EE101 - Lecture 8

Electrical Principles EE101
Lecture 8
Electrostatics
Dr. C. Chidoori
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Zimbabwe
Telephone: +263 4 303211 Extension 17040
Email: cchidoori@eng.uz.ac.zw
Electrostatics
Introduction 1 Introduction
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field 2 Electric Charge and Electric Field
Representati
on of Electric
Fields 3 Representation of Electric Fields
Electric
Fields and
Forces
4 Electric Fields and Forces
Capacitors
and
5 Capacitors and capacitance
capacitance
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -2-

Electrostatics
Electric
Charge and
Representati
on of Electric
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance

What is electrostatics?
Introduction Introduction
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
This is the study of electric fields due to
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
static (non-moving) charges.
Electric
Fields and
On the other hand, Electrodynamics is
Forces
the behaviour of moving "charges" and
Capacitors
and
capacitance
forms the fundamental basis of electrical
engineering.

Electrostatics
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
Electrostatics is the branch of electromagnetics
dealing with the effects of electric charges at
Electric
Fields and
Forces
rest.
Capacitors
The fundamental law of electrostatics is
Coulombs law.
and
capacitance

Background
Electric By 600 BC the ancient Greeks knew that amber (Greek: electron),
Charge and
Electric Field
when rubbed, would attract small quantities of straw, silk, and other
light objects.
Representati Nothing further was done with this knowledge.
on of Electric
Fields Nothing further was learned about electricity for 2200 years.
During the 17th century, there was a lot of attention paid to terrestrial
Electric magnetism(magnetic properties of the earth) - because of navigation
Fields and
Forces - and very little to electricity.
Scientists were too preoccupied with mechanics and optics (e.g.
Capacitors Newton).
and
capacitance In the 18th century, experiments on frictional electricity became
numerous, and the art of performing electrical demonstrations
developed rapidly.
What was still lacking however, was quantitative knowledge of the
forces acting between charged bodies.
Charles- Augustin de Coulomb (1736 -1806) provided this in 1785.

Electrostatics
Electric
Charge and
Representati
on of Electric
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Electric Charge and Electric Field
Introduction
Electrical phenomena caused by friction are part of our everyday lives,
and can be understood in terms of electrical charge.
Electric
Charge and
The effects of electrical charge can be observed in the
Electric Field attraction/repulsion of various objects when charged.
Charge comes in two varieties called positive and negative.
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance
+ -

Electric Charge
Introduction Objects carrying a net positive charge attract those carrying a net negative
charge and repel those carrying a net positive charge.
Electric
Charge and Objects carrying a net negative charge attract those carrying a net positive
Electric Field
charge and repel those carrying a net negative charge.
Representati
On an atomic scale, electrons are negatively charged and nuclei are
on of Electric positively charged.
Fields
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance
Like Charges Opposite charges

Electric Charge
Introduction
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
Electric charge is inherently quantized such that the charge on
any object is an integer multiple of the smallest unit of charge
Representati
on of Electric which is the magnitude of the electron charge
Fields
e = 1.602 10-19 C.
Electric
Fields and
Forces On the macroscopic level, we can assume that charge is
continuous.
Capacitors
and
capacitance
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 10 -

Electric Charge
Introduction
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
In nature charged particles can be electrons which
are negatively charged, or Ions which can be
Representati negative or positive.
For example a hydrogen ion (H+), a hydroxide ion
on of Electric
Fields
(OH-) or an oxygen ion O2-.
Electric
Fields and Force experienced by charged particle is determined
Forces
by the sum and distances of surrounding charges.
Capacitors
The Magnitude and Direction of the force is
and
capacitance
determined by use of vector theory.

