CHEMISTRY

TARGET IIT-ENTRANCE 2014

XI(PH)

lkekU; jlk;u]
jlk;fud oxhZdj.k
rFkk
xq.kksa esa vkorhZrk
(GENERAL CHEMISTRY,
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
AND
PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES)

A-10, "GAURAV TOWER", Road No.-1, I.P.I.A., Kota-324005 (Raj.) INDIA

Tel.: 0744-2423738, 2423739, 2421097, 2424097 Fax: 0744-2436779

E-mail: admin@bansal.ac.in Website : www.bansal.ac.in

 Special Highlights
BRAIN TEASERS: GENERAL MISTAKE:

TEACHERS ADVICE:
KEY CONCEPTS

jlk;u] foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa nzO; dh HkkSfrd rFkk jlk;fud xq.kksa] bldh jklk;fud laxBu] HkkSfrd rFkk
jklk;fud ifjorZuksa rFkk ize ds le; mtkZ ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u djrs gSA
nzO;

HkkSfrd oxhZdj.k jklk;fud oxhZdj.k

Bksl nzo xSl 'kq) inkFkZ feJ.k

rRo ;kSfxd lekaxh fo"kekaxh

/kkrq mi/kkrq v/kkrq

dkcZfud vdkcZfud
vk;fud lgla;kstd

lkekU; ifjHkk"kk,sa eksy vfHk/kkj.kk [Basic definitions (Mole concept)]

(1) eksy % C12 leLFkkfud ds 12 gm esa mifLFkr ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k 1 eksy ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
;k 1 eksy = 6.02 1023 iztkfr;ksa dk laxzg.k
6.02 1023 = NA = vkoksxknzks la[;k

vk/kkjHkwr ifjHkk"kk, ijek.kq lajpuk (Basic definitions (Atomic structure))

ijek.kq (Atom) : ijek.kq tks vU; NksVs d.k tSls bysDVkWu] ksVkWu] U;wVkWu vkfn ls cuk gksrk gS rRo dk lcls
NksVk d.k gS] tks fdlh jklk;fud vfHkf;k esa Hkkx ys ldrk gSA ;g fr esa lkekU; % Lora= :i ls fLFkr ugha
gksrk gSA

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [2]

and periodicity in properties
 izksVkWu /kukRed vkosf'kr gksrs gS ysfdu os ukfHkd esa lkFk&lkFk jgrs gS] D;ksafd \

ijek.kq dk fu:i.k : ZXA

A nzO;eku la[;k
Z ijek.kq ekad
leLFkkfud (Isotope): fdlh ,d gh rRo ds ijek.kq ftuds ijek.kq ekad leku ysfdu nzO;eku la[;k
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gS] leLFkkfud dgykrs gSA tSls 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 vkfnA
leHkkfjd (Isobar): fHkUu rRoksa ds ijek.kq ftuds ijek.kq ekad fHkUu&fHkUu ysfdu nzO;eku la[;k leku gksrh
gSA leHkkfjd dgykrh gSA
tSls 18Ar40, 19K40 and 20Ca40.

lebysDVkWfud iztkfr;k (Iso-electronic species) : iztkfr;ka ijek.kq] v.kq ;k vk;u ftuds bysDVkWu dh
la[;k leku gks le bysDVkWfud iztkfr;k dgykrh gSA tSls H,He, Li+ rFkk Be2+ vkfn esa 2 bysDVkWu gSA
ijek.kq dh lajpuk

cksgj dk ekWMy rjax ;kaf=dh ekWMy

(d{k@mtkZ dks'k dh vo/kkj.kk ) (d{kd dh vo/kkj.kk )

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [3]
and periodicity in properties
 d{kd (Orbital) : f=foe esa og {ks= tgk bysDVkWu ik, tkus dh laHkkouk vf/kdre gksrh gSA d{kd dgykrk gSA
d{kdksa dks 3 Dok.Ve la[;kvksa (n,l,m) }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA

DokaVe la[;k (Qunatum Number)

eq[; DokaVe la[;k (n) (Prinicipal Quantum number (n)) :
(i) n dk eku 1 ls rd
(ii) ;g dks'k dh la[;k @ mtkZ Lrj dks fu:fir djrk gSA
(iii) fofHkUu eq[; DokaVe la[;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr mtkZ voLFkkvksa dks K,L, M, N vkfn v{kjksa ls fu:fir djrs
gSA
n : 1 2 3 4 5 6
dks'k ds lanHkZ esa : K L M N O P
(iv) ;g ukfHkd ls bysDVkWu dh nwjh dks fu:fir djrk gSA
(v) ;g bysDVkWu dh mtkZ dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA n dk eku ftruk vf/kd gksxk bysDVkWu dh mtkZ mruh
vf/kd gksxhA

H rFkk gkbMkstu ds leku iztkfr;ksa esa bysDVkWu dh mtkZ 'n' c<+us ds lkFk c<+rh gS ysfdu

mkjkskj mtkZ Lrjks ds e/; mtkZ dk vUrj ?kVrk gSA

(vi) ;g dks'k esas mifLFkr dqy d{kdks dh la[;k rFkk bysDVkWuksa dh la[;k dks crkrk gS tks e'k% n2 rFkk 2n2
gksrh gSA

f}Xxa'kh DokaVe la[;k (l) :

