Kantalohahaematinicrs016gdg 121228221817 Phpapp02

THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF KANTALOHA
BHASMA AND EVALUATION OF ITS HAEMATINIC ACTIVITY- AN

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
BY
DR. MAHANTESH M. KATTIMANI

Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences,
Karnataka, Bangalore.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

IN
RASASHASTRA
Under the guidance of
Dr. M.C. PATIL M.D.(Ayu)

Professor & HOD Dept. of Rasashastra
and
Co-guidance of
Dr. GIRISH N. DANAPPAGOUDAR, M.D. (Ayu),

Lecturer, P.G.Dept. of Rasashastra
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA

D.G M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTER,
GADAG 582103
2007
Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka,
Bangalore.
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled The Preparation,
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic
Activity- An Experimental Study is a bonafide and genuine research work carried
out by me under the guidance of Dr. M.C. Patil, M.D.(Ayu), (Rasashastra), Professor &
HOD, Post graduate department of Rasashastra and under the Co-guidance of
Dr. Girish N. Danappagoudar, . (Rasashastra). Lecturer, Post graduate department

M.D
of Rasashastra.
Date:
Place: Gadag. Dr. Mahantesh M. Kattimani
SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled The Preparation,
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic
Activity- An Experimental Study is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. Mahantesh M. Kattimani in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).
Date:
Place: Gadag. Guide
Dr. M.C. PATIL M.D.(Ayu)

Professor & HOD Dept. of
Rasashastra, Post Graduate
Studies & Research Center
D.G.M.A.M.C. Gadag.
SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.
CERTIFICATE BY THE Co - GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled The Preparation, Physico-
Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic
Dr. Mahantesh. M. Kattimani in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
of Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).
Date: Co Guide
Place: Gadag. Dr. Girish. N. Danappagoudar,

M.D. (Rasashastra).
Lecturer,
Postgraduate department of
Rasashastra.
ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D AND PRINCIPAL OF
THE INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled The Preparation, Physico-
Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic
Dr. Mahantesh M. Kattimani. under the guidance of DR. M.C. Patil M.D.
(Rasashastra), Professor & H.O.D, Postgraduate department of Rasashastra and co-
guidance of Dr. Girish N. Danappagoudar, M.D. (Rasashastra), lecturer, Postgraduate
department of Rasashastra.
DR. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Rasashastra) Dr. G. B. Patil.

Professor & H.O.D, Principal.
Post graduate department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.
D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.
Date:
Place: Gadag
COPYRIGHT
Declaration by the candidate
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this
dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research
purpose.
Date: Signature of Scholar

Place: Gadag
Dr. Mahantesh M. Kattimani.
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My respectful salute to almighty God, by his blessings and grace success in

