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ABSTRACT
The global concern on the problem of the infestation of water bodies by
water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has provided the impetus for researchers
and other conceited bodies to exploit ways of controlling its spread. Generally,
efforts in this regard have been directed at the complete elimination of this weed
from our water bodies. It is believed that water hyacinth is potentially beneficial
to man, hence, this review was undertaken to highlight its possible application in
aqua-culture, bio-gas production, livestock feed, bin-fertilizer, waste water
treatment and as raw material for industries. It is suggested that cottage
industries be established in the affected conmiunities to translate these
possibilities into income earning sources. Thus, with institutional support from
government and non-governmental organisations, the water hyacinth menace
could be transformed from nuisance to wealth generation, employment and
poverty alleviation.
JNTRODUCTION
In the tropics, aquatic weeds, bilharzia organisms and liver-flukes, and
especially water hyacinth (Eichhornia provide or enhance breeding places for
crassipes), affect man and his well-being certain disease-carrying mosquitoes (Ben-
by impeding water flow in irrigation and nett and Woodford, 1978).
drainage canals, altering the oxygen level
In spite of these problems, a critical
of the water, thereby affecting fish and the
study of the plant physiology indicated
quality of water for domestic and
that it could have potential application in
commercial usc. They also hinder or
agriculture and in homes. There must be a
completely prevent navigation of river concerted effort therefore, at harnessing
systems, encourage the build-up of snails,
this beneficial biological resource rather
which are essential ii terrnediate host for
than just spending huge financial and
human resources at just eradicating it.
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The 'beautiful blue devil' water hya- Coupled with the near stable nature of
cinth, recognizable by its lavender flowers the tropical environment, the plant is
and shinning bright leaves is a prolific euryhaline, tolerating both fresh and
aquatic plant, which spreads at an alar- marine waters, hence its spread knows no
ming rate. The weed has adapted itself boundaries. Further to this, man through
exceedingly well to almost every area in his activities such as discharge of waste-
which it has been introduced. It has an water, industrial effluents, run-off from
extremely high growth rate, propagates land into the water systems, has greatly
itself vegetatively and sexually. Its rapid altered the hydrological regime of the
proliferation often results in the clogging waters thereby increasing the nutritive
of drains and can interfere with shipping, level of the aquatic environment which
recreational aStivities and the movement favours the growth and spread of the plant.
of water. Tyagarajan (1983 a) reported
that one hectare pond of water hyacinth APPLICATION IN AQUACULTURE
will produce 0.9 to 1.8t of dry matter per A common observation in recent times
day. It grows rapidly in water with in Nigeria is the practice whereby fish
temperatures of between 28 and 30C and farmers allow controlied growth of water
with a pH of 4.0 - 8.0, and ceases to grow hyacinth in their fish ponds. Evidently,
when the water temperature is above 30C such plant is employed to provide shade
or below 10C. The weed dies when the against the scorching effects of sunlight
tip rhizome is frozen. during the day, as well as offering
protection for the young fish against
The weights and proportions of water
predators. Similarly, water hyacinth is
hyacinth differ considerably in different
samples collected in various seasons. used as a substrate for the deposition of
However, the typical green plant consists eggs by spawning brood-stocks especially
of 24.8 percent root, 41.9 percent stalk, for the production of ornamental fish.
and 33.3 percent leaf (Thyagarajan, 1983). Scores of water hyacinth are introduced
Only the stalk portion of the plant is used into the spawning ponds especially for the
for the manufacture of paper-board. production of ornamental fish. Thereafter,
the brood fish are put into the pond.. After
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION spawning, the water hyacinth is removed
Eichhornia crass ipes is one of the with the eggs adhering to the roots The
world's major free-floating aquatic whole plants with the eggs are incubated
in the hatchery. After hatching, the
macrophyts with long hanging roots in
water. Early records of its presence in hatchhings detach from the root system of
River Nile was in the later part of the 18th the weed and swim freely. At this stage,
Century (Garry, et al, 1997). The plant the weed is removed from the ponds.
now circum-globed in tropical and sub- APPLICATION IN BIOLOGICAL
tropical regions, was first noticed in WAST1 WATER TREATMENT
Nigerian waters, on the shore of Lagos
lagoon in October 1984 (Ekelemu 1998), The application of water hyacinth for
but has since spread to other parts of the waste water treatment in Nigeria, is
gradually gaining ground. Ogunlade
country, particularly in the Coastal states.
(1992) reported its potentials as a mopping
agent and scavenger of heavy and toxic
72
elements in industrial and domestic with its capacity to extract nutrients
effluents. Akobundu (1987) reported the efficiently from its medium makes it a
use of water hyacinth for waste water good candidate for the purification of
treatment by some agencies. The capacity turbid and polluted waters. However, it
of this plant to purif' water rests on its should be curtailed to prevent dispersal
ability to vigorously extract nutrients from beyond the area of application.
its medium. Laboratory analysis has
A RAW MATERIAL FOR BlO-GAS
shown that water hyacinth is of a high
absorptive capacity (Soerjani, 1984). ]3io-gas technology requires large amount
Although it is relatively poorer in and continuous supply of vegetative
extraction of nutrient compounds when materials for the production of methane
compared to water lettuce and guinea which can be used directly in homes for
grass (Table 1), it functions as an effective cooking and heating arid even in
mopping aent and scavenger of heavy agriculture for drying or converted to
metals like cadmium, mercury, and nickel. other sources of energy, such as
And also its extraction of other chemical electricity. The menace of aquatic weeds
substances such as nitrates, phosphates, such as E. crassipes could be converted to
ammonia, silicate, chlorine and sulphur an economic resource for the welfare of
deposited in the aquatic habitat from man. This process will go a long way in
industrial and domestic effluent is ameliorating the threat posed by the
remarkable (Ogunlade, 1992). Its vigorous incursion of water hyacinth into our water
growth and repeated cultivation coupled bodies.
