National Law University Odisha

NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY ODISHA
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
PROJECT TOPIC
The Significance Of Green Growth And Green Technology In Sustainable

Development And The Challenges Faced By It
SUBMITTED BY:-
Apoorva Singh Parihar

(2014/B.A.LL.B/011)
Nidhi Mishra
(2014/B.A.LL.B/029)
The Significance Of Green Growth And Green Technology In Sustainable Development And The Challenges
Faced By It
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Abstract
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CHAPTER I
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_5
Introduction
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I. GREEN
GROWTH AND
TECHNOLOGY
IN INDIA
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CHAPTER II
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__ 11
GLOBAL SCENARIO
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________________ 11
I. SOUTH
KOREAS
GREEN
INITIATIVES
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____ 11
II. Nepal
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________ 13 III.
Malaysia
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____ 14 IV. Others
Countries and
Organizations
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_ 15 V. The United
States:
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________________
16 VI. The European
Union
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_____________ 17
VII. Other Non-
Aligned Countries
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_____ 17
CHAPTER III
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_ 18
Challenges to green
technology
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A Few Market
Failures:_____________
____________________
____________________
_ 19
I. Natural
resources
availability
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__ 20
II. Farming System

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20
III. Education
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____________
_________ 21
IV. Information
And Communication
Technology (ICT)
Resource Availability
_____ 21
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTIONS
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_____________________
23
The Significance Of Green
Growth And Green
Technology In Sustainable
Development And The
Challenges
Faced By It
The Significance Of Green Growth And Green Technology In Sustainable Development
And The Challenges Faced By It
ABSTRACT
Today, India is facing three-fold challenges of sustainable development Economic, Social and
Environmental. Over one fourth of Indias population still exists in extreme poverty, and income
inequality adding to it is the unsustainable production and consumption patterns which have
resulted in huge economic and social loss and is putting in jeopardy the life of the planet. With
the recent set of events of climate change taking place, there exists a threat to escalate in the
absence of adequate safeguards. So, the need of the hour is to promote the integrated and
sustainable management of natural as well as manmade resources and ecosystems and to opt for
a mitigating and adapting action plan keeping in mind the principle of inter-generational equity,
common responsibility and public trust doctrine.
From 20 to 22 June, 2012, The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, at Rio
de Janeiro, emphasized on a range of interlinked challenges which addresses on precedence
attention, along with decent jobs, energy, sustainable cities, food security and sustainable
agriculture, water, oceans and disaster management. To meet these challenges of the ever
changing climate, the only way possible is to resort to Green Technology. Green Technology is a
very wide term which increases the convenience of the people by reducing the environmental
damages that are created by the products and technologies. It is one of the major steps taken to
prevent environmental degradation and helps to conserve natural resources and is also linked
with poverty alleviation in the country.
In this project the authors have focussed on how the Green Technology is becoming an
indispensible part of the road to achieving sustainable development. The authors explain this
method of conservation of the environment and the natural resources through the application of
knowledge and the impact and the contribution that the Green Technology has made. Also the
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technical aspects are dealt with in the research paper along with the challenges faced by the
society in implementing this technology. Lastly the authors would deal with some
recommendations to cope up with these challenges in the Indian context to alleviate the problem
of poverty and to help the agricultural sector to prosper.
Keywords Sustainable Development, Green Technology, Inter-generational Equity,