Electric Field
Introduction
A parallel plate capacitor charged with one plate positive and the other
negative, will develop an electric field between the plates.
Electric If an electron is placed between the plates, a force will act on the electron
Charge and
Electric Field
tending to push it away from the negative plate towards the positives plate.
Similarly, a positive charge placed in the same field will experience a force
Representati tending to push it away from the positive plate towards the negative plate.
on of Electric
Fields
Electric
Fields and
+Q +Q +Q
+
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance
-Q -Q -Q
Electric field Direction of force Direction of force

between 2 parallel on a negative on a positive
plates charge charge

Electric Field
The region between the two plates in which an electric
Introduction
Electric
Charge and
charge experiences a force, is called an Electrostatic
Electric Field
field .
Representati
on of Electric The direction of the field is the direction of the force
Fields
on a positive charge that is placed on the field.
Electric
Fields and
Forces
+Q
Capacitors
and
capacitance
-Q

Electric Field
Introduction
Electric
Charge and Such a field may be represented in magnitude and
Electric Field
direction by lines of electric force drawn between the
charged surfaces.
Representati
on of Electric The closeness of the lines is an indication of the field
strength.
Fields
Electric When a p.d. is established between any two points, an

Fields and
Forces electric field will always be established.
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Electric Field
Introduction
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field Electric field lines of force (flux lines) are continuous and start and
finish on point charges.
Representati
on of Electric
Also, field lines cannot cross each other.
Fields
When a charged body is placed close to an uncharged body, an
Electric
induced charge of opposite sign appears on the uncharged body.
Fields and
Forces
This induced charge is due to the field lines of a charged body that
terminate on the surface of the uncharged body
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Charge Flow
Introduction
A +Ve
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
A voltage source with terminals (+Ve) and (-Ve) connected to
Representati a material.
on of Electric
Fields The (+) charge moves from the positive (+Ve) terminal to the
Electric
Fields and
+ negative (-Ve).
Energy is needed to move the charge in the material.
Forces
Material properties affect the ability of charges to move and
Capacitors the energy required.
Materials have conductance and resistance properties which
and
capacitance
define the ease or difficulty in moving the charge.
B -Ve

Conductance and Resistance
Introduction When charged particles are subject to
A +Ve electrical force, their ability to move from point
Electric
Charge and
A to B is influenced by conductive property of
Electric Field material.
Representati
Conductance (G) is a measure of materials
on of Electric
Fields
ease in allowing movement of charged
particles, the units of conductance are
Electric
Fields and
+ {siemens, S}.
Forces
Resistance (R) is a measure of materials
Capacitors
difficulty in allowing electrical conduction, the
and
capacitance
units of resistance are {Ohms, }:
Resistance is the inverse of Conductance.
1 1
That is : R= or G =
B -Ve G R

Voltage and Current
Introduction
When there is a charge differential between two
A +Ve points, energy is stored. This stored energy is
Electric
called electrical potential or voltage differential
Charge and (V):
Electric Field
V = VA-VB
Representati The units of voltage are Volts,V
on of Electric
Fields When there is a voltage differential between two
points in a conductive material, charged particles
Electric V + I
will be forced to move.
Fields and
Forces This movement of charge is an electrical current.
Current (I) is defined as the rate of flow of charge
Capacitors (Q) :
and
capacitance dQ
I= .
dt
where Q = amount of charge [coulombs]
and t = time [seconds]
B -Ve The units of current are amperes.

Electrostatics
Electric
Charge and
Representati
on of Electric
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Representation of Electric Fields
Introduction
Electric
Charge and Vectors
Electric Field
The description of electric (and magnetic) phenomena using
Representati mathematical equations requires the use of vectors.
on of Electric
Fields
Vectors portray both the magnitude and direction of a quantity,

Electric
Fields and and are mathematical entities that possess several very
Forces
important properties.
Capacitors
and
capacitance
The notation used to denote a vector is a boldface type with or
without a righand pointing arrow (e.g. b, E, v, F , etc)
We will quickly revise some of these properties, and introduce

new ones as the need arises.