73
The utilization of water hyacinth used directly as green manure as
through bio-gas production is a compost. Also, the digested vegetative
household slogan in Porto-Novo, Benin waste from biogas generation as
Republic. This activity is a sustainable indicated above can also be collected for
alternative which is the most cost- use directly on the farm. Alternatively,
effective endeavour of tremendous these materials could be mixed with
benefit in all communities where this other organic materials before use.
weed abounds (Tobor, 1994). Biogas The practice is popular among
production is most appropriately termed
farmers around the aquatic habitats
Biomethanogenesis (National Academy
where water hyacinth abounds. The
of Sciences 1987). This term was given
waste products (slurry) coming from
birth to due to the high amount of biogas production is collected regularly
methane (40 65%) produced during
and used for growing maize, peanuts,
the digestion process.
soybean and cassava.
For the production of this gas on a
The coarse powder obtained from
small scale, Soerjani (1984) has
the root of water hyacinth has
suggested that a digester of 6 in3 in effectively been used to aid crop
dimension be loaded with a mixture of
production in economic crops such as
shredded water hyacinth (stems) and
vegetables (Chakraverty, 1983; Oso,
10% by weight of cattle dung. The 1988). Because of the high moisture
temperature of 30 35C at pH of 7.0
content Df this plant, it was reported to
7.5 is maintained for maximum
increase the moisture holding capacity
production. This set-up is left for one
of the soil while promoting good
week before the production of gas adhesion to seeds. In whatever
commences and continues for the next
condition, water hyacinth is used, it may
four weeks. Approximately, 2.0m3/day
be necessary to do mineral analysis to
of the gas produced was used on a guard against the pollution by potential
burner for 3 hours or in a gas lamp for 6
uptake of heavy metals.
hours. Pig dung produced 7.0m3 while
poultry dung yielded 29.4m3. It has AS RAW MATERIAL FOR LOCAL
been recommended that ferro-cement INDUSTRIES
gives a better yields of this gas and Akobundu (1987) reported that aquatic
should be used. However, other types of weed, can serve as raw material for pulp
digesters include French, Chinese,
and paper, fibre for making chairs, mats
Indian and Trans-mulched. and baskets. It can also be used as
AS RAW MATERIAL FOR BlO- thatch. However, their application has
FERTILIZER not received the required attention.
Healey (1994) observed that the
Bio-fertilizer is acclaimed to be a enormous biomass of water hyacinth has
sustainable source of plant nutrient due
stimulated many attempts at its
to its improvement of soil structure as
utilization. He further reported that it
well as the slow release of the nutrients.
has limited application in the
The biomass of water hyacinth can be manufacture of poor quality paper,
74
biogas generation, effluent treatment attempted and this will go a long way in
and certain handicraft. Research could stimulating community participation by
improve on the existing infonnation at reducing the nuisance created by water
converting the raw material of water hyacinth, when continuous harvest is
hyacinth into industrial products. This made and manufacturing units
feed the industries. The whole process located in all places where water hyacinth
could generate employment and alleviate is available in abundance and free of cost.
poverty in the affected areas.
POTENTIALS AS A FEEDSTUFF
Thyagaraja (1983) demonstrated how The dearth of animal protein with
the stalks of water hyacinth could be increasing cost of food production coupled
pulped,. and converted into medium
with rapid population growth necessitate
quality papers/boards such as cardboard the search for non-conventional sources of
and coloured cards/cover papers. Such protein such as leaf protein concentrate
puips should however be blended with (LPC) from water hyacinth (Ogunlade et
long fibrous puips such as cotton rags and
al 1988). The plant in combination with
waste paper puips to minimize the
concentrate of other feeds has proved to
shrinkage of paper during drying.
be a good quality protein source for
However, the manufacture of bond and animal feed (Igbinosun and Talabi, 1982).
other high quality paper is not
economically viable owing to the low When compared with conventional
yields of water hyacinth pulp. Even for NIOMR feeds, dried water hyacinth was
the manufacture of medium quality found to be a suitable artificial feeds for
paper/boards Thyagaraja (1983) advised the culture of tilapia (Tables 2 and 3).
that the manufacturing unit should be
Table 2. Proximate composition (%) of NIOMR flsli feed and dried water hyacinth.
Components NIOMR Feed Water Hyacinth
Crude Protein 38.5 14.2
Crude Fibre 9.0 20.4
Crude Fat - 3.3
Lipids 6.8 -
Ash - 27.2
N-Free extract - 24.6
Source: Igbinosun and Talabi (1982).
75
Table 3: Growth Increase (%) Of Tilapia Fed With NIOMR Feed And Water
Hyacinth (Based On Table 2) Over Eight Week Period
NIOMR feed Dried water hyacinth
Weight increase 49.5 22.2
Length increase 15.4 5.5
Analysis of DM (%,)
Organic matter (OM) 57.0 89.4
Crude Protein (CP) 11.3 6.7
Crude Fibre (CF) 11.7 30.2
Ether Extract (EE) 3.4 4.4
Ash 43.0 10.6
Nitrogen Free Extract 30.6 48.1
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Table 5: Crude Protein (%) of Water Hyacinth and Guinea Grass Silage
Supplemented With Different Nitrogen Sources and Various Levels of Maize
Level of Maize Water hyacinth Guinea grass
Groundnut cake Blood meal Groundnut Blood meal
cake
0 18.3 18.1 14.6 14.9 -
10 18.9 18.8 16.4 15.1
20 18.5 17.0 14.1 15.1
77
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