Public Trust Doctrine, Poverty Alleviation, Disaster Management.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Sir Nicholas Stern has called climate change a result of the greatest market failure that the world has
1
seen, because it has potentially huge global effects for the whole worlds inhabitants.
New mitigation technologies must be developed and many conservative greenhouse gas-emitting
technological trajectories disrupted in order to try and keep global warming within controllable
and tolerable limits. Renewable energy and energy storage technologies, new resource saving
materials, carbon capture and storage technologies, new mobility concepts and more eco-
efficient agricultural technologies are a few areas in which it is important and compulsory to
accelerate major technological breakthroughs and these areas are very well known. In most cases
for carbon-efficient technologies to become competitive in the market place, it could take years
or even decades. Reliable long term policy frameworks are necessary with eye-catching
subsidies to hasten their development. Also guarantees that lessen the risk and link early
2
development and viable success are also a necessity.
3
The application of knowledge for practical purposes is known as technology. It allows people to
do things that were not possible before and in a way it makes them efficient. We can reap
benefits from the use of technology when it is linked successfully with the overall development
objectives of the countries and when it is applied to solving the socio-economic problems of the
country. Through the use of environmental-friendly and profitable technologies, the productivity
1 Benjamin, Alison. Stern: Climate Change A 'Market Failure'. 2007. The Guardian. 2 Jan. 2014.
2 Altenburg, Tilman And Engelmeier, Tobias. Rent Management And Policy Learning In Green Technology
Development - The Case Of Solar Energy In India. 2012. German Development Institute. 2 Jan. 2016.
3 Sunny Y. Auyang, Technology As A Scientific Capacity To Produce, Available At:
Http://Www.Creatingtechnology.Org/Eng/Techne.Pdf
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4
can be increased. The barriers to practice new technologies and unavailability of market for
ecological attributes related with green technologies (GT) can limit the efficiency of all the
profitable technologies.
To conserve the natural environment and resources and to improve the negative effects of the
human anthropogenic activities, the method used is Green technology or environmentally
friendly technology which is also known as the practical application of knowledge from
5
environmental science. It is called to contribute to sustainable development which can be
defined as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.
It is certain that the great reliance on oil, coal and gas as main sources of energy in global
industrial production and energy consumption undermines the ability of future generations to use
these finite sources of energy but there is still no consensus on whether it contributes to global
warming. Thus the invention, production and global distribution of green technologies which
could convert renewable resources such as sun, wind, hydro (tide, wave and river stream power),
geothermal power to energy for industrial production and global electricity consumption along
with other problems of sustainable development such as reduction and prevention of pollution;
poverty alleviation; health; clean water scarcity; deforestation; biodiversity; urbanization etc., is
the important material basis of sustainable development.
This research paper has four parts. The first part deals with the sustainable development, green
growth and green technology in India. The second part talks about how the green growth is being
given importance in other developed and developing countries and how the green technology is
being implemented there. Similarly, the third part deals with the effects that the green growth has
on an economy and what challenges are faced by a country while implementing green
technology. Lastly, in the fourth part, the authors conclude the discussion by suggesting what
steps should be taken for the better implementation and application of green technology in a
4 Adam B. Jaffe, Technological Change And The Environment, Handbook Of Environmental Economics,
Volume
1, Edited By K.-G. Mler And J.R. Vincent.
5 Available At: Http://Un-Csam.Org/Activities%20files/A0902/Np.Pdf
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country like India so that green growth can be achieved and the target of sustainable
development can be met.
I. GREEN GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
In order to keep global warming within tolerable limits, new mitigation technologies must be
developed and many conventional greenhouse gas-emitting technological trajectories disrupted.
The areas in which it is necessary to accelerate major technological breakthroughs are well
known: renewable energy and energy storage technologies, carbon capture and storage
technologies, new resource saving materials, new mobility concepts and more eco-efficient
6
agricultural technologies to name just a few. In most cases, it could take years, or even
decades, until carbon-efficient technologies become competitive in the market place. To
accelerate their development, reliable long term policy frameworks are required with attractive
subsidies and/or guarantees that reduce the risk and bridge early development and commercial
success. For the success of renewable energy and other green technology the vital part is played
7
by entrepreneurship spirit and a green industrial policy.
India and South Korea, known for their collaboration efforts in various fields, have now
embarked on a mission to implement environmentally friendly projects by reducing carbon
emissions and enforcing strict adherence standards for their industries. In this context, India has
announced energy efficiency measures to fight against the ills of climate change with South
Korea following suit by announcing that it will fix carbon emissions targets to be achieved by
2020. India plans to save 10,000 MW of power through energy efficiency improvements by 2012
8
as part of its climate change plan. South Korea has set targets like most European
6 Anuradha Shukla, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India And South Korea, Asia
Pacific
Business & Technology Reports, February 1st, 2010, Available At: Http://Www.Biztechreport.Com/Story/418-
Green-Technology-And-Sustainable-Development-India-And-South-Korea
7 Available At: Http://Envirotech.Iweb.Bsu.Edu/Instruction/Lca_Rose_April.Pdf
8 Summary: India's National Action Plan On Climate Change, Available At:
Http://Www.C2es.Org/International/Key-Country-Policies/India/Climate-Plan-Summary
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countries and the United States. However there is no clarity as to the quantum. It could be
allowing only an 8 percent increase compared to 2005 levels, or maybe a 4 percent reduction.
In India, major industrial private sector firms have formed an Alliance for Energy Efficient Economy
9
(AEEE), similar to the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE).
The alliance aims to save 2,000 MW of energy by 2012 by promoting energy efficiency
measures in both homes and businesses. The focus will be on the Information Technology (IT)
industry where savings of 10 percent can be realized in three years flat. The AEEE is essentially
an industry-led initiative which strives to create awareness and highlight issues involved in
10
energy efficiency and carbon mitigation projects.
AEEE brings together industry on a common platform to work with the Government to reduce
the energy intensity in the country and address climate change concerns, said Hema
11
Hattangady, CEO of Conzerv, who led the initiative.
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and U.S. President Barack Obama have jointly launched
a Green Partnership during the formers state visit in November 2009. This is expected to
strengthen cooperation between the two nations on several climate and environment initiatives.
India will form a National Environmental Protection Authority (NEPA) as a part of the
12
initiatives. This aims to enhance the authority of Indian environmental agencies, improve
public information and transparency, demonstrate progress in environmental compliance and
enforcement and, thereby, improve environmental quality for all Indian citizens.
9 Available At: Http://Www.E18online.Com/Category/News/Page/3/