Introduction
The vector dot product
Electric
Charge and In the figure below we say bcos() is the projection of vector b in
Electric Field
the direction of vector a.
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
The dot product or scalar product of two vectors with angle
between them is given by: abcos().
Electric
Fields and
Forces For example:
b
The work W done by a for force F to
Capacitors
and move a box for a distance x is given by
capacitance a. b = abcos() F. x = Fcos().x

bcos() a F
Box
x
Introduction Differential Equationss
Why use differential equations?
Electric
Charge and When something moves, it generally does not follow a straight line.
Electric Field
But if we consider very small displacements, dx (so small that each displacement is
Representati
a straight line), then dW = F. dx applies.
on of Electric
Fields
For example, consider pushing an object through an unusual path shown in fig
below:
Electric
Fields and
Forces
The work done by the force F to move the box
over a small displacements dx is given by
Capacitors F dW = F. dx = Fcos().dx
and
capacitance
To calculate the total work done, W in moving
the object from point a to point b, we perform
b what is known as a "line" integral (we add up

the differentials along the curve ab).
dx
a
Introduction The Vector Cross Product
Electric
The cross product of two vectors c is
Charge and
Electric Field
only defined in three dimensional
space.
c
Representati
The cross product axb is defined as
on of Electric b
Fields
a vector c given by the right-hand
rule and a magnitude equal to the
Electric |a x b|
Fields and
Forces c b area of the parallelogram that the
vectors span.
Capacitors
a
The cross product of two vectors
and a
capacitance with angle between them is given
by: absin()c
where c is the unit vector and has a
direction perpendicular to both a and b.
x
Introduction
Area Vectors
Electric
Charge and
An area vector has the role of specifying the size and direction of
Electric Field an area.
Direction of an area is defined to be the direction perpendicular to
Representati
on of Electric the plane of the area.
Fields
This implies that the area is flat, but it also applies to curved
Electric surfaces that are infinitesimally small.
For example, the area vector for a rectangle would look like fig
Fields and
Forces
below:
Capacitors
and
capacitance
Arrow shows direction of the area vector
The magnitude of A is equal to the area of
A the triangle.

Electrostatics
Electric
Charge and
Representati
on of Electric
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Electric Fields and Forces
Introduction
Consider an isolated positive electric charge with charge Q1 in free space.
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
Representati Q1
on of Electric
Fields
+
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance We have already learnt that electric charges create electric fields around
themselves.
The electric field must exist all around it, the figures are in a two dimensional
cross section.
In an electric field, each line of force emanates from or terminates in a
charge.
Introduction
Electric charges can either be positive or negative. Here Q2 is a negative
charge.
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
Representati Q1 Q2
on of Electric
Fields
+ -
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance For an isolated positive point charge, the lines of force radiate from the
charge in all directions.
While for an isolated negative point charge, the lines of force radiate towards
the charge in all directions.
What happens when you move charge Q2 into the field of charge Q1?

Introduction
If we introduce another charge Q2 in the electric field of Q1, the charge Q2
would experience a force even though nothing is touching it.
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
Representati Q1 Q2
on of Electric
Fields
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance
R
We know that it is caused by the electric field of Q1.
Coulomb gave us the law that is used to find the force acting on the charge
Q2.

Coulombs law
Introduction Coulomb discovered that charge was distributed on the surface of a conductor
and recognized this as a consequence of mutual repulsion of like charges
Electric according to an inverse square law.
Charge and
Electric Field Coulombs Law states that the force of attraction or repulsion between two
electrically charged bodies is proportional to the magnitude of their charges
Representati
on of Electric and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them, i.e.
Fields
QQ
F = 1 2 2.R
Electric
40R
Fields and Where R is the distance between two positively charged point charges.
Forces
R is the unit vector in the direction of the field as shown below:
Capacitors
and
capacitance
Q1 R Q2 F

