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V{tx E
Axial Loading
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition in SI units
2. R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
Introduction
Saint-Venants Principle
P 2P P P
= = stress = = =
A 2A A A
2
= = normal strain = = =
L L 2L L
Stress-Strain Test
rutlandplastics.co.uk
www.tensilkut.com
necking
rupture
PL
= i i
i Ai Ei
Example 2.1
75 k 45 k
30 k
STEPS:
SOLUTION:
Apply free-body analysis to each component to
Divide the rod into three
determine internal forces,
components:
P1 = 30kN
A B C
D 30 k
P2 = 15kN
P3 = 60kN
75 k 45 k
30 k
P1 Evaluate total deflection,
45 k
30 k
P2 PL 1 PL P L P L
= i i
= 1 1+ 2 2 + 3 3
i Ai Ei E A1 A2 A3
75 k 45 k
30 k 1 ( 30 103 ) 0.12 ( 15 103 ) 0.12 ( 60 103 ) 0.2
P3 = + +
200 109 7.854 103 7.854 103 1.96 103
= 3.1758 105 m
L1 = L2 = 120mm L3 = 200mm
A1 = A2 = 7.854 10-3 m 2 A3 = 1.96 103 m 2 = 3.1758 105 m
Example 2.2
Solution Displacement of B:
Free body: Bar BDE PL
B =
AE
=
( 60 103 N )(0.3 m )
(500 10-6 m2 )(70 109 Pa )
= 514 10 6 m
B = 0.514 mm
Displacement of D:
MB = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.6 m ) + FCD 0.2 m D =
PL
AE
FCD = +90 kN tension
=
(90 103 N )(0.4 m )
MD = 0 (600 10-6 m2 )(200 109 Pa )
0 = (30 kN 0.4 m ) FAB 0.2 m
= 300 10 6 m
FAB = 60 kN compression
D = 0.300 mm
Displacement of D:
BB BH
=
DD HD
0.514 mm ( 200 mm) x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm
EE HE
=
DD HD
E
=
( 400 + 73.7) mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
E =1.928 mm
E = 1.928mm
= L +R = 0
Example 2.3
Example 2.3
STEPS:
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600103 N P4 = 900103 N
A1 = A2 = 400106 m2 A3 = A4 = 250106 m2
L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125109
L = =
A
i i iE E
Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant
constraint,
P1 = P2 = RB
A1 = 400 10 6 m 2 A2 = 250 10 6 m 2
L1 = L2 = 0.300 m
R =
Pi Li
=
( )
1.95 103 RB
A
i i iE E
= L +R = 0
=
(
1.125109 1.95103 RB
=0
)
E E
RB = 577 103 N = 577 kN
( ) Fy = 0;
RA + RB = 300 + 600 1
300 kN 300 kN
300 kN
P1
900 kN P2
900 kN 900 kN
P3
RB P4
RB
P1 = RA
P2 = RA 300
P3 = RA 300
Fy = 0
P4 = RA 900
T = 1 +2 +3 +4 = 0
PL + PL + PL + PL = 0
AE 1 AE 2 AE 3 AE 4
0.15 RA RA 300
RA 300
RA 900
+ + + =0
E 250106 250106 400106 400106
RA = 323.1kN Ans.
Example 2.4
Solution
Consider the support at B as redundant
and using principle of superposition,
+ 0.001 = p B
Example 2.4
PL
P = AC = ( )
20 103 ( 0.4 )
0.001 = 0.002037 0.3056 106 FB ( )
AE
( )
( 0.0025 ) 200 109
( )
FB = 3.39 103 = 3.39 kN (Ans)
= 0.002037 m
FB LAB FB (1.2 )
B = = From the free-body diagram,
AE
( )
( 0.0025 ) 200 109
( )
= 0.3056 106 FB
+ F x = 0;
FA + 20 3.39 = 0
FA = 16.6 kN (Ans)
= T + P = 0 = T + P = 0
PL P = AE ( T )
( T ) L + =0
AE P
= = E ( T )
A
Example 2.5
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N
at 20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
Example 2.5
1 2
= T + st d = 137.36
4
L PL
= L ( T ) + d = 13.22 mm Ans.
E AE
P
= E ( T ) +
A
( )
130 = 11.7 106 ( 200000 )( 20 20 ) +
5000
A
A = 137.36 mm 2
Example 2.6
Example 2.6
Solution
From free-body diagram we have The final position of the top of each
post is equal to its displacement
+ F y = 0; caused by the temperature increase
( )
2 Fst + Fal 90 103 = 0 (1)
and internal axial compressive force.
( + ) al = ( al )T + ( al ) F
( + ) st = al (2)
( st )T + ( st )F = ( st )T + ( al )F
1. An aluminium tube is fastened between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the value of P that will not exceed a
maximum overall deformation of 2 mm or a stress in the steel of 140 MPa, in the
aluminium of 80 MPa, or in bronze of 120 MPa. Assume that the assembly is suitably
braced to prevent buckling. [P = 18 kN]
0.6 m 1.0 m 0.8 m
2P
3P
P 4P
Bronze Aluminium Steel
A = 450 mm2 A = 600 mm2 A = 300 mm2
E = 83 GPa E = 70 GPa E = 200 GPa
D 1.2 m C
2. The assembly consists of three titanium (Ti-6A1-
ACD = 600 mm2
4V) rods and a rigid bar AC. The cross-sectional 0.6 m
AEF = 1200 mm2
area of each rod is given in the figure. If a force 0.3 m F
E
of 30 kN is applied to the ring F, determine the
AAB = 900 mm2 0.3 m
horizontal displacement of point F. [0.3403 mm]
B 1.8 m A
APR2010/MEC411/KJM454
Figure Q1 shows an assembly consisting of 0.5 mm
an aluminium rod (L = 300mm) and steel
Aluminium Steel
rod (L = 250mm) at room temperature
300 mm 250 mm
(30oC). A 0.5 mm gap exists between the Aluminium Steel
A = 1806 mm2 A = 774 mm2
ends of the rods. Determine (i) the normal E = 72 GPa E = 200 GPa
=23.9(10-6)/oC = 17.3 (10-6)/oC
stress in the aluminium rod, and (ii) the
Figure Q1
change in length of the aluminium rod when
the temperature has reached 70oC.
[=0; AL=0.287 mm]
OCT2010/MEC411/KJM454
A rigid beam AB rests on the two short round posts shown in Figure Q1(b). Post AC is made
of steel and has a cross-sectional area of A mm2 and post BD is made of aluminium and has
a cross-sectional area of 2A mm2 (twice the area of post AC). A vertical load of 90 kN is
applied on the middle of the beam. [AF = BF = L mm]. Determine ;
a) the internal forces of the posts, [FBD = FBC = 45 kN]
b) the displacement of the top of each post (point A and point B) as a function of area, A.
(Youngs Modulus, Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa) [A = 0.0675/A; B = 0.096/A]
c) the displacement of point F on beam AB. [F = 0.08175/A]
Figure Q1(b)
APR2011/MEC411/KJM454
The assembly shown in Figure Q2(b) consists of an A-36 steel rod AB and a 6061-T6
aluminum rod BC, each having a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the applied loads P1 and
P2 if end C is displaced 2.5 mm to the right and B is displaced 1 mm to the left when the
loads are applied. The unstretched length of each segment is as shown in the figure.
Neglect the size of the rigid connection at B. (Take Esteel = 200 GPa, Ealuminum = 70 GPa)
[P1 = 96.2 kN; P2 = 126.6 kN]
Figure Q2(b)
Steel
Aluminium Bronze
F1 F2
Figure Q2(b)