10 Anuradha Shukla, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India And South Korea, Asia Pacific
11 Ms. Anjana Sharma, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India And South Korea, Vol Ii,
Issue
II.
12Aarti Dhar, U.S. Help Sought To Set Up National Environmental Protection Authority, The Hindu, Nov 27,
2015. Available At: Http://Www.Thehindu.Com/Todays-Paper/Tp-National/Us-Help-Sought-To-Set-Up-National-
Environmental-Protection-Authority/Article149535.Ece
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Infosys, the IT giant in India, aims to become a carbon neutral company by 2012. It involves
investing in projects that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and those for nullifying the
effects of carbon dioxide emissions generated by the companys normal business operations.
Reducing the carbon footprint in all activities such as air travel, vehicle usage, air conditioning
and even machinery and computers will be part of this endeavor.
Also, India has in place an eco-labeling scheme called Ecomark for identification of
13
environmentally-friendly products. The mark, resembling an earthenware pot, is awarded to
consumer goods that meet environmental criteria, which encompasses raw material extraction,
manufacturing and disposal.
The Central Leather Research Institute in India is making efforts to develop technologies that
14
will add value to the quality of leather as well as reduce environmental pollution. The CLRI
has been striving to develop ways to use enzymes in place of harmful chemicals in processing
hides and skins for improving the grain structure of leather. The leather process, called eco-
friendly wet blue manufacturing, replaces chemicals to some extent and this technology is being
promoted to other nations like Korea.
New roads were laid in Delhi using Korean eco-friendly road construction methods. The
technology is known as Darin Asphalt Modified Additive and features an additive of asphalt with
pores. Branded as Ecophalt, it has an additive packaged in eco-friendly ways and leaves no
residue after use. Even the bag containing the additive will melt along with the bitumen mix and
15
other materials.
There is a green contribution and importance of the natural resources as well as the renewable
energy for a developing country like India. As most of the Indian rural livelihood depends on the
13
Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry Of Environment & Forests Available At:
Http://Www.Cpcb.Nic.In/Eco_Label.Php
14
Available At: Http://Environmentclearance.Nic.In/Writereaddata/Form-
1a/Homelinks/Tgm_Tannery_010910_Nk.Pdf
15
Anuradha Shukla, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India And South Korea, Asia Pacific
Faced By It
agriculture sector, the promotion in this sector is desired. GT is one of the factors which help in
this direction positively. GT is also a weapon to reduce the huge problem of poverty, if it is
16
sharpened periodically with respect to the technical and socio-economic perspectives.
16
Rent Management In The Indian Solar Market, Available At: Http://Www.Bridgetoindia.Com/Blog/Rent-
Management-In-The-Indian-Solar-Market/
Faced By It
CHAPTER II
GLOBAL SCENARIO
I. South koreas Green Initiatives
Being a fast growing economy in Asia, South Korea saw immense increases in carbon emissions,
which almost doubled between 1990 and 2005. South Korea is serious in its endeavor to curtail
its fossil fuel dependence in order to become a promoter of green technologies in the region. It
has innovated on hybrid cars such as that of Hyundais, which combines an engine capable of
running on LPG with an electric motor. The country announced a green action plan and laid out a
budget of $84 billion to support it, which will help cut car emissions and improve the energy
efficiency of buildings and houses. This is expected to make the country a green nation by
17
2020.
The South Korean government plans to invest $193 million for the development of alternative
sources of energy a 60 percent increase compared to previous years. The investment will cover
solar, wind and bio-fuels, which will increase the domestic supply of renewable energies and also
reduce the import of oil. The green measures will receive 2 percent of the countrys GDP from
18
now to 2013 and will also create 1.56-1.81 million jobs, according to official figures.
The five-year plan will encompass energy efficient transport options, green buildings and new
technology. Public transport usage will be promoted and vehicles will have to cut down on their
emissions. This will be followed by environmental- energy towns with better methods for water
usage and renewable sources of energy including biomass. Private firms will be roped in with
17 Samho Green Investment, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India & South Korea, 9
Jan.,
2016.
18 Hunton & Williams, South Koreas Low Carbon, Green Growth Initiative Spurs Renewable
Energy,
Lexology, February 9 2010, Available At: Http://Www.Lexology.Com/Library/Detail.Aspx?G=423ec506-B23e-
4cac-Bad0-24bc67afc8b2
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19
green bonds and carbon savings to help them go green. The government will develop