(i) l dk eku n ds eku ij fuHkZj djrk gS rFkk bldk laHko eku 0 ls (n1) rd gksrk gSA
(ii) ;g mtkZ Lrj ls lEcfU/kr midks'k dk uke crkrk gS rFkk mtkZ Lrj esa midks'kksa dh la[;k crkrk gSA
(iii) l dk fofHkUu eku d{kd dh vkd`fr n'kkZrk gS rFkk fuEu izdkj ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS&
eku fu:i.k uke vkd`fr
l=0 s Sharp xksykdkj
l=1 p Principal MEcsy
l=2 d Diffused f} MEcsy
l=3 f Fundamental ladqy

d-midks'k esa d z 2 d{kd dh vkd`fr vU; d-d{kdksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSA

(iv) ;g n ds lkFk d{kd dh tkZ dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA

fdlh fo'ks"k tkZ Lrj@dks'k ds fy;s] midks'k dh tkZ fuEu fn, x, e esa gksrh gSA
e % s < p < d < f

(v) ;g midks'k esa d{kdks dh dqy la[;k crkrk gS rFkk tks 2 l + 1 ds cjkcj gksrk gS rFkk midks'k esa bysDVkWu
dh dqy la[;k = 2 (2l + 1) ds cjkcj gksrh gSA

f-midks'k ds d{kd esa bysDVkWuks dh la[;k fdruh gS \

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [4]

and periodicity in properties
 l n 1
,d dks'k esa d{kdksa dh vf/kdre la[;k = n2 or (2l 1) .
l 0

pqEcdh; DokaVe la[;k (Magnetic Quantum number (m)):

(i) m dk eku l ds eku ij fuHkZj djrk gS rFkk bldk iw.kkZadh eku l ls +l rd 'kwU; dks lfEefyr djrs gq,
gksrk gSA
(ii) ;g fn, x, midks'k esa d{kd dh la[;k crkrk gS rFkk varfj{k esa d{kd dk fofHkUu vfHkfoU;kl crkrk
gSA
mnkgj.k n = 4 ds fy,] l = 0 ls 3
l 0 1 2 3
m 0 1,0,1 2,1,0,1,2 3,2,1,0,1,2,3
laHkkfor
1 3 5 7
vfHkfoU; kl
d z2 , d x 2 y2
d{kd s px , p y , pz ikB~ ; e esa lfEefyr ugha gS a
d xy , d yz , d xz

(iii) d{kd ftuds fy;s n rFkk l dk eku leku gS ysfdu m dk eku fHkUu gks os ck; fo|qr rFkk pqEcdh; {ks=
dh vuqifLFkfr esa leku mtkZ okys gksxsaA ;s d{kd ftuds fof'k"V midks'k dh mtkZ leku gS mUgsa leHkza'k
d{kd dgrs gSA

d{kd esa mifLFkr ,d bysDVkWu ds vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.kksa dks n'kkZus ds fy;s ,d vfrfjDr DokaVe

la[;k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

p.k Dok.Ve la[;k (s) :

(i) ukfHkd ds pkjks vksj p.k djrs le;] bysDVkWu lnSo vius v{k ij nf{k.kkorhZ ;k okekorhZ ?kw.kZu djrk
gSA p.k DokaVe la[;k bysDVkWu ds vius v{k ij p.k dh fn'kk fu:fir djrk gSA nf{k.kkorhZ ;k
okekorhZ
1 1
(ii) s ds nks laHko eku + rFkk rFkk bUgsa nks rhjksa ds fpUg ij ;k uhps ds }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk
2 2
gSA

bysDVkWfud foU;kl (Electronic configuration) :-

ijek.kq dk bysDVkWfud foU;kl (Electronic configuration of atoms) :
rRo ds ijek.kq esa fofHkUu dks'kksa midks'kks rFkk d{kdks esa bysDVkWu dk forj.k bysDVkWfud foU;kl dgykrk gSA
x
nl midks'k esa bysDVkWu dh la[;k
midks'k fu:fir djrh gSA
(dks'k fu:fir djrh gS)
2p5 p-midks'k esa bysDVkWu dh la[;k
p midks'k
f}rh;dks'k

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [5]

and periodicity in properties
 1s 2s
3Li ; 1s2 , 2s1 or [He] 2s1 or or He

bysDVkWfud foU;kl (Electronic Configuration)

tSls % ukbVkstu %
2 2 3
7N : 1s , 2s 2p [d{kd fu:i.k fo/kh]
1s2, 2s2, 2px1 2py1 2pz1
or
1s 2s 2p
[d{kd vkjs[k fo/kh]

or
[He] 2s2 2p3 [l?kfur :i]

bysDVkWfud foU;kl ds fu;e (Rules for electronic configuration) :

vkQckW fl)kUr AUFBAU PRINCIPLE (Means Building up)
bysDVkWu fofHkUu ekxr d{kdksa esa mtkZ ds c<+rs gq, e esa Hkjs tkrs gSA U;wure tkZ okys d{k ls bysDVkWu Hkjuk
izkjEHk fd;k tkrk gSA
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p ..............
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p.
d{kdksa ds mtkZ ds o`f) dk e (n + l) fu;e }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
(i) (n + l) dk eku fuEu gksus ij d{kd dh mtkZ fuEu gksxhA
(ii) ;fn nks d{kdks ds fy;s (n + l) dk eku leku gks rks ftl d{kd ds fy;s n dk eku de gksxk mldh mtkZ fuEurj
ekuh tk,xhA

