________________
larger molecules will move more
_______________ than smaller molecules
this is because there is less _______________ between
atoms on the neighbouring molecules
3. ____________________________________________
viscosity _______________ when temperature
_______________
added energy makes it easier for molecules to overcome
the ______________________________ that keep
molecules from flowing

Surface Tension
- particles in the middle of a liquid can be attracted to particles
_______________, _______________, and either _______________
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- particles at the surface of a liquid do not have attractions _______________
to balance the attractions _______________, so there is no attractive force
pulling down
- The particles in the middle will push up on the particles on the surface, but
since there is nothing to push the surface molecules down, it will bulge.
- The stronger the attractions between _______________, the
_______________ the surface tension

Draw a picture of what happens to water molecules in surface tension.

Capillary Action
- When water is placed in a narrow container, the surface of the water is not
straight it forms a concave meniscus (dips in the center)
- Definitions
o Cohesion: describes forces of attraction between _______________
_______________.
eg.
o Adhesion: describes forces of attraction between ________________
_____________________________________________
eg.
o Capillary action: if a cylinder is extremely _______________, a thin
film of _______________ will be drawn _______________
An example of capillary action in everyday life is
_____________________________________________

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Kinetic Molecular Theory & Solids
- A mole of solid particles has as much ______________________________
as a mole of liquid particles at the same _______________.
- Particles in a solid are in ______________________________.

Solid, not Liquid

- Some substances are solids instead of liquids because there are
_______________ attractive between the _______________. This limits the
motion of the particles to _______________ around fixed locations
- Solids are not fluids

Characteristics of Solids

Density of Solids
- Most solids are ______________________________ than liquids
- When liquid and solid states of the same substance co-exist, the
_______________ almost always sinks
o Exception: _______________

Crystalline Solids
- Crystalline solid: a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in an
_______________, _______________, _______________ structure.
o Individual pieces of a crystalline solid are called _______________.

a. Molecular Solids
- Molecules are held together by _______________ forces,
_______________forces, or _______________ bonds
- Most are not _______________ at room temperature
o They are solids if they
have a large ____________________________
have a lot of ______________________________
- Do not contain ions, so they are _______________ conductors of electricity

b. Covalent Network Solids

- Formed between atoms that can form multiple _______________ bonds
o eg. _______________ & _______________

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c. Ionic Solids
- each ion in an ionic solid is surrounded by ions of _______________ charge
- the _______________ and _______________ of ions determine the
structure and shape of the crystal
- Ionic solids are _______________, but _______________

d. Metallic Solids
- Consist of _______________ metal ions surrounded by a sea of
_______________
- Electrons are mobile which allows metals to be _______________ (easily
hammered into shapes) and _______________ (easily drawn into wires)
- Mobile electrons make metals good conductors of _______________ and
_______________.
Amorphous Solids
- A solid where the particles are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
- It often forms when molten material cools ____________________ to allow
enough time for _______________ to form.
- eg. _______________, _______________, _______________

Molecular Solid Covalent Network Solid

Ionic Solid Metallic Solid

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 Amorphous Solid

Assessment Questions: #17, #21, page 403 **explain in your own words!**

Chapter 13.4 Phase Changes

Label the phase changes on the diagram below:

Phase changes that require energy:

-
-
-

Phase changes that release energy:

-

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 -
-

Melting
- heat: the transfer of _______________ from an object at a
_______________ temperature to an object at a _______________
temperature.
- when melting ice, heat flows from the _______________ to the
_______________ (ie. moves from high to low temperature)
- when molecules on the surface of the ice absorb enough energy, they break
_______________ bonds that are holding water molecules together. As the
molecules break apart, they enter the _______________ phase.

Definitions
- Vapour Pressure: the pressure exerted by a _______________. This is
measured right next to the _______________ or _______________ it is
coming from.
- Boiling Point: the temperature at which the __________________________
of a liquid equals the ______________________________

Phase Diagrams
Colour the lines in and label the statements that fit each line
- _______________: temperature and pressure at which liquid and gas can
exist at the same time
- _______________: temperature and pressure at which solid and liquid can
exist at the same time
- Triple Point: temperature and pressure at which all three _______________
can be _______________
- Critical Point: temperature and pressure above which _______________
cannot exist as a _______________

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Phase Diagram of CO2

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Assessment Questions: #28, page 409; #61, page 415

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