CH.

4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

Content :
4.1 Brayton cycle-P.V. diagram and thermal efficiency. 4Marks
Classification of gas turbines.

4.2 Construction and working of gas turbines i) Open cycle ii) Closed cycle gas
Turbines, P.V. and T.S diagrams. 10Marks
Turbojet and turboprop engine. (no numerical)
Introduction :
Gas turbine is a rotary type internal combustion thermal prime mover. Its
working principle is an improved version of the windmill which was used to
achieve an efficient working of the turbine, the movement of gas (or) air is
properly controlled and then directed on blades fixed to turbine runner.

Classification of gas turbine :

1) According to path of working substance
1) Closed cycle gas turbine
2) Open cycle gas turbine
3) Semi-closed gas turbine
2) According to process of heat absorption
1) Constant pressure gas turbine
2) Constant volume gas turbine.
3) On the basis of working cycle of gas turbines
1) Joules (or) Brayton cycle (constant pressure gas turbine)
2) Atkins cycle (constant volume gas turbine)
4) On the basis of combustion process
1) Continuous combustion (or) constant press type
2) The explosion (or) constant volume type
5) On the basis of action of expanding gases
1) Impulse turbine
2) Impulse reaction turbine
6) On the basis of direction of flow
a) Axial flow
b) Radial flow
7) On the basis of fuel used
1) Liquid fuel gas turbine
2) Gaseous fuel gas turbine
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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

3) Solid fuel gas turbine

8) On the basis of application
1) Stationary
2) Automotive
3) Locomotive
4) Marine
5) Aircraft gas turbine.

Open cycle gas turbine :

It works on Brayton (or) Joule cycle which is shown on P-V and T-S diagram.
Also important components of open cycle gas turbine shown below :

(OR)

1) In this type of gas turbine liquid (or) gaseous fuels are used for power
generation. The basic components are shown in figure above.
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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

2) Initially, atmospheric air is allowed to pass through rotary compressor in which its
Pressure and temperature is increased, isentropically.
3) Then this compressed air is passed through combustion chamber in which
fuel is injected for combustion purpose. After combustion of fuel in combustion
chamber the heat is added under constant pressure condition the
temperature of compressed air is further increased.
4) Now high pressure and temperature gases are expanded in gas turbine which
is helpful to run the gas turbine or blades (generally of reaction type)
5) This gas turbine is directly connected to electric generator to produce
Electricity and finally exhausted into the atmosphere.
6) This type of gas turbine works on open cycle because here working fluid is
used only once. After single use it is thrown into atmosphere.
7) Here inlet and outlet both the ends are open to atmosphere hence termed as
open cycle gas turbine. It is also called as continuous combustion gas turbine

1) Process (2-3) constant pressure process : (Heating) of air

In this process at constant pressure heat addition takes place in heating
chamber.
QA = Q 2-3 = m x Cp x (t3 t2)

2) Process (3-4) Isentropic expansion process.

During this process no heat addition (or) rejection. Here pressure and
temperature drop takes place from
P3 to P4 and t3 to t4

3) Process (4-1) constant pressure process (cooling) of air

In this constant pressure heat rejection takes place i.e. cooling of air in
cooling chamber.

Heat rejection = QR =Q 4-1 = m x Cp x (t4 t1)

4) Process (1-2) Isentropic compression :

During this process no heat addition (or) rejection. But during compression
pressure increases from P1 to P2 and temperature also increases from t1 to t2.
Work done by turbine per m Kg. of air is
WT = m x Cp x (t3 t4)

Work done by air compressor per m Kg. of air

Wc = m x Cp x (t2 t1)

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

Net work done = W = WT WC (if mass = 1 Kg.)