H rFkk gkbMkstu ds leku iztkfr;ksa ds fy;s (n +l ) dk fu;e ykxw ugh gksrk gSA

gq.M dk vf/kdre ckgqY;rk dk fu;e (Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity)

;g fu;e ,d gh midks'k ds d{kdks esa bysDVkWu Hkjus esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA leku mtkZ okys d{kd] leHkaz'k d{kd
dgykrs gSA
**,d midks'k ds d{kdks esa bysDVkWu dk forj.k bl izdkj gksrk gS fd v;qfXer bysDVkWu dh vf/kdre la[;k lekUrj
p.k okyh gksaA
ikmyh dk viotZu fu;e (PAULIS EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE)
**,d ijek.kq ds fdlh Hkh nks bysDVkWu ds pkjks DokaVe la[;k dk eku leku ugh gksrk gSA**
,d d{kd esa nks foifjr p.k okys bysDVkWu Hkjs tkrs gSA bu nksuksa bysDVkWuks dk eq[;] f}xa'kh rFkk pqEcdh; DokaVe
la[;k leku gksrh gS] ysfdu pkSFkk p.k DokaVe la[;k fHkUu gksrk gSA

D;k vki crk ldrs gS] fd ,d ijek.kq esa ;fn bysDVkWu fHkUu d{kd esa mifLFkr gks rks
nks bysDVkWu ds fy;s vf/kdre fdrus DokaVe la[;k dk eku leku gks ldrk gSA

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [6]

and periodicity in properties
 v)Ziwfjr rFkk iw.kZ Hkjs d{kdks dk vfrfjDr LFkk;hRo
(Extra stability of Half-filled and fully-filled orbitals)
vf/kdka'k ijek.kq bysDVkWfud foU;kl ds fy;s vkQckW fu;e dh vuqikykuk djrs gSA ;|fi dqN rRoksa tSls fd
Cr, Cu vkfn ftuesa nks midks'k (4s rFkk 3d) dh tkZ esa dqN gh (4s < 3d) vUrj gksrk gSA vr% bysDVkWu fuEu
mtkZ okys midks'k (4s) ls mPp mtkZ okys midks'k (3d) esa LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i mPp mtkZ
okys midks'k ds lHkh d{kd v)Z iw.kZ Hkjs ;k iw.kZ Hkjs gks tkrs gSA
24Cr [Ar] 3d5, 4s1 and not [Ar] 3d4 4s
10 1 9 2
29Cu [Ar] 3d , 4s and not [Ar] 3d 4s
bu bysDVksfud foU;klksa esa vfrfjDr LFkk;hRo izkIr gksrk gSA ;g LFkk;hRo bu nks dkj.kksa ls gksrh gSA
(i) bysDVkWuksa dk lefer forj.k (Symmetrical distribution of electron) : lefefr ls LFkk;hRo
izkIr gksrk gSA v)Ziwfjr rFkk iw.kZiwfjr midks'k esa bysDVkWuks dk lefer forj.k gksrk gS rFkk os vf/kd
LFkk;h gksrs gSA ;g izHkko d rFkk f-d{kdks esa vf/kd izHkkoh gksrk gSA bldk vfHkizk; gS fd p-midks'k esa
3 ;k 6 bysDVkWu d-midks'k esa 5 ;k 10 bysDVkWu rFkk f-midks'k esa 7 ;k 14 bysDVkWu LFkk;h O;oLFkk cukrs
gSA
(ii) fofue; mtkZ (Exchange energy) : tc nks ;k vf/kd bysDVkWu ,d midks'k ds laeHkza'k d{kdks esa
leku p.k esa mifLFkr gksrs gS rks LFkk;hRo izHkko mRiUu gksrk gS ;g bysDVkWu viuh fLFkfr fofue; djus
dh izd`fr j[krs gS rFkk bl fofue; esa eqDr mtkZ] fofue; mtkZ dgykrh gS tc midks'k v)Ziwfjr rFkk
iw.kZ iwfjr gksrs gS rks fofue; dh la[;k vf/kdre gksrh gSA blds ifj.kke Lo:i fofue; mtkZ vf/kdre
gksrh gS rFkk LFkkf;Ro Hkh vf/kdre gks tkrk gSA
PERIODICITY

lebysDVkfud vk;uks dk vkdkj fHkUu gksrk gSA

gkbMkbMks dh vipk;d o`fr lewg es c<+rh gS rFkk vkoZr es ?kVrh gSA
General Chemistry, Chemical classification [7]
and periodicity in properties
lkekU; ifjp; %
cgqr vf/kd la[;k eas rRoksa dh [kkst ds ipkr~ le;&le; ij budk oxhZdj.k buds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;kA
(i) ysoksfk;s oxhZdj.k (ii) Mkscsjhuj dk f=d dk fu;e (iii) U;wyS.M dk v"Vd dk fu;e
(iv) yksFkj es;j o (v) es.MsyhQ dk vkorZ fu;e (vi) ekstys dk iz;ksx
(vii) es.MyhQ dh la'kksf/kr vkorZ lkj.kh (viii) vk/kqfud vkorZ fu;e
vkorZ fu;e (1869) :

rRoksa ds HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud xq.k muds ijek.kq Hkkjksa ds vko`fr Qyu gksrs gSA

vk/kqfud vkorZ fu;e %

rRoksa ds HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud xq.k muds ijek.kq ekadksa ds vko`fr Qyu gksrs gSA

vkorZ lkj.kh dk nh?kZ :i : [ cksgj dh lkj.kh]