Introduction We noted that the electric field of Q1 exerted a force on the charge Q2.
For charge Q1, this electric field E with units Vm-1 defined as:
Electric
Charge and
Q1
Electric Field E= .R [volts per meter]
40R2
Representati
on of Electric
Fields which is obtained by dividing F by Q2.
We noted that the direction of the electric field of R is the direction that a
Electric
Fields and positive charge would move in the electric field.
Forces
The path the charge moves along out is called a line of force.
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Introduction If we draw the lines of force for positive particles introduced around the
charge Q1, we create a picture of the electric field.
Electric
Charge and The direction of the electric field at any point is given by the direction of the
Electric Field
force on the positive test charge Q2.
In terms of the electric field, the force on the charge Q2, using Coulombs law
Representati
on of Electric is given by:
Fields
Q1
F = E 1.Q2 = Q2. .R
Electric 40R2
Fields and
Forces We are assuming the charges are in free space (a vacuum), hence our
constant of permittivity or dielectric constant is referred to as 0.
Capacitors
and
If we changed the material in which the charges are placed then we have to
capacitance use = r.0, where r is the relative permittivity, available in datasheets.

Superposition
Introduction In mechanics we often split up a total force on an object into a number of
components.
Electric
Charge and Conversely, we can add up a number of components to get the total force.
Electric Field
We can do the same with the electrostatic force.
Representati Lets consider multiple fields as shown in the figure. There are three charges
on of Electric
Fields
Q1, Q2 and Q3
Using the superposition theorem, each additional charge contributes its own
Electric
Fields and
influence linearly. The resultant force FT on the test charge Qt is given by:
Forces
3
F1+ F2+ F3 F2+ F3
Capacitors FT = j=1 Fj = Qt j=1 Ej
3
and
F3
capacitance
F2 + Q1
F1+ F2 +
F1 Qt
+ Q2
+ Q
3
Electrostatic Potential (Potential Difference)
Potential difference is the work done in
Introduction
moving a unit charge between two points.
E Consider the field from a single isolated
Electric
Charge and A B charge in the figure.
Electric Field Qt The amount of work dW we have to do to
move a charge by a small increment dl is
+ dl given by:
Representati RA
on of Electric
Fields dW = F. dl
R = - FE . dl
Electric
RB = - Qt E. dl
Fields and dR
Forces Note that a force that counteracts Coulombs
force is required.
Capacitors
Q A force larger than Coulombs force would be
and
capacitance + required to accelerate the charge.
To find the work done in moving a charge from A
to B, just integrate to get:
W B
WAB = dW = Qt E. dl [Joules]
0 A

Introduction The potential difference is therefore the
mechanical work done per unit charge and
Electric
E is given by:
Charge and A B
Electric Field Qt B

+ dl VAB = E. dl
Representati
on of Electric
RA
A
Fields
R
Electric
RB For an isolated charge, we calculate the
Fields and dR B
Forces integral as
VAB = Ecos .dl
Capacitors
and
Q A
capacitance + RB
= E.dR
RA
RB
Q
= .dR
4R2
RA

Introduction
Q 1 1
VAB = [volts]
E 4 RB RA
Electric
Charge and A B
Electric Field Qt For an isolated point charge, the absolute
potential at any point is defined as:
+ dl
Representati RA Q
on of Electric
VAB =
Fields
4R
R
Electric
Fields and RB dR The electrostatic field E, is a conservative field.
Forces
This means that no work is done in moving a
charge around a path and back to its starting
Capacitors
and
Q position (closed loop). Energy is conserved within
capacitance +
the field. Therefore we have:
VAB = E. dl = 0


Current Density
Introduction
Consider a conducting sheet, of conductivity , resistivity ,
A +Ve cross-sectional area A where a battery is connected to set an E
Electric field, which in turn causes the free charges in the metal sheet
Charge and
Electric Field to flow along the lines of E (lines of force).
Representati E
on of Electric The current density J is given as:
Fields
Electric
Fields and
+ J. = E. with units of Am-2.
Forces
Since J (current density) and E pointing the same direction our
Capacitors current I is given by:
and E
capacitance
I = J .A [Amperes].
B -Ve

Flux and Flux Density
Introduction The action-at-a-distance that we see with electrostatics can
be explained by postulating a flux, which exerts influence
Electric over objects nearby.
Charge and
Electric Field
It does not flow, but emanates, or streams, from the source

Representati
on of Electric (an electric charge).
Fields
Electric It permeates all of space.

