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z Number Theory (Obj. #1)
1‐1 Number Theory z Identify subsets of real numbers
z Simplify expressions using order of operations
z Identify real number axioms
Unit 1 Functions and Relations
z Rational Numbers (Obj. #2)
z Convert between fractions and decimals
Number Systems Number Systems
z What we currently know as the set of real numbers was z The set of natural numbers ( ) and the set of integers
only formulated around 1879. We usually present this ( ) have been around since ancient times, probably
as sets of numbers. prompted by the need to maintain trade accounts.
Ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonians, also used
ratios to compare quantities.
z One of the greatest mathematical advances was the
introduction of the number 0.
Properties of Real Numbers Properties of Real Numbers
For all real numbers a, b, and c: z The properties are also called axioms.
z Closure Property z Identity Property z 0 is called the additive identity and 1 is called the
z a + b ∈ z a + 0 = a multiplicative identity.
z ab ∈ z a i 1 = a z Notice the relationships between the identities and the
z Commutative Property z Inverse Property inverses (called the additive inverse and the
multiplicative inverse).
z a + b = b + a z a + (–a) = 0
z ab = ba 1 z Saying that a set is “closed” under an operation (such as
z a i =1 multiplication) means that performing that operation on
z Associative Property a
z Distributive Property numbers in the set will always produce an answer that is
z (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) also in the set – there are no answers outside the set.
z a(b + c) = ab + ac
z (ab)c = a(bc)
Properties of Real Numbers Order of Operations
z Examples z Parentheses (or other grouping symbols, such as square
z The set of natural numbers ( ) is not closed under the brackets or fraction bars) – start with the innermost set,
operation of subtraction. Why? following the sequence below, and work outward.
z Exponents
z Multiplication
z –20 ÷ 5 = –4. Does this show that the set of integers is z Division working from left to right
closed under division?
z Addition
working from left to right
z Subtraction
Order of Operations Order of Operations
z Use order of operations to explain why Work the following examples without using your calculator.
( −3) ≠ −32
2
1. −2 i 5 + 12 ÷ 3
−4 ( 9 − 8 ) + ( −7 )( 2)
3
2.
−8 + ( −4 )( −6 ) ÷ 12
3.
4 − ( −3)
Absolute Value Absolute Value Properties
z The absolute value of a real number a, denoted by |a|, is For all real numbers a and b:
the distance from 0 to a on the number line. This 1. a ≥ 0
distance is always taken to be nonnegative.
2. −a = a
⎧ x if x ≥ 0
x =⎨
⎩− x if x < 0 3. a i b = ab
a a
4. = (b ≠ 0)
b b
5. a+b ≤ a + b
Absolute Value Rational Numbers
z Example: Rewrite each expression without absolute z The Greeks, specifically Pythagoras of Samos, originally
value bars. believed that the lengths of all segments in geometric
objects could be expressed as ratios of positive integers.
1. 3 −1 z A number is a rational number ( ) if and only if it can be
expressed as the ratio (or quotient) of two integers.
z Rational numbers include decimals as well as fractions.
2. 2− π
The definition does not require that a rational number
must be written as a quotient of two integers, only that it
3.
x
, if x < 0 can be.
x
Examples Irrational Numbers
z Example: Prove that the following numbers are z Unfortunately, the Pythagoreans themselves later
rational numbers by expressing them as ratios of discovered that the side of a square and its diagonal
integers. could not be expressed as a ratio of integers.
0.9
1. 2‐4 4. z Prove is irrational.
2
6.3
Proof (by contradiction): Assume is rational. This
2
2. 64‐½ 5. 20.3 means that there exist relatively prime integers a and b
such that
4π a a2
3. 6. –5.4322986 2 = ⇒2= 2
π b b
2b2 = a2 , therefore, a is even
Irrational Numbers Real Numbers
This means there is an integer j such that 2j=a. z The number line is a geometric model of the system of
2b2 = ( 2 j )
2
real numbers. Rational numbers are thus fairly easy to
2b2 = 4 j 2 represent:
b2 = 2 j 2 ⇒ b is even
If a and b are both even, then they are not relatively
prime. This is a contradiction. Therefore, is
2 z What about irrational numbers? Consider the following:
irrational. (1,1)
z n
Theorem: Let n be a positive integer. Then is either •
2
an integer or it is irrational.
Real Numbers Intervals
z In this way, if an irrational number can be identified Name of
Interval
Notation
Inequality
Description
Number Line Representation
a b
with a length, we can find a point on the number line finite, open
(a, b) a < x < b a b
corresponding to it. a b
finite, closed
[a, b] a≤x≤b
z What this emphasizes is that the number line is a
a
bb
b
continuous—there are no gaps.
finite, half
open
(a, b] a < x ≤ b
a b
[a, b) a ≤ x < b
a b
a b
infinite, open
(a, ∞) a < x < ∞
a
(‐∞, b) ‐∞ < x < b
b
a b
infinite,
closed
[a, ∞) a ≤ x < ∞
a
(‐∞, b] ‐∞< x ≤ b
b
Finite and Repeating Decimals Finite and Repeating Decimals
z If a nonnegative real number x can be expressed as a z If the decimal representation of a rational number does
finite sum of of the form not terminate, then the decimal is periodic (or
d1 d2 dt repeating). The repeating string of numbers is called the
x = D+ + + ... + t period of the decimal.
10 102 10 a
where D and each dn are nonnegative integers and z It turns out that for a rational number where b > 0,
the period is at most b – 1. b
0 ≤ dn ≤ 9 for n = 1, 2, …, t, then D.d1d2…dt is the finite
decimal representing x.
Finite and Repeating Decimals Finite and Repeating Decimals
10t integer d1d2d3…dp.
Decimal Representation Decimal Representation
z For delayed‐periodic decimals, the process is a little z It turns out you can break a delayed‐periodic decimal
more complicated. Consider the following: into a product of terminating and simple‐periodic
decimals, so the general form is also a product of the
1 general forms:
What is the decimal representation of ? 0.083
12
1
0.d1d2d3 ...dt dt +1dt +2dt +3 ...dt + p can be written
The decimal
1 1
is the product of what two fractions? i N
12 4 3
Notice that the decimal representation has
10t 10p − 1( )
as the fraction , where N is the integer
Decimal Representation
z Example: Convert the decimal to a
0.467988654
fraction.