;g vk/kqfud vkorZ fu;e rFkk cksgj cjh ds bysDVksu foU;kl ij vk/kkfjr gSAS

rRoksa dk lewgksa rFkk vkorksZ esa oxhZdj.k %

iqjkuk oxhZdj.k %
s rFkk p CykWd ds rRo] izfrfuf/k rRo] IA ls VII A rFkk 'kwU; lewg
lewg A : s rFkk p CykWd ds rRo] lewg I A ls VII A rdA
lewg B : d rFkk f CykWd ds rRo] lae.k rFkk vUr% lae.k rRo IB ls VII B rFkk VIII lewg
dqy 16 lewg
vkorZ 1 ls 7 rd dks y?kqre] y?kq] nh?kZ] nh?kZre rFkk viw.kZ vkorZ esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gSA
vk/kqfud oxhZdj.k%
dqy 18 lewg

s , p , d rFkk f CykWd esa rRoksa dk oxhZdj.k %

s CykWd
(i) foU;kl n s 1 2 (ii) vfUre bysDVkWu s d{kd esa izos'k djrk gS
(iii) nks lewg I A ;k 1 ; II A ;k 2
p CykWd :
(i) foU;kl n s2 n p 1 6 (ii) vfUre bysDVkWu p d{kd esa izos'k djrk gS
(iii) N% lewgksa esa III A , IV A , V A , VI A , VII A , 'kwU; ;k 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [8]

and periodicity in properties
d CykWd : [ lae.k rRo]
(i) foU;kl (n 1) d 1 10 n s 0 2 (ii) vfUre bysDVkWu d d{kd esa izos'k djrk gS
(iii) blesa vfUre nks dks'k viw.kZ jgrs gSA
(iv) 10 lewgksa esa III B , IV B , V B , VI B , VII B , VIII (f=d) , I B , II B ;k
3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , (8 , 9 , 10) , 11 , 12 .

vk/kqfud oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj lewg 12 ds rRo lae.k rRo ugha gSA

(v) vkorZ lkj.kh ds nh?kZ :i esa pkj J`a[kyk,sa 3 d , 4 d , 5 d , 6 d, e'k% 4th, 5th, 6th ,oa 7th
vkorZ ls lEcfU/kr gSA
f CykWd : [ vUr% lae.k]
(i) foU;kl (n 2 ) f 0 14 (n 1) d 0 2 ns2
(ii) vfUre bysDVkWu f d{kd esa izos'k djrk gS
(iii) vkorZ lkj.kh ds nh?kZ :i esa nks J`a[kyk,sa 4 f ysUFksukbM rFkk 5 f ,DVhukbM e'k% 6th ,oa 7th vkorZ ls
lEcfU/kr gS
Ce : 4f2 5d0 6s2 ; Th : 7s2 5f 0 6d2 d CykWd ;k f CykWd rRo gksxkA

bysDVkWfud foU;kl ds vk/kkj ij rRoksa dh fLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k %

CykWd dh igpku
vfUre bysDVkWu ftl midks'k esa izos'k djrk gS og CykWd dks n'kkZrk gSA

1s1 ,ao 1s2 fdl CykWd ls lEcfU/kr gSA

vkorZ la[;k
vk| voLFkk bysDVkWfud foU;kl esa la;ksth dks'k dh eq[; DokaVe la[;k
s-CykWd ds fy, oxZ la[;k = la;kstdrk dks'k ds bysDVkWu dh la[;k
p-CykWd ds fy, oxZ la[;k = 10 + dqy la;kstdrk bysDVkWu dh la[;k
d-CykWd ds fy, oxZ la[;k = [ns + (n 1)d] bysDVkWu dh la[;k
f- CykWd ds fy, oxZ la[;k = 3

fLFkfr n'kkZrs le; budk lko/kuh ls ;ksx djsaA

lkekU; xq.k %
1. ijek.kq vk;ru % ,d xzke ijek.kq }kjk ?ksjs x;s vk;ru dks ijek.kq vk;ru dgrs gSA
ijek.kq Hkkj
ijek.kq vk;ru =
?kuRo
fuEu ijek.kq vk;ru ls /kuRo] dBksjrk] Hkaxqjrk] xyukad rFkk DoFkukad c<+rk gS rFkk vk?kkro/kZuh;rk] rU;rk ?kVrh
gSA
General Chemistry, Chemical classification [9]
and periodicity in properties
2. ijek.qk f=T;k: ijek.kq ds okLrfod vkdkj dh x.kuk ,d leL;k gSA vr% ukfHkdksa ds e/; nwjh dh x.kuk ls ukfHkd
dh fuEu rhu dkj dh f=T;k,sa gksrh gSA

d
(a) lgla;kstd f=T;k : Cr = C < okLrfod ijek.kq vkdkj [cgqr de vUrj]
2 r

[H2, Cl2 rFkk blh izdkj vU; v.kqvksa ds fy;s ;ksx esa yh tkrh gSA]
d
d
(b) /kkfRod f=T;k : Mr =
2