Fields and
Forces d
The flux density D is given by: D = [ C/m2 ]
dA
Capacitors
and
Then flux streaming from an area is given by:
capacitance
= A
D. dA
If the area is closed and surrounds some charge, then the
flux is the closed surface integral given as:
=
D. dA

Gauss Law
Introduction
If the charges are the source of flux, then we should get more flux if there is more
charge. Then the amount of flux must be proportional to the amount of charge.
Electric
Charge and
This leads to Gauss Law :-
Electric Field
Gauss Law
Representati
on of Electric It states that: the total flux streaming through a closed surface is equal to the
Fields
amount of charge enclosed by that surface.
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Quantitatively, Gauss Law is expressed as:
= D. dA = Q, [Coulombs]
Capacitors
and where Q is the charge enclosed by area A.
capacitance
When Gauss Law is applied to the point charge we obtain the electric flux
density D related to electric field intensity E by:
D = E

Gauss Law
Introduction
Alternatively, Gauss Law can be re-stated as follows:
Electric
Charge and
Gauss Law
Electric Field
Representati
on of Electric
Gauss Law is also expressed as:
Fields
= DS. dS = Q,
Electric
where Q is the charge enclosed by surface area S.
Fields and
Forces
The charge enclosed may be several point charges, in which case:
Q = Qn
Capacitors Why are we summing instead of integration?
and
capacitance
Because charge is discrete, e = 1:602x10-19C .
Gauss law may be written in terms of charge distribution as:

= DS. dS = vol .dv
where is the bulk (volume) charge density

Boundary Conditions
Introduction 1 n Any electric field across any surface or
E1n E1t medium can thought to be formed of two
Electric D1n components vectorially; Tangential and

Charge and
Electric Field Normal field.
When an Electric Field extends to more
E2n E2t
Representati than one dielectric medium then the
on of Electric
Fields boundary between the two mediums have
D2n some effects on the electric field and its
Electric 2 components.
Fields and
Forces The conditions existing in the boundary of
the mediums when an electric field spans
Capacitors
and Tangential Field: Tangential electric over those mediums is an interest of study
capacitance in Electric Field Boundary Conditions, and
field Et is the vector component of an
the conditions existing in the boundary is
electric field parallel across the
called the boundary conditions.
surface.
Normal Field: Normal electric field En E = Et + En D = Dt + D n
is the vector component of an electric
field which is normal or perpendicular
EE101 to the surface. Dr. C. Chidoori - 40 -
Boundary Conditions
Conducting Medium Dielectric Medium The two conditions that exists at the boundary
Introduction
1 between a conducting medium (perfect

n
Electric E1n E1t = 0, conductor) and a dielectric medium are:
Charge and
Electric Field D1n 1. The tangential component of the electric

field is zero. or, Et = 0
Representati 2. The electric displacement or electric flux
on of Electric E2n E2t = 0,
Fields density D at the boundary of the Dielectric
medium is equal to the charge density on
Electric D2n the surface of the conductor medium at that
Fields and
Forces
2 point, or D =
Capacitors
Since Et = 0, the potential V = E. dl = 0
and
capacitance
between any points on the surface on or
inside the conductor. Therefore a perfect
E = En
conductor is an equipotential surface.
Such a surface has the property that the
electric field is always perpendicular to it.