international markets for LED s, solar cells and hybrid cars. Carbon emissions trading will also
from part of the new strategy and will be implemented by 2012, said official sources.
South Korea, in its bid to climb the industrial ladder as a socially responsible country, has
planned to invest in green technologies like renewable energy, energy efficiency and other
environmentally friendly initiatives. The huge government funded project from South Korea will
spruce solar and wind power generation, enact carbon trading systems and also offer initiatives
20
for the development of bio-fuels, hybrid cars and other green technologies.
The aim is for South Korea to become the worlds seventh most competitive country by 2020 in
terms of energy efficiency and ability to adapt to climate change, according to a presidential
statement. Combating the growing global green market, South Korea also plans to create 1.81
million new jobs. Its minister for policy coordination, Kwon Tae-shin, said that besides reducing
greenhouse gas emissions this initiative will serve as a growth engine to drive the country to
21
greater prosperity.
Further, the rise in energy demands and the price of electricity, which went up 9.8 percent last
year, makes it imperative to take green initiatives seriously. Korea Electric Power Corporation is
already sagging under a huge deficit. The new funding effort by the government is seen as a way
to create new business opportunities for engineers and entrepreneurs to involve themselves in
more research efforts to arrive at optimized, innovative green solutions. The development
funding will be offered with tax benefits for small and medium-sized businesses that develop
22
green technologies.
19 Anuradha Shukla, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India And South Korea, Asia
Pacific
Business & Technology Reports, February 1st, 2014.
Jan.,
2016.
21 Sun-Jin Yun, Not So Green: A Critique Of South Koreas Growth Strategy, Global Asia Vol. 5, No. 2,
Summer
2011.
22 Benjamin, Alison. Stern: Climate Change A 'Market Failure'. 2007. The Guardian. 2 Jan. 2015.
Faced By It
II. Nepal
In the simplest of words biogas, a combustible gaseous mixture primarily of methane and carbon
dioxide, is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic matter by methanogenic bacteria. When
produced under controlled conditions inside a biogas plant, it can serve to meet energy
requirements for cooking, lighting, refrigeration, electricity generation, and internal combustion
engines. Slurry or digested effluent from biogas plant has high fertilizer value. Both energy and
agriculture products of biogas technology and its minimal adverse environmental implications
make it an appropriate green agricultural technology. Revived biogas sector of Nepal is the result
of a consolidated effort of public and private stakeholders; and donor agencies. Establishment
and institutionalization of the elements of biogas industry in Nepal further suggests an
appropriate and inclusive scheme for renewable energy promotion to all strata of the society.
Biogas Support Programme (Phase I-IV) has been instrumental in promotion of biogas in
23
Nepal.
Any generic biogas plant is also known as bio-digester, bioreactor or anaerobic reactor. Under
favorable circumstances a kg of cow dung can generate 0.023 to 0.04 m3 of biogas while pig
dung, chicken dung, and human excreta can yield 0.04 - 0.059 m3, 0.065 - 0.116 m3, and 0.020 -
0.028 m3 respectively (Werner, et al 1989). The cubic meter requirement for cooking per person
is approximated to be 0.2 to 0.3 m3. At the user's end (Smith, et al) reckon biogas stoves to have
minimal greenhouse gas contribution. They reveal biogas stoves to be 1.07 times more efficient
than a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stove, 1.22 times more efficient than kerosene stove, 3.15
times more efficient than traditional fuel wood stove, and 4.63 times more efficient than
24
traditional agriculture residue stove.
23
Available At:
Http://Www.Undp.Org/Content/Undp/En/Home/Ourwork/Environmentandenergy/Projects_And_Initiatives/Local-
Governments-Go-Green-In-Nepal.Html
24
Samho Green Investment, Green Technology And Sustainable Development In India & South Korea, 9 Jan.,
2014.
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Incremental yield over control in Nepal were found to range from 10 to 30% (CMS, 1996). A
survey of 510 biogas users observed 75.3% using different forms of bio-slurry (compost, dry or
untreated). 39% of participants acknowledging increased agro-production in khet, 42% in bari,
and 52% in garden kitchen (CMS, 2007). Hence use of biogas reduces use of fertilizer,
pesticides, and insecticides. Similarly it reduces emission of green house gasses and maintains
soil quality.
III. Malaysia
Biomass is available on a renewable basis through forest and mill residues, wood wastes,
25
agricultural crops and wastes and animal wastes etc. Because of the high sunlight intensity and
high rainfall, production of biomass is possible throughout the year. Major contributor of
26
biomass is palm oil industry, mainly lingo-cellulosic.
Special incentives are essential to minimize environmental pollution since it causes