= Cp x (t3 t4)

Thermal efficiency (nTH) = Net work done

Heat addition

= Heat received _ Heat rejected

Per cycle per cycle
= Heat received/cycle
= m Cp (t3 t2) m Cp (t4 t1)
m Cp (t3 t2)

N air std = 1 _ (t4 t1)

(t3 t2)

Closed cycle gas turbine :

In above figure shows a closed cycle gas turbine which consists of

compressor, heating chamber gas turbine which drives the generator, compressor
and a cooling chamber.
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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

In this turbine air is compressed isentropically and then passed into heating
chamber. The compressed air is heated with the help of some external source and
made to flow over turbine blades. The gas while flowing over the blades gets
expand from the turbine gas is passed to cooling chamber where it is cooled at
constant pressure with the help of circulating air is circulated through compressor.
This cycle contains two constant pressure and Isentropic expansion and
compression. This cycle is works on Joules (or) Braytons cycle which is shown
below :

1) Process (2-3) constant pressure process : (Heating) of air

In this process at constant pressure heat addition takes place in heating
chamber.
QA = Q 2-3 = m x Cp x (t3 t2)

2) Process (3-4) Isentropic expansion process.

During this process no heat addition (or) rejection. Here pressure and
temperature drop takes place from
P3 to P4 and t3 to t4

3) Process (4-1) constant pressure process (cooling) of air

In this constant pressure heat rejection takes place i.e. cooling of air in
cooling chamber.

Heat rejection = QR =Q 4-1 = m x Cp x (t4 t1)

4) Process (1-2) Isentropic compression :

During this process no heat addition (or) rejection. But during compression
pressure increases from P1 to P2 and temperature also increases from t1 to t2.
Work done by turbine per m Kg. of air is
WT = m x Cp x (t3 t4)
Work done by air compressor per m Kg. of air
Wc = m x Cp x (t2 t1)

Net work done = W = WT WC (if mass = 1 Kg.)

= Cp x [(t3 t4) (t2-t1)]
Thermal efficiency (nTH) = Net work done
Heat addition

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

= Heat received _ Heat rejected

Per cycle per cycle
= Heat received/cycle
= m Cp (t3 t2) m Cp (t4 t1)
m Cp (t3 t2)

N air std = 1 _ (t4 t1)

(t3 t2)

Closed cycle gas turbine Open cycle gas turbine

1 Combustion of fuel is external.
2 Gas from turbine is passed into
cooling chamber.
3 Any type of fluid is used.
4 Turbine blades cannot be
contaminated.
5 Working fluid circulated
continuously.
6 Maintenance cost is high.
7 Mass of installation per KW is
more.
8 8
Any type of fuel is used.
9 Heat exchanger is used.
10 This system required more
space.
1 Combustion of fuel is internal.
2 Gas from turbine is exhausted
to atmosphere.
3 Only air can be used.
4 Turbine blades get
contaminated.
5 Working fluid replaced
continuously.
6 Maintenance cost is low.
7 Mass of installation per KW is
less.
Pure form of fuel should be
used.
9 Heat exchanger is not used.
10 This system required less
space.

Since exhaust is cooled by Since turbine exhaust is

11 11 discharged into atmosphere,
circulating water, it is best
suited fo stationary it is best suited for moving
installation, marine use. Vehicle like Aircraft.

12 Figure 12 Figure

Advantages of closed cycle gas turbine :

1) Use of higher pressure throughout the cycle which is useful for reduce size of
plant.
2) No outside air is used for compressing so there is no problem of dust and dirt.
3) Also there is no need of filtration of incoming air.

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

4) Any type of fuel can be used for combustion purpose.

5) It is not necessary that air is used as working fluid any other fluid having
better thermodynamic property can be used.
6) Working fluid circulated continuously.
7) It avoids erosion of turbine blade due to contaminated gases.
8) The exhaust gas from the turbine is passed into cooling chamber.
9) Mass of installation per KW is more.
10) Maintenance cost is low
11) Longer life.

Disadvantages :
1) Weight of system is high compared to open cycle.
2) Large amount of water is required for cooling in cooler.
3) System should be air tight when working substance other than air is used.
4) If load on system increases then performance of system is poor.