[/kkrqvksa ds fy;s ;ksx esa yh tkrh gS]

d
d
(c) ok.Mj oky f=T;k : Vr = V >> okLrfod vkdkj [cgqr vf/kd vUrj]
2 r

lkekU;r% rRoksa ds fy;s Vr > Mr > Cr

(d) vk;fud f=T;k: /kuk;u dh f=T;k mlds iSr`d ijek.qk ls ges'kk NksVh gksrh gSA _.kk;u dh f=T;k mlds
iSr`d ijek.qk ls ges'kk cM+h gksrh gSA
ijek.kq f=T;k dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd %
(a) n c<+us ij vkdkj c<+rk gS
(b) Zeff c<+us ij vkdkj ?kVrk gS [Zeff = Z ]

Zeff dh x.kuk (LysVj ds fu;e ds vuqlkj)

ifjj{k.k fu;rkad () dh x.kuk fdlh ns vkSj np d{kd ds bysDVksu ds fy, :
1. fdlh rRo ds bysDVkWfud foU;kl dkss fuEufyf[kr e vkSj lewgksa ds vuqlkj fy[ksA
(1s), (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p), (4d) (4f) (5s, 5p), etc.

s rFkk p bysDVkWu ds fy;s %

2. bysDVkWu tks (ns, np) ds nkfgus jgrs gS mudk dksbZ izHkko ifjj{k.k fu;rkad ij ugha iM+rk gSA
3. lHkh vU; bysDVkWu tks (ns, np) esa jgrs gS muds R;sd bysDVkWu ds fy, ifjj{k.k fu;rkad dk eku 0.35 gksrk gSA
(1s d{kd ds bysDVksu ds fy, ifjj{k.k fu;rkad dk eku 0.30 gksrk gSA).
4. lHkh bysDVkWu tks (n 1) d{kk esa gksrs gS muds R;sd bysDVkWu ds fy, ifjj{k.k fu;rkad dk eku 0.85 gksrk gSA
5. lHkh bysDVkWu tks (n 2) ;k fupyh lewg esa gksrs gS iwjh rjg ifjj{k.k djrs gS vkSj budk ifjj{k.k fu;rkad dk
eku 1.00 gksrk gSA
d vkSj f bysDVksuksa ds fy, %
2. nd ;k nf ds nkfguh vkSj okys lewg bysDVkWu ifjj{k.k fu;rkad x.kuk esa Hkkx ugha ysrs gSS

3. lHkh vU; bysDVkWu tks nd ;k nf lewg esa gksrs gS] muds R;sd bysDVkWu ds fy, ifjj{k.k dk eku 0.35 gksrk gSA

5. lHkh bysDVkWu tks lewg ds ck;h vkSj gksrs gS muds R;sd bysDVkWu ds fy, ifjj{k.k dk eku 1.00 gksrk gSA

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [10]

and periodicity in properties
lkekU; izo`fk %
vkorZ esa vkdkj ?kVrk gS [n fu;r, Zeff ]
viokn %
(1) mRd`"V xSlkssa dk vkdkj vf/kdre gksrk gS [ok.Mjoky f=T;k] ;|fi mudh lgla;kstd f=T;k de gksrh gS
e.g. Xe.
(2) Ga dk vk/kkj Al ls dqN NksVk gksrk gSA [Zeff c<+rk gS]
(3) Hf rFkk Zr dk vkdkj leku gksrk gS (ysUFksukbM ladqpu)

rqyuk ds fy, f=T;k dk izdkj leku gksuk pkfg,

ijek.kq f=T;k
{kkjh; /kkrq,sa {kkjh; e`nk /kkrq,sa cksjkWu ifjokj
oxZ IIIA
2.5 1.8
Cs, 2.35 2.5
Rb, 2.16 1.6 Tl, 1.55
2 K, 2.03 Ba, 2.22 In, 1.5
Sr, 2.15 1.4
2 Ca, 1.97
1.2 Al, 1.24 Ga, 1.24
1.5 Na, 1.57
Mg, 1.6

(in )
1.5 1
in

(in )

Li, 1.23
0.8 B, 0.8
1 1
Be, 0.89 0.6
0.5 0.5 0.4
0.2
0 0 0
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
Li Na K Rb Cs B Al Ga In Tl

dkcZu ifjokj ukbVkstu ifjokj fudkstu

1.6 1.6
Bi, 1.52
1.4 Sn, 1.41 Pb, 1.44 1.4 Sb, 1.41
1.2 Ge, 1.22 1.2 As, 1.21
Si, 1.11 Pb, 1.1
1 1
(in )

(in )

0.8 C, 0.77 0.8 N, 0.74

0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
C Si Ge Sn Pb N Pb As Sb Bi

psYdkstu gSykstu
1.6 1.4
I, 1.33
1.4 Te, 1.37 1.2
Br, 1.14
1.2 Se, 1.14 1 Cl, 0.99
1 S, 1.04
(in )

0.8
(in )

F, 0.72
0.8 O, 0.74 0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
F Cl Br I
O S Se Te