indiscriminate dumping. Burning of biomass produces emission of smoke and toxic chemicals,
which also necessitates operational legislation. The uncertainties regarding economic feasibility,
uninterrupted supply, quality etc should be carefully assessed to use biomass as sustainable
27
alternative energy source, which is considered to be environmentally sustainable.
The major concern in Malaysia is to reduce overdependence on deplorable sources of energy. As

Malaysia's National Energy Policy (1979) has three objectives such as diversifying supply
sources, promoting efficient utilization of energy and ensuring the regulation for environmental
protection, the government formulated National Depletion Policy (1980) and Four-Fuel
Diversification Policy (1981) to meet these objectives. Wood residues, palm oil waste and
agricultural waste are being converted into usable forms of energy for heat generation. Increased
25 Diji, Electricity Production From Biomass In Nigeria: Options, Prospects And Challenges, International
Journal
Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, June 2016. Vol. 3, No. 4.
26 Amrit B Karki, Biogass As Renewal Energy, Vol 10.
27 Dr. M. Aslam Khan, Paper On Environment, Climate Change And Food Security In Asia, 10-12 February 2009.
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utilization of such renewable energy including biomass and municipal waste has worked as a
28
means of pollution control.
IV. Others Countries and Organizations
As the world wrestles with the challenges created by growing populations, more balanced
distribution of wealth and rising public demands, new solutions are essential to insuring that
growth can be economically and environmentally sustainable. As the worlds principle forum for
international dialogue and consistent policy-making, the UN is the ideal place to resolve issues
of sustainable development. The UN has been able to insure these issues a permanent place on
the global agenda. But action has been slower to come. Requiring the support of as many of its
192 members as possible, the UN prefers broad consensus over forceful action. How to reconcile
the diversity of regional perspectives, with goals of particular countries and universal needs is a
29
massive challenge for the UNs Economic and Social Council.
One of the UNs functions is a forum for negotiation of treaties and other international
agreements to enhance coordination and promote member states policies in the environmental
area. It also serves as a forum for exchange of knowledge and green technology for sustainable
development. As an example, Israel, through its Permanent Representative to UN, sent its report
addressed to the Secretary General on the implementation of General Assembly resolution
62/190 on agricultural technology for development (A/64/301), where it listed numerous
initiatives and projects undertaken by the Israeli government and its private sector called to
appreciate agricultural output in different parts of the world through sharing new technology,
knowledge and efficient methods of production organization.
Jan.,
2014.
29 Andrii Tatarchuk, Sharing Science And Green Technology For Sustainable Development, Issue Brief For
The
Economic And Social Council, Odumunc 2010 Available At:
Https://Www.Odu.Edu/Content/Dam/Odu/Offices/Mun/2010/Ecosoc/Issue-Brief-2010-Sharing-Science-And-Green-
Technology.Pdf
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ECOSOC could contribute by setting new and encouraging compliance of its member-states to
previously adapted international normative acts in the sustainable development issue area such as
the Rio Declaration of 1992, Quito Declaration 1997, UN Millennium Goals of 2000 etc. For
instance, Principle 9 of the Rio Declaration says States should cooperate to strengthen
capacity-building for sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through
exchange of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the development,
30
adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.
V. The United States:
Even though new American administration puts a big emphasis on the need of energy sources
diversification through introduction of green technologies, the practical achievement of this
enterprise is enormously costly. As the biggest economy and the second largest polluter in the
world (after China), Americas political will to lead the process of mass transition to green
technology would contribute greatly to such transition on the global scale. However, there are no
guarantees that other countries would follow Americas initiatives. Under President Bush,
America strongly opposed to any policies reducing the dominance of purely economic market
forces. Under President Obama, America has become more willing to consider international
action, but does not devote much attention to the issue. Washington also fears that ascending
powers such as Brazil, China, and India would be the free riders who will share the benefits,
but not pay the costs of an American green technology transition. American adversaries of
change insist that even if the United States led such a transition unilaterally, there would be
relatively little positive effect on environment, since it would be compensated by other major
economies pollution. Others note that China in particular is beginning large-scale investments in
31
green technology itself, making American hesitation look more and more eccentric.
30 See, Principle 9 Of The Rio Declaration.