Brayton cycle on P-V diagram and T-S diagram

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

Turbojet Engine:

In the above figure shows turbojet engine which consist of diffuser,

compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and nozzle.
1) At the entrance air enters at the velocity equal to that of aircraft through
diffuser where the pressure of air increases above atmospheric.
2) It is further compressed in compressor (rotary-axial or radial type) to higher
pressure which driven by turbine then it is supplied to combustion chamber.
3) The liquid fuel is injected under pressure and sprayed into chamber using
pump through nozzles and burnt at constant pressure and temperature of air
raises.
4) Then products of combustion are expanded in axial flow turbine.
5) The products of combustion after expansion through the turbine are discharges
through nozzle as gases throughout from nozzle into atmosphere pressure drops
With increase in velocity. It provides necessary power to drive the compressor.
The discharge nozzle in which expansion of gases is completed and thrust of
Propulsion is produced. The velocity in the nozzle is greater than flight velocity.
It works according to third law of Newton.

Advantages :
1) Simple construction
2) No vibrations
3) High speed
4) Pilots view from cock pit is better.

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

Disadvantages :
1) Trust at take off is low.
2) Expensive material is required.
3) More noise
4) Huge fuel is required.

Turboprop engine :

In the above figure shows a turboprop system employed in aircrafts.

1) Working of turboprop engine is similar as that of turbojet engine.
2) It consist of propeller It is used to give small additional trust in forward
direction.
3) Compressor It takes atmospheric air and compresses it to high pressure it is
rotary axial type compressor.
4) The overall efficiency of turboprop is improved by providing the diffuser
before the compressor as shown. The pressure rise takes place in the
diffuser. This pressure rise take due to conversion of kinetic energy of the
incoming air (equal to aircraft velocity) into pressure energy by diffuser. This
type of compression is known as ram effect.
5) Then air enters into combustion chamber in which fuel is supplied with a
spark hot gases are generated in it.
6) Hot air is expanded at turbine (80%) which is again axial flow type and
remaining 20% expansion in nozzle.
7) Hot air/gasses are throughout through nozzle with sudden drop in pressure
and increase in velocity which causes engine to move.

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

8) Here total power developed by turbine is used to run compressor as well as

propeller. The forward motion of air craft is given party by propeller and
partly by jet produced by nozzle.

Advantages :
1) Low specific weight.
2) Simplicity in design.
3) It has high propulsion efficiency at speed below 600 Km./hr.
4) The overall efficiency of the turbo prop is more.

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CH. 4 GAS TURBINES / 14 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G

Question Bank :

1 Give the classification of gas turbine on basis of working principle.

2 Give the classification of gas turbine 4m

3 Classify gas turbine on basis of-

a) Cycle of operation.
b) Thermodynamic cycle
c) Application
d) Fuel used. 4m

4 Identify the application of gas turbine in aviation industries. 4m

5 Explain Brayton cycle on PV and TS diagram./ Draw Brayton 4 m

cycle on P-V diagram and T-S diagram 2m

6 Give four advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle gas 4 m

turbine

7 Difference between closed cycle and open cycle gas turbine 4m

8 Difference between closed cycle and open cycle gas turbine

On the basis of i) Line diagram showing construction ii)
Working principle iii) Working pressure iv) Maintenance v)
Corrosion deposits of dust and dirt

9 Draw neat labeled sketch of turbo prop engine. 4m

10 Draw a schematic diagram of turbojet engine and explain its 8 m

working. Write its application.

11 Classify atmospheric jet engine. Explain turbojet engine.

12 Draw a schematic diagram of turboprop engine and explain 4 m

its working. Also represent it on PV diagram.

13 Describe with neat sketch construction and working of closed 8 m

cycle gas turbine.

14 Describe with neat sketch construction and working of open 8 m

cycle gas turbine.

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. Page 11