[ vkorZ esa nk,sa vksj vkdkj esa deh rFkk lewg esa uhps ds vksj vkdkj esa o`f) dk dkj.k D;k
gSA]
lebysDVksfud ,d ijek.kqd iztkfr;k [vkdkj 1/Z]:
(i) S 2 , Cl , K + , Ca 2 + , Sc 3 + (ii) H , He , Li +
/kuk;u dh f=T;k _.kk; u dk Zeff
(iii) O2 , F , Na+ , Mg+2, Al+3 (iv) =
_.kk;u dh f=T;k /kuk; u dk Z eff
General Chemistry, Chemical classification [11]
and periodicity in properties
lebysDVksfud vkf.od iztkfr;k
(i) NO3 , CO32 , SO2 (ii) N2 , CO , CN
(iii) NH3 , H3O + (iv) CH4 , NH4 +

bu iztkfr;ksa ds vkdkj dh rqyuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

vk;uu tkZ (IONISATION ENERGY) :

foyfxr xSlh; ijek.kq ds ckre dks'k esa lcls <hys ca/ks bysDVkWu dks foLFkkfir djus ds fy;s vko';d tkZ dh
ek=k dks vk;uu foHko ;k vk;uu tkZ dgrs gSA
bdkbZ;k : kJ mol1, k cal mol1, eV fr ijek.kq
vk;uu ,d "ek'kks"kh ize gS] Hvk;uu /kukRed gksrk gS
M + tkZ (IE1) M+ + e
M M+ + e H = IE1
M+ M+2 + e H = IE2
M+2 M+3 + e H = IE3
lnSo IE3 > IE2 > IE1
vk;uu tkZ dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd %
(1) ijek.kq vkdkj % O;qRekuqikrh ifjorhZ
(2) ifjj{k.k izHkko % O;qRekuqikrh
(3) ukfHkdh; vkos'k % lekuqikrh
(4) ckre dks'k dk fof'k"V bysDVksfud foU;kl v}Z@iw.kZ iwfjr
(5) vk;uu esa lfEefyr d{kdksa ds izdkj ds vk/kkj ij : s > p > d > f
v)Ziwfjr rFkk iw.kZiwfjr vUr% d{kd [d rFkk f CykWd dh izo`fk dks izHkkfor djrk gS]

lkekU;r izo`fk : vkorZ esa I.E. c<+rh gS [dqN vioknksa ds vykok] [Zeff ]
lewg esa I.E. ?kVrh gS [Zeff fu;r, n ]
viokn %
(1) vkorZ esa v)Ziwfjr rFkk iw.kZiwfjr foU;klksa dh I.E. mPp gksrh gSA
e.g. Be > B rFkk N > O.
(2) lewg es,a Ga > Al (yxHkx leku)

vk;uu tkZ ds izHkkfor gksus okys xq.k %

(1) /kkfRod y{k.k
(2) vipk;d {kerk
(3) vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk dk fLFkkf;Ro A+1. A+2 or A+3

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [12]

and periodicity in properties
 vk;uu tkZ
{kkjh; /kkrq,sa {kkjh; e`nk /kkrq,sa cksjkWu ifjokj
oxZ III-A

6 10 900
Li, 5.4 9 Be, 9.32
800 B, 801
5 Na, 5.1
8 Mg, 7.64 700
K, 4.3 Rb, 4.2 7
4 600 Tl, 589

(in kJ/mol)
Cs, 3.9 Al, 577 Ga, 579 In, 558
6 Ca, 6.11
(in eV)

(in eV)
Sr, 5.7 500
3 5 Ba, 5.2
400
4
2 3 300
2 200
1
1 100
0 0 0
Li Na K Rb Cs Be Mg Ca Sr Ba B Al Ga In Tl

dkcZu ifjokj ukbVkstu ifjokj fudkstu

12 400
C, 11.2
350 N, 336
10
300

(in kcal/mol)
8 Si, 8.1 Ge, 7.8
Sn, 7.3 Pb, 7.4 250 Pb, 253
(in eV)

As, 231
6 200 Sb, 199 Bi, 184.9
150
4
100
2
50
0 0
C Si Ge Sn Pb N Pb As Sb Bi

psYdkstu gSykstu
16 20
14 18 F, 17.4
O, 13.6
16
12
14
S, 10.4 Cl, 13
10 12
(in eV)

Se, 9.75 Br, 11.8

(in eV)

Te, 9.01 Po, 8.43 10 I, 10.4

8
8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0
0
F Cl Br I
O S Se Te Po

bysDVkWu cU/kqrk %
foyfxr xSlh; ijek.kq ds ckre dks'k esa ,d bysDVkWu tksM+us ij mRlftZr tkZ bysDVkWu cU/kqrk dgykrh gSA
bdkbZ;k : k J mol 1 , k Cal mol 1 rFkk eV fr ijek.kq
bysDVkWu ds ;ksx ls vf/kdka'k fLFkfr;ksa esa tkZ eqDr gksrh gS ysfdu 2nd EA esa lnSo tkZ dh
vko';drk gksrh gS EAI rFkk EA2 ds ;ksx esa tkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
1
E A ijek.kq vkdkj Zefff . Cl dh E.A. vf/kdre gksrh gSA

bysDVkWu xzg.k ,UFkSYih : (EGE)

,UFkSYih ifjorZu (Heq) ds :i esa O;Dr djus ij bysDVkWu ca/kqrk dks bysDVkWu xzg.k ,UFkSYih dgk tkrk gSA
H = ve m"ek{ksih ifjorZu ds fy;s
EA1 ds fy;s] tkZ mRlftZr gksrh gS Heg1 = ve (lnSo ugha)
EA2 ds fy;s] tkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS Heg2 = + ve (lnSo)
lkekU;r% EA1 + EA2 , tkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS. ( H eg1 H eg 2 ) 0