31 Forum On Science And Technology For Sustainable Development During The World Summit On
Sustainable Development. 28 Dec. 2015.
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VI. The European Union
Its approach in dealing with issues of sustainable development is by creating high economic,
social and environmental standards and inducing its neighboring states to conform to these
standards by offering them the prospect to become a member of this successful regional union
which stimulates positive transformation and development of its neighboring countries.
European governments have not been afraid to directly invest into particular technologies that
are especially promising, especially natural gas and solar power. However, geographic and
political constraints restrain the EUs ability to use its membership rewording mechanism
worldwide. Some European countries strongly favor nuclear power, while others are opposed.
Natural gas imports are a very sensitive issue, because they increase dependence on Russia.
Through its foreign assistance spending, though, Europe has become a leading force in favor of
32
global standards.
VII. Other Non-Aligned Countries
They generally view the issue in terms of their limited ability to pay for reforms, and the danger
of barriers to their own economic development. They often support green technology when it is
affordable and does not impinge opportunities for growth. Except for those most seriously
affected by global warming or local environmental problems, they tend to prefer growth to
environmental preservation. Foreign assistance often is the most effective tool for persuading
them to balance growth and environmental needs. The decline of American development
33
assistance has allowed Europe to become a leading voice on this issue in more ways than one.
32 Forum On Science And Technology For Sustainable Development During The World Summit On
Sustainable Development. 28 Dec. 2015.
33 Persaud, Avinash. The Knowledge Gap, Foreign Affairs (March/April 2001). 13 Jan. 2014.
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CHAPTER III
CHALLENGES TO GREEN TECHNOLOGY
In order to avoid major, irreversible damage to global ecosystems, new resource-saving

technologies are needed. More than the other fields of development of technology, the
34
development of these green technologies must be driven by policy. This is because the rate at
which currently the ecosystems around the world are degrading is threatening to reach at a point
where it will create disequilibrium in the ecosystems with unparalleled negative effects for
mankind. It is of utmost urgency that for the sustainable use of resources, technologies should be
developed and deployed. The cost of abatement of these greenhouse gas emissions will continue
to increase for the coming decades and the consequences of the same will also become
irreversible.
In order to make sure that the demand is met effectively, the innovation processes should be as
market-driven as possible. Incentives should preferably aim at energy saving or emissions
35
reduction without prescribing precise technological solutions. Governments can achieve a lot
by enhancing market transparency, training technicians, educating the general public, certifying
market players, setting standards and taxing the use of scarce resources. With respect to the
innovations for sustainable development, however, market-based distribution alone is not likely
to be sufficient for developing the essential new technologies and replacing the indefensible old
36
ones before the start of irreversible environmental damage.
34 Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Green Energy And Technology Issues And Challenges, Asia-Pacific Economic
Co-Operation, June 2010.
35 Edward Barbier, The Policy Challenges For Green Economy And Sustainable Economic Development,
Natural
Resources Forum, 2011, Available At:
Http://Leopoldleadership.Stanford.Edu/Sites/Default/Files/The_Policy_Challenges_For_Green_Economy_And_Sust
ainable_Economic%20development_Barbier_2011.Pdf
36 Persaud, Avinash. The Knowledge Gap, Foreign Affairs (March/April 2001).
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A FEW MARKET FAILURES:
For a new technology to be developed and for the pilot tests to be run and to establish
full-scale commercial operations, many environmental innovations require at least a decade
or two. But the sustainable technologies need to be replaced quickly given the risk of
environmental tipping points.
One of the reasons for holding back investments in innovations in sustainability of