Boundary Conditions
Introduction
Dielectric Medium Dielectric Mediu The conditions existing at the boundary
1 between two different dielectric mediums are:
n
Electric E1n E1t
Charge and
Electric Field D1n 1. The tangential components of the electric

intensities are equal or
Representati E1t = E2t
on of Electric E2n E2t
Fields
2. The normal components of electric induction

Electric D2n are equal or,
Fields and
Forces
2 D1n = D2n
Capacitors
and
capacitance
E = Et + En
D = Dt + Dn

Electrostatics
Electric
Charge and
Representati
on of Electric
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Capacitors and Capacitance
Introduction Electric field strength
The electric field strength between two
Electric
Charge and
plates of a parallel plate capacitor whose
Electric Field plates are d meters apart is given by:
Representati
Vs
on of Electric E=
Fields d
Electric where Vs is the potential difference across the

Fields and
Forces plates.
Capacitors
and
Electric field strength is also referred to a
capacitance potential gradient.
A capacitor is an electrical
device that has the capability
to store electric charge

Capacitors and Capacitance
Capacitance
The capacitance of a capacitor is given as:
Q
C=
Vs
where Q is the total charge on the capacitor

and Vs is the voltage.
A capacitor stores energy in the form of an

electric field that is established by the
opposite charges on the two plates. The
energy W of a charged capacitor is given by
the equation:
W = C Vs2

Designing with Capacitors
Introduction
Material science knowledge is key.
Electric
Charge and
Electric Field
Choose a dielectric material depending on desired
operation conditions.
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
Choose packaging in consideration of: the dielectric,
thermodynamics, applications, volume and cost.
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Remember that: E =V/d, C = QV, Q = I.t, D = Q/A and D/E = 0r
Capacitors Finally, to find your capacitance:

and
capacitance
0rA n1
C=
d
where n is the number of plates or layers.

Concentric cables
A concentric cable is a cable which contains more than one conductors
Introduction
(cylinders).
Electric
For example a coaxial cable.
Charge and
Electric Field
The distribution of the electric field between the two concentric cylinders is
shown in figure below.
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Stream Lines
Capacitors Equipotential Lines

and
capacitance

Concentric cables
Consider a concentric cable whose inner conductor is of radius a and outer
Introduction
conductor is of radius b as shown in figure below.
Electric
Charge and The capacitance C, electric field strength E
Electric Field
and inductance L of such a cable are given
b as:
Representati
20r
on of Electric C= F/m
Fields b
ln a
Electric
Fields and a V
Forces E=
r .ln b
a
Capacitors
and
r
capacitance 0r 1 b
L= . + ln H/m
2 4 a
r where r is the radius of an elementary cylinder

of width r.
(0 is the permeability of free space, and r is
the relative permeability of the cable)
Coaxial Cables
Introduction There are many different types of coaxial cables or coaxial transmission
lines.
Electric When selecting one care must be taken to ensure that the capacitance and
Charge and
Electric Field inductances will be tolerable/adequate for the application.
Representati
on of Electric
Fields
Electric
Fields and
Forces
Capacitors
and
capacitance

Q&A?
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -50 -

EE101 - Lecture 8

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EE101 - Lecture 8

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Electrical Principles EE101

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -2-

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -3-

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -4-

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -5-

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -6-

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EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -8-

Like Charges Opposite charges

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 10 -

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 11 -

Electric field Direction of force Direction of force

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 12 -

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 13 -

Electric When a p.d. is established between any two points, an

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 14 -

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 15 -

define the ease or difficulty in moving the charge.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 16 -

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 17 -

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 18 -

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 19 -

Vectors portray both the magnitude and direction of a quantity,

We will quickly revise some of these properties, and introduce

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It does not flow, but emanates, or streams, from the source

Electric It permeates all of space.

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Gauss law may be written in terms of charge distribution as:

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1 between a conducting medium (perfect

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2. The normal components of electric induction

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Electric where Vs is the potential difference across the

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where Q is the total charge on the capacitor

A capacitor stores energy in the form of an

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Capacitors Finally, to find your capacitance:

where n is the number of plates or layers.

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Capacitors Equipotential Lines

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r where r is the radius of an elementary cylinder

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