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [13]

and periodicity in properties
bysDVkWu cU/kqrk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd %
(1) ijek.kq f=T;k ;k vkdkj % O;qRekuqikrh ifjorhZ
(2) ukfHkdh; vkos'k % lekuqikrh ifjorhZ
(3) LFkk;h bysDVksfud foU;kl v}Z@iw.kZ iwfjr midks'k

lkekU; izo`fk %
vkorZ esa bysDVkWu cU/kqrk c<+rh gS [viokn ds vykok] Zeff .

lewg esa r`rh; vkorZ ds ckn bysDVkWu cU/kqrk ?kVrh gS] f}rh; rFkk r`rh; vkorZ ds e/; p CykWd esa f}rh;
vkorZ dh bysDVkWu cU/kqrk de gksrh gS D;ksafd budk bysDVkWu ?kuRo mPp gksrk gSA

viokn %
(1) v)Z iwfjr rFkk iw.kZ iwfjr foU;kl okys rRoksa dh bysDVkWu cU/kqrk fuEu gksrh gS rFkk dqN rRoksa ds fy;s tkZ dh
vko';drk gksrh gS
(2) f}rh; vkorZ dk r`rh; vkorZ dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gS D;ksafd f}rh; vkorZ esa bysDVkWuksa ds e/; frd"kZ.k gksrk
gSA

fo|qr_.krk : [ ;g ,d v.kq esa ,d ijek.kq dk xq.k gS]

F dh fo|qr_.krk vkorZ lkj.kh esa vf/kdre gksrh gSA
?kVrk gqvk e F > O > Cl = N > Br > S = C > I > H.
ikWfyax ekie iSekuk : XA XB = 0.208 A B in kcal/mol
XA XB = 0.102 A B in kJ/mol
= EA B (EA A x EB B)1/2

;fn mijksDr eas x.kuk fd, x, A B esa o`f) gks rks fo|qr_.krk esa vUrj D;k gksxk\

IPEA
eqfydu ekie iSekuk : XA = (e v) .
2
eqfydu ekie iksfyax ekie ls 2.8 xq.kk vf/kd gksrk gS

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [14]

and periodicity in properties
 XM
i.e. XP =
2 .8
XP = 0.336 (XM 0.615)
2
Zeff e 0.359
vkWyjSM o jks'kksa ekie : x AR 2 2 Zeff ; xP = xAR + 0.744
r r
r = ijek.kq dh lgla;kstd f=T;k ( esa)
Zeff = izHkkoh ukfHkdh; vkos'k

vkyjsM jks'kks ds vk/kkj ij xp ,oa Zeff ds e/; vkjsf[kr xzkQ dSlk gksxkA

fo|qr _.krk dk izHkkfor djus okys dkjd %

(1) ukfHkdh; vkd"kZ.k : lekuqikrh ifjorhZ
(2) ijek.kq f=T;k: O;qRekuqikrh ifjorhZ
(3) vk;uksa ij vkos'k : vf/kd /kukos'k] vf/kd fo|qr _.krk rFkk vf/kd _.kkvkos'k de fo|qr _.krk
(4) ladj.k : jklk;fud cU/k esa ppkZ dh tk;sxh

lkekU; izo`fk :
vkorZ esa fo|qr_.krk c<+rh gSA
lewg esa fo|qr_.krk ?kVrh gSA
viokn % dksbZ fo'ks"k ughaA
fo|qr_.krk ij fuHkZj djus okys xq.k %
(1) izfr'kr vk;fud xq.k lekuqikr esa ifjorhZ (2) cU/k lkeF;Z lekuqikr esa ifjorhZ
(3) cU/k yEckbZ : O;qRekuqikrh ifjorhZ (4) gkbMkbMksa dh izd`fr
(5) gkbMksDlkbMksa dh izd`fr
fo|qr_.krk
{kkjh; /kkrq,sa {kkjh; e`nk /kkrq,sa cksjkWu ifjokj
lewg IIIA

1.2 1.6 2.5

Be, 1.47
1.4
1 Li, 1 2 B, 2
Na, 0.9 1.2 Mg, 1.23
Tl, 1.8
0.8 K, 0.8 Rb, 0.78 Ca, 1.04 Ga, 1.6 In, 1.7
1 Sr, 1 Ba, 0.97 1.5 Al, 1.5
Cs, 0.7
E. N.

E.N.

E.N.

0.6 0.8
0.6 1
0.4
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.2
0 0 0
Li Na K Rb Cs Be Mg Ca Sr Ba B Al Ga In Tl

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [15]

and periodicity in properties
 dkcZu ifjokj ukbVkstu ifjokj fudkstu

3 3.5
3 N, 3
2.5 C, 2.5

Electronegativity
2.5
2 Ge, 2
Si, 1.8 Sn, 1.7 2 Pb, 2.1 As, 2
E.N.

Pb, 1.6 Sb, 1.9 Bi, 1.9

1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
C Si Ge Sn Pb
N Pb As Sb Bi

psYdkstu gSykstu

4 4.5
3.5 O, 3.5 4 F, 4
3 3.5
S, 2.58 3 Cl, 3
2.5 Se, 2.4 Br, 2.8
E. N.