environment is the cumulative market failures. Moreover, an early investor requires taking a
lot of risk for investing in technologies that are far from the commercial frontier and if that
37
technology succeeds, the potential gain from it is taken by the other market actors too.
Lock-in effects such as path-dependent consumer performance and incentives to carry on

exploiting old, depreciated engineering infrastructure hinder efforts to replace obsolete
technologies.
The investments in renewable energy technologies such as hydro, solar and wind are
bankable because the running costs are minimal but the capital investment to be made is
huge. In contrast, in conventional power plants a larger share of running costs are distributed
over the plants lifetime and can be adjusted to changes in the energy market, thereby
reducing investment risks for banks. It is very difficult to have credit for new technologies
38
with existing track records than the old ones.
To correct these market failures, public policy is needed so that these green technologies can be
made profitable than the less sustainable ones. To achieve this, the policies framed should be able
to generate rents so that capital can be lured into these socially desirable green investments.
37 Johnson, Daniel K. N. And Lybecker, Kristina M., Challenges To Technology Transfer: A Literature
Review Of The Constraints On Environmental Technology Dissemination (August 16, 2009) Colorado College
Working Paper
No. 2009-07. Available At Ssrn: Http://Ssrn.Com/Abstract=1456222
38 Johnson, Daniel K. N. And Lybecker, Kristina M., Challenges To Technology Transfer: A Literature
Review Of The Constraints On Environmental Technology Dissemination (August 16, 2009) Colorado College
Working Paper
No. 2009-07. Available At Ssrn: Http://Ssrn.Com/Abstract=1456222
Faced By It
Rents can simply be defined as returns that are higher than opportunity returns. Already
impermanent rents have accelerated large scale production and use in a range of green
technologies, spurred technological education and allowable producers to reap economies of
scale.
Every technology apart from being a set of engineering achievements is also centrally located
within intensely cultural and environmental limitations. There is a problem in balancing business
and environmental concerns because the one of the major factors causing climate change is CO2
emission. Various technical and socio economic challenges have been faced to balance the same.
In the following sub-sections, the authors have identified the major challenges for the Green
Technology:
I. Natural resources availability
The most important limiting factor in agricultural production will be water. Due to water
pollution, the quality and quantity has declined. The agricultural land was converted into
residential and industrial development due to fast urbanization and this resulted in a turn down in
the number of farm workers. For the generation of renewable energy, the natural resources like
wind, rain, sunlight, tides and geothermal heat are responsible. Major parts of India receive 4-7
kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day with 250-300 sunny days in a year because India
39
lies in sunny regions of the world . In India, solar power generation technology is in its
preliminary stage and presently the contribution of solar energy is only 0.1% of the total
renewable energy produced in India.
II. Farming System
In India most farmers are poor with small landholdings. Farming systems are commonly
heterogeneous with mixes of food crops, livestock, and trees. With unreliable distribution and
39 Ashwinkumar A. And Karthik K. Clean Energy Resources Available In India. 2011. Int. J. Environ. Sci.
Develop. 31 Dec. 2013.
Faced By It
intensity of rainfall about 70% of the cultivated land is rainfed. Thus, during the next 25 years,
the increase in food production will have to be achieved using less labor, water, and cultivated
land. This can be achieved only if research can grow new crop varieties with high yield potential
and high competence in water use. Therefore, in this situation it is almost impossible for the poor
40
farmers to adopt any kind of GT. There would be an increase in food supplies, a reduction in
poverty and starvation, increase in food access and improvement in living standards of the poor
farmers by increasing small holder agriculture productivity through GT. The sustainable output
attainment through GT increases in food, fuel and fiber crops are reducing chemical inputs of
fertilizers and pesticides and replacing them with organically based products.
III. Education
The education ratio in farmer community is very low in India. The population in rural area above
the age of 15 had a literacy rate of 59.7% according to a survey. This world average literacy rate
41
is 84% and this level is way below that. Therefore, implementation of GT in this scenario is
hard to convince the farmer community.
IV. Information And Communication Technology (ICT) Resource Availability
The targeted users of GT, i.e., the farmers usually dont have access to internet in the villages.
28.3% population of rural area in India is still below poverty line. Farmers own very little land
due to their poverty and that is the reason why they cannot afford internet and computer related
services or resources. Because of this, the technological advancement and awareness is very low.
Therefore, in India, the edification related to the operation of the Green Technology should be
provided in an effective way, so that the farmer population can have some knowledge about the
approval of the GT and they should appreciate the pros and cons of adoption of the GT. In
40 Persaud, Avinash. The Knowledge Gap, Foreign Affairs (March/April 2001). 13 Jan. 2014.
41 Education In India, Participation And Expenditure. National Sample Survey. 2008. Ministry Of Statistics
And Programme Implementation, Government Of India. 2 Jan. 2016.
Faced By It
reviewing the applied green technologies in agriculture segment, it was found that the sustainable
agriculture should be resource conserving, technically suitable, environmentally non-degrading,
and cost-effectively and socially acceptable.
Faced By It
CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTIONS
So, to finally conclude, the authors

