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x x1 x2
Frictionless
F surface
M
dv
M F
dt
dv
M Fx = F ; v mass velocity in x direction
dt
dv dv dx dv
FM M M v
dt dx dt dx
Fdx Mvdv
Integrating both sides from block position 1 to 2
2 2
Fdx M vdv
1 1
2
Mv22 Mv12
Fdx W1 2 KE
1 2 2
14
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
m F=mg
y h1
h2
2 2
W1 2 F dy (mg)dy mg(h1 h2 )
1 1
mv22 mv12
mg (h1 h2 ) PE KE
2 2
15
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
16
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
2
dE E2 E1
1
2 ds 2
W F ds F dt F v dt
2
1 1 dt 1
where v is velocity
17
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
Pp
Pp
x Piston Area A
x1 x2
2 2 2
W1 2 F ds ( Pp A)dx Pp dV
1 1 1
V2
W1 2 Pgas dV
V1
18
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
Graphical Interpretation:
P1 State 1
W=PdV
Process
Pressure path
P2 State 2
V1 dV V2 Volume
x1 x2
2 V2
W1 2 W PdV total area under curve
1 V1
19
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
Consider two processes with the same start and end state
P1 State 1 Path 1
Path 2
P2 State 2
V1 V2
Work done depends on the path taken and not just the
value of the end states.
20
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
V2 V2 V2
c
W1 2 PdV ( n )dV (cV n )dV
V1 V1 V V1
V 1 n V2 V21 n V11 n
c c
1 n 1
V 1 n
but c=PV
1 1
n
PV
2 2
n
PV
V 1 n
V 1 n
PV PV n
V 1 n
2 2
n 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
W1 2
1 n 1 n
PV PV1 1
W1 2 2 2 n 1
1 n
21
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
c
V2 V2 V2
W1 2 PdV dV clnV
V1 V1 V V1
V
clnV2 lnV1 c ln 2
V1
V2
W1 2 P1V1 ln n=1
V1
Special case:
W1 2 PdV P(V2 V1 ) n0
V1
22
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
F
F spring force = kx
=
k spring constant (N/m)
x displacement from
x relaxed position
2
2
kx 2 x2
W1 2 F ds ( kx )dx
1 1 2 x1
1
k ( x22 x12 )
2
1 2
Spring PE kx
2
23
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
Well insulated
Electric
motor W
Fluid system
24
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
25
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
E2 E1 = -Wad
26
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
P1 1
Adiabatic path
PV1.4 = const (air)
P2 2
V1 V2
Consider an adiabatic process and nonadiabatic process
between the same two end states 1 and 2
P1 1 Adiabatic (only work)
PV1.4 = const.
P2 2
V1 V2
27
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
Since the area under the two curves is different the work
done for each path is different, so Wad Wnonad
Since the end states for both processes are the same the
system would experience exactly the same energy change
in each of the processes, so
(E2 E1)ad = (E2 E1)nonad = E2 E1
E2 E1 = -Wad
E2 E1 -Wnonad
E2 E1 = -Wnonad + Q
E2 E1 = Q - W
28
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
Tm Tm > Tf
Tf Tf
Q
TmTf
29
Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering
U KE PE Q W
U2 - U1 = (-Q) or Q = U 1 U2
30