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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to describe diagnostic tests temperature is displayed in the VI section. Measured values of
which measure capacitance and factor of dielectric losses of capacitance and factor of dielectric losses of the related power
transformers' insulation system. Transformers insulation system transformer (110/35/10 kV, of nominal power 40 MVA, in
consists of paper insulation and insulating oil. The factor of operation throughout the year with the load of more than 60%
dielectric losses is the ratio of active and reactive components of of nominal power) are displayed in section VII. And finally,
current and as such reflects changes of both currents. It is less the conclusions are presented in section VIII.
dependent on dimensions of the insulation, and more dependent
on the structure of isolation. State assessment results in certain
prevention activities or directs maintainers to devote greater II. SERIAL AND PARALLEL REPLACEMENT SCHEME OF
attention to critical positions, i.e. to the measured critical DIELECTRIC
parameters of the unit. This is how we avoid the danger of power
transformers failure which may cause major direct damage to A. Serial substitution scheme of the dielectric
the observed element or indirect damage as a result of a sudden
unwanted disturbances in the power system. This measurement In serial connection, current passes through the capacitor
significantly improves the safety not only of the power and resistance is equal. The voltage and current through the
transformers but also improves the safety and reliability of the resistor are in phase, while the voltage on the capacitance lags
electrical power system. behind the current for 90, Fig. 1.
Keywords: Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Power I
transformers, Diagnostics
I C R
I. INTRODUCTION
U
When testing the insulation system of transformer with Uc UR
alternating voltage we measure the capacitance and factor of UR
U
dielectric losses tan of the insulation. The results of these UC U
measurements are yet another indicator of the state of isolation
with regard to humidity, dirt and the internal structure of the
isolation system. From the first day of use, the equipment has Fig. 1. Serial substitution scheme of the dielectric
been exposed to thermal and mechanical stress, and to the
influence of heat and humidity which increase the operating Dielectric loss factor serial replacement scheme is:
temperature. Increase of the operating temperature accelerates
chemical reactions in electrical insulation, resulting in UR IR (1)
tan = = = CR
deterioration of dielectric characteristics [1]. This process has UC I
the avalanche effect, therefore changes of isolation C
characteristics increase the loss factor and cause heating, which
leads to a further increase of dielectric losses. If the factor of Where:
dielectric losses is regularly checked and compared, one can tan .is factor of dielectric losses,
predict and avoid the failure of the transformer [2][3]. C.is ideal capacitance,
This paper consists of the following sections: section II R.is ideal resistor,
describes serial and parallel replacement scheme of dielectric, UC.is reactive component of voltage,
in section III we described measuring of capacitance and factor UR.is active component of voltage,
of dielectric losses using Schering's bridge, while in section IV U.is voltage applied to dielectric and
we displayed corresponding compound measures. Limit values .is angular frequency; =2f
of the factor of transformers dielectric losses of are displayed
in section V. Dependency of the factor of dielectric losses on
The scheme with parallel resistance suits better during III. MEASURING OF CAPACITANCE AND FACTOR OF
testing of small conductivity dielectric, and in case of a DIELECTRIC LOSSES USING SCHERINGS BRIDGE
dielectric with large losses the serial scheme is more suitable. The standard etalon capacitor C2 of negligible small angle
loss is located in the second branch of the bridge. Effective
B. Dielectric parallel replacement scheme resistance R3 is in the third branch, and parallel combination
resistance R4 and the capacitance C4 in the fourth, as shown in
In parallel replacement scheme the current fronts voltage by Fig. 3 [4].
an angle smaller than 90 and that angle gets smaller as the
losses of active power get bigger, as shown in Fig. 2. Rx
Cx C2
Ic C
Ic I
~ N
I R4
IR R R3
C4
U
IR U
Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3 (9)
tan 2
RS = RP (4)
1 + tan 2 1 R4 R3
RX + = (10)
jC X 1 + jC4 R4 jC2
Where:
CS .is capacitance of serial replacement scheme,
CP.is capacitance of parallel replacement scheme, Upon separation of real components from imaginary ones we
RS .is resistance of serial replacement scheme and obtain:
RP .is resistance of parallel replacement scheme.
