FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Pile Foundation
Dr.Ir.Erizal,MAgr.

Departemen Teknik SipildanLingkungan

Fakultas Teknolog Pertanian
Institut Pertanian Bogor
Main References
Das,B.M. (2002). Principles of
Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition,
Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning

Das,B.M. (2004). Principles of Foundation

Engineering, 5th edition, Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning
Part One
 Typical Geotechnical Project

Geo-Laboratory soil properties Design Office

~ for testing ~ for design & analysis

construction site
Shallow & Deep
Foundations
FOUNDATION
load
Foundation

Soil
Condition
Shallow Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground

~ mostly for firm soils or light loads

firm
ground

bed rock
Deep Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for weak soils or heavy loads

P
I
L
weak soil E

bed rock
Perbedaan F. Dangkal & F. Dalam

F. Dangkal F. Dalam

D/B Kecil Besar

Sampai
Di dalam
Keruntuhan permukaan
tanah
tanah
Dipancang/
Instalasi Digali
dibor
Analisis jenis fondasi
Shallow Foundations
 Pile Foundations
Piles are relatively long and slender members used to
transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock having a higher
bearing capacity.

Pile resistance is comprised of

end bearing
shaft friction

For many piles only one of these components is

important. This is the basis of a simple classification
Use of pile foundations

When one or more upper soil layers are highly

compressible and too weak to support the load
transmitted by the superstructure. Piles are used to
transmit the load to underlying bedrock or a
stronger soil layer

When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth

below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the
structural load to the soil gradually. The resistance to the
applied structural load is derived mainly from the
frictional resistance developed at the soil-pile interface
Use of pile foundations

When subjected to horizontal forces, pile

foundation resist by bending , while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure

The foundations of some structures, such as

transmission towers, offshore platforms and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces. Piles are sometimes used for these foundations to resist
the uplifting force
Use of pile foundations

Bridge abutments and piers are usually are

usually constructed over pile foundations to
avoid the loss of bearing capacity that a
shallow foundation might suffer because of
soil erosion at the ground surface
Deep Foundations
 Pile foundation

Tall buildings need

piles down to the
rock bed to transfer
the loads directly to
the solid part in the
earth to avoid
uneven settlement
 Jembatan Suramadu

Sisi Surabaya Sisi Madura

Total panjang jembatan 5438m
Cable Stayed 818m
Causeway Approach Approach Causeway
PONDASI CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

20 m 15 m
100 m 100 m

56 Tiang

Diameter 2.4 m
Sutong Bridge - China
1088m

60m

Pondasi:
Panjang = 130m
Diameter = 3.2m - 60m pertama
2.8m - sisanya
Jumlah = 131 tiang
Piled Foundations
Pile
Jembatan Cikubang
Jembatan Suramadu
Ciujung
Type of Pile Foundations
Types of Piles

Steel H Pre-cast
Concrete Steel Timber Concrete Composite
Pipe
Steel piles
Discription
Usual length 15-60 m
Usual load 300-1200 kN
Advantages
Easy to handle with respect to cut off and extension to the
desired length
Can stand high driving stress

Can penetrate hard layers

High load-carrying capacity

Disadvantages
Relatively costly
High level of noise during driving
Subject to corrosion
H-piles may be damaged or deflected during driving through
hard layers
Concrete piles

Precast piles

Using ordinary reinforcement

Prestressed: using high-strength steel

prestressing cable

Cast-in-situ piles
Concrete piles
Discription
Usual length 10-15m (press : 10-45m)
Usual load 300-3000 kN (press : 7500-8500 kN)

Advantages
Can be subjected to hard driving
Corrosion resistant
Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure
High load-carrying capacity

Disadvantages
Difficult to achieve proper cutoff
Difficult to transport
Steps in Rational Pile Selection
Adequate Subsurface Investigation
Soil Profile Development
Appropriate Lab/Field Testing
Selection of Soil Design Parameters
Static Analysis

Applied Experience
Load Magnitude
Typical range of
Deep foundation Typical length
nominal (ultimate)
type (feet)
resistance (kips)

Timber pile 75 200 20 40

Concrete pile 200 2,000 20 150

Steel H-pile 200 1,000 20 160

Pipe pile 175 2,500 20 100

Drilled shaft 750 10,000 20 160

What is a Driven Pile?