would like to re-emphasize the fact that
the shift to a greener economy must take
into account the distributional effects of
changing prices and access to energy.
While poorer households consume less
energy, they spend a higher proportion of
their incomes on energy in both
industrialized and developing countries.
Thus, an increase in energy prices
resulting from high demand, elimination
of subsidies or carbon pricing can have a
large impact on their household budgets.
Conversely, a green economy offers
major opportunities for upgrading
conditions for a large number of jobs in
agriculture, waste management and
recycling.
A key role that governments, together

with business and labor, can play within
a comprehensive sustainable
development strategy is to maximize the
potential complementarily between
environmental goals, employment and
social policy goals. There are policy
packages (combining market-based
instruments, regulatory instruments,
voluntary initiatives and information-
based instruments) that can produce
environmental gains while also
generating a growth dividend by
reducing pre-existing inefficiencies in
the economy. Environmental tax reform
is a particularly important example of
such a win-win policy package: taxing
CO2 emissions or other types of
environmental damage provides an
incentive for environmental
improvements even as it provides a new
stream of public revenues that can be
used to promote higher employment (e.g.
by reducing the taxation of labor
income). Revenue from environmental
taxes can also be recycled so as to
encourage the development of new
energy-efficient technologies and
activities, an approach that may be
particularly appropriate in developing
and emerging economies.
Therefore, the above suggestions should

be applied and it should be made sure
that the initial steps that have been
towards a greener technology and
towards making our habitat greener and
better to live should be continued and
that sustainable development can only be
achieved when these small steps should
be converted into large ones. The dreams
for a better future can only be met if all
the countries in the world come together
and take steps for development through
better green technology and ensure that
collective steps are taken for the
sustainable use of the present resources
for the present generations.
The Significance Of Green Growth And

Green Technology In Sustainable
Development And The Challenges
Fa
ce
d
By
It

National Law University Odisha

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NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY ODISHA

The Significance Of Green Growth And Green Technology In Sustainable

Apoorva Singh Parihar

II. Farming System

Keywords Sustainable Development, Green Technology, Inter-generational Equity,

I. GREEN GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

9 Available At: Http://Www.E18online.Com/Category/News/Page/3/

I. South koreas Green Initiatives

Special incentives are essential to minimize environmental pollution since it causes

The major concern in Malaysia is to reduce overdependence on deplorable sources of energy. As

IV. Others Countries and Organizations

V. The United States:

30 See, Principle 9 Of The Rio Declaration.

VII. Other Non-Aligned Countries

CHALLENGES TO GREEN TECHNOLOGY

In order to avoid major, irreversible damage to global ecosystems, new resource-saving

One of the reasons for holding back investments in innovations in sustainability of

Lock-in effects such as path-dependent consumer performance and incentives to carry on

I. Natural resources availability

II. Farming System

IV. Information And Communication Technology (ICT) Resource Availability

So, to finally conclude, the authors

A key role that governments, together

Therefore, the above suggestions should

The Significance Of Green Growth And

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