R
C x = C2 4 (11)
R3
Factor of dielectric losses of windings tan depends on
capacitance, resistance and frequency. Measured values do not C
indicate local weak spots but provide an image about general Rx = 4 R3 (12)
state of the tested transformer. C2
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IEEE EUROCON 2017, 68 JULY 2017, OHRID, R. MACEDONIA
Tangent of loss angle is: TABLE I. COMPOUND MEASURES USED DURING MEASURING
TRANSFORMERS FACTOR OF DIELECTRIC LOSSES
R C
tan = Cx Rx = C2 4 4 R3 (13) Two-winding
Three-
Autotransformer
R3C2 winding
transformer with tertiary
transformer
tan = C4 R4 (14)
VN:NN VN:(SN+NN) (VN+SN):NN
When measuring power transformers there is a case when
neither end of the voltage sources should be grounded, and the VN:M VN:M (VN+SN):M
bridge should be connected according to Fig.4.
NN:M NN:(VN+SN) NN:M
Cx C2 NN:M
Cp
~ N SN:M
R4
R3
C4
These markings have the following meanings:
Fig. 4. Measuring of the capacitors capacitance using Scherings
VN.winding of the higher voltage
bridge which has one grounded clip SN.winding of the medium voltage (in the case of three-
winding transformers and autotransformers)
NN.winding of the lower voltage
Then on the simultaneously tested capacitor there is a
M.grounded metal part of transformer.
parallel capacitance Cp which represents the capacitance
towards the ground of the high-voltage supply bridge and the
capacitance towards the ground of one part of the high-voltage Marking of measuring combinations in Table I. have the
winding of the transformer. This capacitance is regularly following meanings:
significant and has an angle of losses that can not be
y VN:M (SN+NN) Measuring the insulation resistance
disregarded. Therefore, the bridge initially measures only the between the high-voltage windings and mass while the
parasitic capacitance Cp, excluding the capacitance of tested MV and LV windings are disconnected from the mass and
power transformer, and then the measuring is repeated with mutually short-circuited,
connected tested power transformer. Capacitance Cx is
determined by these two measurements y VN:SN (NN+M) Measuring the insulation resistance
between HV and MV windings, during which the LV
winding is grounded,
C x = Cu C p (15)
y NN:M (VN+SN) Measuring the insulation resistance
between the LV windings and mass while HV and MV
Where: windings are disconnected from the mass and mutually
Cu .is total capacitance, i.e. the sum of the measured and short-circuited.
parasitic capacitance obtained by second measuring and Principal scheme of the merge is given in Fig. 5. It is
Cp.is parasitic capacitance obtained by first measuring. important to note that there are two modes of measurement of
the factor of dielectric losses and these are UST (Eng.
Ungrounded Specimen Test) and GST (Eng. Grounded
Tangent of loss angle of the measuring capacitor is Specimen Test) mode. Therefore, in case of measuring the
determined from tanp obtained by first measuring and tanu compound measures (HV: M), wherein M is a grounded metal
obtained by second measuring: part of the transformer, GST mode must be used and UST
mode is used in case where none of the clips of the equivalent
transformer condenser is not grounded, for example in case of
Cu tan u C p tan p measuring the compound measures VN: (MV and LV).
tan = (16)
Cu C p
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IEEE EUROCON 2017, 68 JULY 2017, OHRID, R. MACEDONIA
Where:
tan20 ..is factor of dielectric loss of insulation converted
to the same value it would have at a temperature of 20C,
tanT ..is measured factor of dielectric losses at a
temperature T and
Tis the temperature of transformer winding during the
measurement.
It is possible to convert the temperature using the diagram
shown in Fig. 6. The figure shows the conversion factor of
dielectric losses of windings of different temperature to the
value of the factor of dielectric losses which would the
observed dielectric have at a temperature of 20 C [6].
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IEEE EUROCON 2017, 68 JULY 2017, OHRID, R. MACEDONIA
tan
6,1 6,35 7,9 8,75
[x10-3]
427