A Driven Pile is a deep

foundation that is constructed
by driving a concrete, steel or
timber pile to support the
anticipated loads in competent
subsurface material.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Driven Low Displacement Piles
Driven High Displacement Piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978
Drilled Shafts (bored piles)
Driven & Bored Pile

Jenis Keunggulan Kekurangan

Kualitas terjamin
Dynamic pile capacity
Driven pile
Pelaksanaan singkat Vibrasi saat driving
(Precast pile)
Displacement pile
Human error kecil
Kualitas perlu ketelitian
Bored pile Tanpa vibrasi Non dynamic pile capacity
(cast insitu) Non displacement pile Pelaksanaan cukup lama
Human error relatif besar
Type of piles based on installation

Nondisplacement pile (bored pile)

Displacement pile ( driven pile)

Extra displacement pile (franki pile)

Pile capacity
Ultimate Bearing Capacity -
Static Formula Method (Qu = Qp + Qs)
Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qs = fAs

f = Unit Frictional
Embedded Resistance
=D
Length AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point

QP = qPAP
Method of Support
End Bearing Side Friction Combined
Mekanisme trasfer beban

Tahanan friksi (gesekan permukaan) termobilisasi penuh

jika telah terjadi displacement sebesar :
5-10 mm (0,2-0,3 inch)..B.M. Das
0,30 1% lebar/diameter tiang ..Tomlinson

Tahanan
ujung termobilisasi penuh jika telah terjadi
displacement sebesar
10-25% lebar/diameter tiang .B.M. Das
10-20% lebar/diameter tiang .Tomlinson
Ultimate Bearing Capacity -
Static Formula Method
Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qu = Qp + Qs
Qs = fAs

f = Unit Frictional
Embedded Resistance
=D
Length AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point

QP = qPAP
End Bearing Piles

PILES SOFT SOIL

ROCK
 Friction Piles

PILES SOFT SOIL

Strength
increases
with depth
Mekanisme keruntuhan

Terzaghi Meyerhof Vesic Skempton

Luthfi Hasan (1998)
 Loads applied to Piles
M
V
Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment
H

loading may be applied at the soil surface from

the overlying structure

For the majority of foundations the loads applied

to the piles are primarily vertical

For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers,

tall chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the
lateral resistance is an important consideration

The analysis of piles subjected to lateral and

moment loading is more complex than simple
vertical loading because of the soil-structure
interaction.
Estimation of Pile Capacity
Tahapan desain

Mengusahakan data tanah melalui soil investigation,

berupa :
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT = Sondir)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Boring (pengambilan sampel tanah)

Melakukan survei tentang kedalaman fondasi tiang pada

bangunan sekitarnya
Tahapan desain (lanjutan)
Melakukan estimasi kapasitas fondasi tiang tunggal
menggunakan static formula, berdasarkan data:
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Hasil uji laboratorium
- Korelasi dari berbagai data diatas

Melakukan estimasi kelompok tiang berdasarkan hasil

estimasi tiang tunggal dan beban kolom yang harus
ditahan
Tahapan desain (lanjutan)

Melaksanakanpile driving dengan menggunakan

dynamic formula berdasarkan estimasi nilai static
formula. Menentukan kapasitas tiang yang digunakan

Melaksanakan pile load test bagi fondasi tiang yang

meragukan.
Estimasi kapasitas tiang
Qu Qp Qs (W)
Qu Ap.qp As.qs
Ap.qp As.qs
Qall
SF 1 SF2
Qp Tahanan ujung end bearing)
Qs Tahanan friksi (friction resistance)
qp Unit daya dukung
qs Unit tahanan friksi
SF1 Angka keamanan untuk tahanan ujung
SF2 Angka keamanan untuk tahanan friksi
Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Qp Ap.qp
Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Deep foundation
Tahanan ujung tiang pada tanah pasir
Cases
Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)
Nilai K dan
Nilai K :

Metoda instalasi K
Tiang pancang, displacement besar (1-2)Ko
Tiang pancang, displacement kecil (0,75-1,75)Ko
Bored pile (0,75-1)Ko

Ko = 1-sin

Nilai :

Interface
Baja halus (0,5-0,7)
Baja kasar (0,7-0,9)
Precast concrete (0,8-1)
Cast in place
Menghitung tegangan effektif (v )

v akan naik sejalan dengan kedalaman tiang

hingga mencapai kedalaman L = 15D (asumsi,
tergantung dari nilai , Cc dan Dr), selanjutnya
konstan.
Tahanan ujung tiang pada clay (lempung)
Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)
Faktor penentu nilai

Konsolidasi tanah selama pelaksanaan

Dragdown lapisan diatasnya saat pemancangan

Cara mendapatkan Su atau cu

Tipe instalasi fondasi tiang

Menentukan
Menentukan
Nilai undrained shear strength (Su) :

Clay Su (kPa) Su (kg/cm2)

Very soft 0-12 0-0,12

Soft 12-24 0,12-0,24

Medium 24-48 0,24-0,48

Stiff 48-96 0,48-0.96

Very stiff 96-192 0,96-1,92

Hard > 192 > 1,92

Case-4