E. N.
Te, 2.1 2.5 I, 2.5
2 Po, 2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5 0.5
0 0
O S Se Te Po F Cl Br I

fofHkUu jklk;fud xq.k%

1. gkbMksvEyksa dh vkofrZrk%
(a) vkorZ esa cka;s ls nk;sa tkus ij gkbMkbMksa dh vEyh; izo`fr c<+rh gSA
(b) oxZ esa ij ls uhps tkus ij gkbMkbMksa dk vEyh; xq.k c<+rk gSA

2. vkWDlh vEyksa dh vkofrZrk%

(a) vkorZ esa cka;s ls nk;sa tkus ij vkWDlh vEyksa dh vEyh; izo`fr c<+rh gSA
(b) oxZ esa ij ls uhps tkus ij vkWDlh vEyksa dk vEyh; xq.k ?kVrk gSA

3. vkWDlkbMksa dh izo`fk %
(a) lkekU;rk vkorZ esa cka;s ls nk;sa tkus ij vkWDlkbMksa dh vEyh; izo`fr c<+rh gSA
e.g. CO2 < P2O3 < SO2 < ClO2
(b) lkekU;rk lewg esa ij ls uhps tkus ij vEyh; izo`fr ?kVrh gSA

D;k vki vkorZ esa ty;kstu mtkZ o tkyd mtkZ dh rqyuk dj ldrs gSA

;kn djus ds dqN egRoiw.kZ fcUnq jsfM;ks/kehZ rRoks ds vykok %

1. f}rh; lokZf/kd fo|qr _.kh rRo&vkWDlhtu

2. gkbMkstu lcls gYdk rRo rFkk Li lcls gYdh /kkrq gSA
3. ghyh;e ds I.P. dk dk eku mPpre gSA

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [16]

and periodicity in properties
4. mi/kkrq dsoy vkorZ lkj.kh ds p-[k.M esa gSA
5. dqy 11 xSlh; rRo gSA (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, H2, N2, O2, Cl2, F2)
6. nzo /kkrq Hg.
7. ghjk lcls dBksj kfrd rRo gSA
8. gsykstuksa dh bysDVksu cU/kqrk mPpre gksrh gSA buesa ls Cl dh lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA
9. vkorZ lkj.kh dk lcls cM+k /kuk;u = Cs+.
10. vkorZ lkj.kh dk lcls NksVk /kuk;u = H+.
11. vkorZ lkj.kh dk lcls cM+k ,d la;ksth _.kk;u = I.
12. vkorZ lkj.kh dk lcls NksVk _.kk;u = F.
13. vkorZ lkj.kh dk lcls cM+k rRo = Fr.
14. vkorZ lkj.kh dk lcls NksVk rRo = H.
15. Br ,d nzo v/kkrq rRo gS
16. vkWLeh;e lcls Hkkjh Kkr rRo gSA
17. yksjhu dh fo|qr _.krk lcls vf/kd gksrh gS

dqN lkekU; mi;ksx esa vkus okys fcUnq %

1. mR"V xSl: 18 osa oxZ ds rRo mRd`"B xSlsa dgykrs gSA ;s fuf"; xSls Hkh dgykrh gS D;ksafd buds ckre ns
rFkk np d{kd iw.kZ Hkjs viokn He rFkk 1s2) gksrs gS rFkk ;s xSls lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vf; gksrh gSA

2. izfrfuf/k rRo : 'kwU; oxZ ds vfrfjDr lHkh s rFkk p [k.M ds rRo izfrfu/kh rRo dgykrs gSA

3. lae.k rRo: IIB oxZ ds vfrfjDr lHkh d-[k.M ds rRo lae.k rRo dgykrs gSa 4th, 5th, 6th rFkk 7th vkorZ esa
ik;s tkrs gSA ;s s rFkk p [k.M ds rRoksa ds e/; ik;s tkrs gSA

4. vUr% lae.k rRo : lHkh 4f rFkk 5f [k.M ds rRo vUr% lae.k rRo dgykrs gSA bu rRoksa dh dqy la[;k 28
gSA ;s IIIB eas ik;s tkrs gS rFkk lkj.kh ds uhps j[kk tkrk gSA

5. izk:fid rRo : rhljs vkorZ ds rRo izk:fid rRo dgykrs gSA

6. fod.kZ lEcU/k : f}rh; o r`rh; vkorZ ds rRoksa ds xq.kksa esa lekurk gksrh gSA f}rh; o r`rh; vkorZ esa xq.kkas esa lekurk
dks ^fod.kZ lEcU/k^ dgrs gSA

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [17]

and periodicity in properties
 IA IIA IIIA IVA
2nd period Li Be B
3rd period Na Mg Al Si

rRoksa dks ukedj.k

rRoksa dk ukedj.k IUPAC i}fr ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gS ftuds uke ds vUr esa vuqyxu 'ium' dke esa fy;k
tkrk gSA
Digit Name Abbreviation
0 nil n
1 un u
2 bi b
3 tri t
4 quad q
5 pent p
6 hex h
7 sept s
8 oct o
9 enn e

mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn rRo dk ijek.kq ekad 109 gS rks mldk uke une gksxk (u , 1 ds fy;s] n , 0 ds fy;s
rFkk e, 9 ds fy;s) bl Vscy ds vuqlkj ftu rRoksa dk ijek.kq ekad 100 ;k 100 ls vf/kd gksrk gS] dk ukedj.k
fd;k tkrk gSA

General Chemistry, Chemical classification [18]

and periodicity in properties