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EVALUATION OF URBAN GREEN SPACES WITH


UAV-BASED PHOTOGRAPHY, IN QUITO,
ECUADOR

Poster June 2017


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34540.05762

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EVALUATION OF URBAN GREEN SPACES WITH UAV-BASED
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PHOTOGRAPHY, IN QUITO, ECUADOR


Csar Alvarez*(1,2) , Richard Vilches(2), Xavier Cumbagin(2), Henry Mejia(2), Ana Teodoro(1,3)
Department of Geosciences, Environment and Land Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
(1)
(2) Grupo de Investigacin en Ciencias Ambientales (GRICAM), Carrera de Ingeniera Ambiental, Universidad Politcnica Salesiana, Quito, Ecuador; calvarezm@ups.edu.ec
(3) Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Pole of the FCUP, University of Porto, Portugal; amteodor@fc.up.pt

INTRODUCTION
Urban expansion influences a landscape's structure and function, covering soils, destroying
natural vegetation and disrupting hydrological systems [1]. Green space over an urban area such
a park is very important because it is a fundamental component of any urban ecosystem having
relationship with the health in a city considering to have low pollution [2]. Also, the Green Space
in an Urban Area is the way to become an intelligent sustainable city [3].
In the cities around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests a minimum of 9
square meters of green open space per person [4]. Green space area can be obtained with
Geomatics techniques like photogrammetry, remote sensing, GPS and other ways [2,5,6]. In this
work, the main idea was to obtain the tree free areas from main urban parks to estimate an urban
green index space in Quito, Ecuador with UAV-base photography [5] and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) [6] compared with the population in 2017. With this index calculated
with UAV-base photography, the result was from 6.08 square meters per person obtained with
more precision that a traditional way like satellite imagery used by Ecuadorian Statistic Institute
(INEC) in Quito from 21.66 square meters per person [7]. The discussion to consider is what
index should be considered to estimate the green space in Quito, because the result with UAV-
base photography with more spatial resolution at images shows less value than WHO
recommendation, but INEC shows more value than WHO.
The main advantage is to consider UAV flying altitudes tend to be low, UAV-based photography
is rarely affected by cloud cover (a serious problem in equatorial latitudes) and flight campaigns Figure 3. La Armenia Park zonification from
can be more flexibly planned and manipulated, also having better spatial resolution in pixel, Orthomosaic obtained with UAV Phantom 3.
considering a possibility that Urban Green space index obtained with UAV-based photography Figure 2. Main parks location in Quito Areas showed in square meters.
could have better results than with other remote sensing technique.
RESULTS
MATERIAL AND METHODS In the preliminary result, the zonification in main parks in Quito shows a Green Space Area take
tree zone from 75%, considering that this zone is the bigger in parks (Fig. 4).
In this work, the data collection was conducted based on a UAV imaging system DJI Phantom 3 Also, the result shows South region in Quito like the region with more tree zone with a high
Professional. The system comprises a RGB camera with 12.4 MP. This kind of UAVs can take value from 762.4 ha (Fig. 5).
off from and land vertically on a small open area and has an onboard flight controller with a
compass and inertial, gyroscopic, barometric and GNSS sensors (GPS and GLONASS). The
flight time with the current batteries is about 15 min. The field campaign was done in June,
2016, over Quito, Ecuador.
Quito is the capital from Ecuador. It has in 2017 close to 2.7 million people. It is known this city
has a few of green areas in parks but they are not well distributed. INEC estimated that urban
green index space is from 21.66 m2 per person in Quito. This data was obtained considering the
data of general census mapping. However, the problem is showed that general census mapping
considering that a park is all green space without considering the presence of other spaces, like
roads, courts, recreational areas, etc.
The methodology employed (Fig. 1) in this work considered the Urban Green Index, expressed
by the equation (1)
Urban Green Index (1) Figure 5. Tree Area in different regions in Quito
Figure 4. Percent Park
Zonification Areas

The final results with interpretation and calculation over high resolution orthomosaics show an
urban green index space from 6.08 m2 per person, considering only the region of interest in
parks like tree zones and grass (75% and 17% respectly), showing that in 2017 this index is
lower than the recommendation of WHO, which is 9 m2 per person.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS


WHO suggests a minimum of 9 square meters of green open space per person [4], considering
that INEC estimated that urban green index space is from 21.66 m2 per person in Quito [7].
The point of view to consider is what index should be used to estimate the green space in Quito,
because the result with UAV-base photography with more spatial resolution at images shows
6.08 m2 per person considering that is a value lower than WHO recommendation, but INEC
shows more value than WHO. One of the explication could be the spatial resolution used to
determine green space area.
Figure 1. Methodology applied to obtain Urban Green Space Index in Quito, Ecuador. Additional, this study allowed to demonstrate that the urban green area in Quito calculated with
UAV-base photography dont have a correct environmental management by the local government
This study is focused in 11 big parks in Quito (larger than 1789 ha) considered as urban green and parks arent correct distributed at large of city considering that South Region in the city has
areas. Parks are present in all the urban area, but poorly distributed (the south of the city has less the highest quantity of tree zone.
than the northern part) Fig. 2.
Where, the number of m2 in green urban area in Quito, was obtained by UAV-based REFERENCES
photography in each park. The aerial photos were taken with Phantom 3 professional UAV 1. Alberti, M.; Marzluff, J. M. Ecological resilience in urban ecosystems: Linking urban patterns
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Control Points (GCPs) regarding the precision required that to this kind of environmental 2. World Health Organization Urban green spaces and health: a review of the evidence. 2016,
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Then, the orthomosaic was generated considering the Agisoft PhotoScan 1.1.4 software with 5 3. Anguluri, R.; Narayanan, P. Role of green space in urban planning: Outlook towards smart
cm per pixel from spatial resolution from each park and then with ArcGIS 10.3 software each cities. Urban For. Urban Green. 2017, 25, 5865.
park was visually photointerpreted considering different areas: tree zone, grass areas, recreational 4. Kuchelmeister, G. Urban forestry in the asia-pacific region: status and prospects. 1998, 40, 82.
zone, building areas, parking zone and intern roads. Fig.3 shows a zonification example in a park
5. Rango, A.; Laliberte, A. Rangeland resource assessment, monitoring, and management using
called La Armenia. The number of people in an area data was obtained with the governmental
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-based remote sensing. Remote Sens. 2010, 608611.
entities.
6. Laghai, H.; Bahmanpour, H. GIS Application in Urban Green space Per Capita Evaluation (
Case study : City of Tehran ). Ann. Biol. Res. 2012, 3, 24392446.
7. INEC ndice Verde Urbano; 2012

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