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Atomic build-up redirects here. For the spread of The order in which these orbitals are lled is given by the
nuclear weapons, see Nuclear proliferation. n + rule, also known as the Madelung rule (after Erwin
Madelung), or the Janet rule or the Klechkowsky rule
The Aufbau principle states that, hypothetically, (after Charles Janet or Vsevolod Klechkovsky in some,
mostly French and Russian-speaking, countries), or the
electrons orbiting one or more atoms ll the lowest avail- [2]
able energy levels before lling higher levels (e.g., 1s be- diagonal rule. Orbitals with a lower n + value are
fore 2s). In this way, the electrons of an atom, molecule, lled before those with higher
n + values. In this con-
or ion harmonize into the most stable electron congura- text, n represents the principal quantum number and
tion possible. the azimuthal quantum number; the values = 0, 1, 2, 3
correspond to the s, p, d, and f labels, respectively.
Aufbau is a German noun that means construction or
building-up. The Aufbau principle is sometimes called The rule is based on the total number of nodes in the
the building-up principle or the Aufbau rule. atomic orbital, n + , which is related to the energy.[3]
In the case of equal n + values, the orbital with a lower
The details of this building-up tendency are described n value is lled rst. The fact that most of the ground
mathematically by atomic orbital functions. Electron be- state congurations of neutral atoms ll orbitals follow-
havior is elaborated by other principles of atomic physics, ing this n + , n pattern was obtained experimentally,
such as Hunds rule and the Pauli exclusion principle. by reference to the spectroscopic characteristics of the
Hunds rule asserts that even if multiple orbitals of the elements.[4]
same energy are available, electrons ll unoccupied or-
bitals rst, before reusing orbitals occupied by other elec- The Madelung energy ordering rule applies only to neu-
tral atoms in their ground state, and even in that case,
trons. But, according to the Pauli exclusion principle, in
order for electrons to occupy the same orbital, they must there are several elements for which it predicts congura-
have dierent spins (1/2 and 1/2). tions that dier from those determined experimentally.[5]
Copper, chromium, and palladium are common exam-
A version of the Aufbau principle known as the nuclear ples of this property. According to the Madelung rule,
shell model is used to predict the conguration of protons the 4s orbital (n + = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the
and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.[1] 3d orbital (n + = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts
the conguration of 29 Cu to be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d9 ,
abbreviated [Ar]4s2 3d9 where [Ar] denotes the congu-
1 Madelung energy ordering rule ration of Ar (the preceding noble gas). However the ex-
perimental electronic conguration of the copper atom is
[Ar]4s1 3d10 . By lling the 3d orbital, copper can be in
a lower energy state. Similarly, chromium takes the elec-
tronic conguration of [Ar]4s1 3d5 instead of [Ar]4s2 3d4 .
In this case, chromium has a half-full 3d shell. For pal-
ladium, the Madelung rule predicts [Kr]5s2 4d8 , but the
experimental conguration [Kr]4d10 diers in the place-
ment of two electrons.
2 History
1
2 5 FURTHER READING
5s (=0)
3 See also
Electron conguration
5p (=1)
5d (=2)
Valence electrons
5f (=3)
5g (=4)
Wiswessers rule
6 External links
Electron Congurations, the Aufbau Principle, De-
generate Orbitals, and Hunds Rule from Purdue
University
4 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
7.2 Images
File:Lock-green.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg License: CC0 Contributors: en:File:
Free-to-read_lock_75.svg Original artist: User:Trappist the monk
File:Scheme_of_Madelung_Rule.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Scheme_of_Madelung_Rule.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Goodphy
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domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pieter Kuiper