life comes. My deep sense of gratification is due for my parents, my brothers, my
sisters and family members who are the architects of my career.
This work carries some sweat memories to express and record about some
distinguished personalities by whom I had been inspired during the course of this
dissertation work.
I am extremely happy to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my beloved
and respected Guide, H.O.D and Prof. Dr. M.C. Patil M.D (Rasashastra) whose sympathetic,
scholarly suggestions and guidance at every step have inspired me, not only to
accomplish this work but also in all respects.
I am extremely greatful and obliged to my Associate guide Dr. Girish N.
Danappagoudar M.D.(Rasashastra) Lecturer PG Dept of Rasashastra DGMAMC, PG
studies & Research centre, Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis and
correcting with precious remarks which have been very useful.
I express my gratitude to beloved Principal Dr.G.B. Patil, Principal
DGMAMC, PG Studies & Research centre, Gadag for his encouragement and
providing all necessary facilities for my research work.
I express my deep sense of gratification to my beloved to respected sirs,
Dr Jagadeesh G. Mitti M.D. (Ayu) Lecturer PG Dept of Rasashastra DGMAMC, Gadag
and Shri Shivakumar Inamadar Lecturer K.L.Es college of Pharmacy Gadag whose
Guidance, inspiration, supervision and valuable suggestions, helped me to complete
this Research work.
I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof. Dr. R.K. Gachchinamath H.O.D.
Dept of Rasashastra (UG) DGMAMC, Gadag for kind & affectionate through his
valuable suggestions & advise.
I will not forget to remember Late Dr. Dilipkumar B MD (Ayu) Asst. Prof PGS &
RC for his kind advise & encouragement during the earlier study.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Basavaraj. M. Mulkipatil M.D. (Ayu) Lecturer
Dept. of Kayachikitsa DGMAMC PGS & RC Gadag and Dr. Shashikant Nidagundi
MD (Ayu) Lecturer PG Dept of Dravyaguna for their friendly support during my PG
study.
I
I wish to convey my sincere thanks to Dr. Vardacharulu MD (Ayu), Dr. G.
Purushotamacharulu MD (Ayu), Dr. R.V. Shettar MD (Ayu), Dr. Kuber Sankh MD (Ayu), Dr.
K.S. R Prasad MD (Ayu), Dr. Santosh Belavadi MD (Ayu), Dr. G.V. Mulgund MD (Ayu), Dr.
Samudri MD (Ayu), and other PG staff for their constant encouragement.
I extend my gratitude to shri V.M. Mundimani and Sureban for providing the
required books during the study.
With great pleasure, I offer my reorganization to my friends Dr. Jayashree, Dr.
Rudrakshi, Dr. Jamkhandi, Dr Amnish for their friendly affection and help during my
study period without which I would never be complete.
I offer my sincere thanks to my beloved friends Dr. V.M. Kataraki, Dr.
Shivaleela, Dr. Shalini, Dr. Ashwini, Dr. Muttu Budi, Dr Prasanna, Dr.
Payappagoudar, Dr. Sibaprasad, Dr. Kamalaxi, Dr. Veena and Dr Ashok for their kind
co-operation and help.
I offer my sincere thanks to my senior friends, Dr. Santoji, Dr Jaggal, Dr. V.S.
Hiremath. Dr. Pattanshetty, Dr. Koteshwar, Dr. Pradeep, Dr. Ganti, Dr. Shakuntala,
Dr. Sharanu, Dr. Anita, Dr. Suvarna, Dr. Teggi, Dr. Sobagin & Dr. Anand.H for their
immense help and affection.
I am also thankful to my junior friends Dr. Ravindra, Dr. Shivakumar, Dr.
Anupama, Dr. Sarvamangala, Dr. Kavitha, Dr. Gorpade, Dr. Praveen, Dr. Jadhav, Dr.
Mahantaswami, Dr. Deepa for their support and affection.
I am thankful to non teaching staff of Dept of Rasashastra for their help and
assistance during the course.
I am greatful to Mr. Chaitrakumar for his kind co-operation & immense help
to complete this dissertation work. I am also thankful to my friend Mr. Kiran (wise
computers Gadag).
My sincere thanks to my well wishers Dr. A.M. Adi, Principal, RGAMC, Ron,
Dr. Tatti, Dr. R.V. Angadi, Dr. Satish Barker, Dr. Ronad, Dr. Kotturshetty, Dr.
Kushtagi, Dr. Kanti, Dr. Kataraki, Dr. Desai, & Er. Prahalad raja for their valuable
support & help during the course.
At last I am very much thankful to all the persons who directly and indirectly
helped me to complete this dissertation work.
Dr. Mahantesh. M. Kattimani
II
ABSTRACT
Background: Aneamia is a common disease Characterized by Lassitude, Fatigue,
Headache, Palpitation, Stomatitis, Bodyache, Insomnia, Anorexia, Nausea, lack of
concentration, Low grade fever, Pallor in skin, mucous, Palms & Conjuctiva etc.
where, there is a reduction of RBC and Haemoglobin concentration.
Ayurveda explained in detail about the Laxanas and chikitsa of Panduroga.
There are so many formulations to cure the disease Panduroga. Some of them are easy
to prepare, some other very difficult to prepare and even costly also. Rasaratna
samuchchaya kara considered Loha bhasma especially Kantaloha bhasma is best
among all. Which acts as best ranjaka and raktavardhaka. Before evaluating efficacy
of any formulation, it is essential to carry out experimental study and to find out
potent therapeutic form from different formulations.
Objectives:
1. Preparation of Kantaloha bhasma
2. Physico-chemical analysis of Kantaloha bhasma.
3. Evaluation of its Haematinic activity- an experimental study.
Methods:
Pharmaceutical study:
a) Loha shodhana (Samanya & Vishesha) according to Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya
5th chapter, Sloka 29 and 106-107.
b) Loha Marana according to Rasaratna samuchchaya 5th chapter sloka 107,108.
Analytical study:
Loha Bhasma is subjected to Physico-chemical analysis ie. Assay for Iron,
Acid insoluble ash, Loss on ignition, Loss on drying, Acid soluble extractive, Water
III
insoluble extractive, pH, Solubility and Physical analysis, fineness of particle test
including organoleptic character.
Experimental study:
Anaemia was induced in Albino rats and trial drug administered. Later Hb %,
RBC count and bone marrow study was carried out after 48 and 96 hrs. Data were
recorded and statistically analysed.
Results:
Kantaloha bhasma increased the Hb % and RBC ratio significantly with P
value < 0.001.
Interpretation and Conclusion
1) The dravyas which are mentioned in classical procedure for Loha shodhana
and Marana definetly convert Loha into pure Loha bhasma and induces the
disease curing property. But the practical procedure are labourous.
2) Ayurvedic bhasma pareeksha and modern physico-chemical analysis are
conformation tests for the complete formation of bhasma and its genuinity.
3) Kantaloha bhasma is one of the ideal formulations for treating Panduroga
where there is a low levels of Hb% and RBC. It works as a best haematinic,
which has been proved experimentally by increasing the Hb% and RBC count.
Keywords:
Panduroga, Iron deficiency anaemia, Kantaloha shodhana, Marana, Physico-
chemical analysis and Haematinic activity.
IV
CONTENTS
Chapter Page No
1. Introduction 1-3
2. Objectives 4
3. Review of literature
A) Drug Review 5-54
B) Disease Review 55-83
4. Methodology 84-108
5. Results 109-131
6. Discussion 132-137
7. Conclusion 138-139
8. Summary 140-141
9. Bibliography 142-147
V
ABBREVIATIONS
1. A.P Ayurveda Prakasha

2. B.P. Bhava Prakasha
3. B.R Bhaishaja Ratnavali
4. R.J.N Rasa Jala Nidhi
5. R.K.D. Rasakamadenu
6. R.Ni Raja Nighantu
7. R.T. Rasa Tarangini
8. R.C Rasendra Chudamani
9. R.R. Rasa Ratnakara
10. R.S.S Rasendra Sara Sangra
11. R.H.T. Rasa Hridaya Tantra
12. R.Mr. Rasamrutha.
13. R.R.S. Rasa Rathna Samuchaya
14. B.R.R.S. Brihat Rasa Raja sundara.
15. C.S Charaka samhita
16. M.M Materia medica
17. M.N Madhava Nidana
18. S.S. Sushruta Samhita
19. Y.R Yoga Ratnakara
20. A.H Ashtanga Hridaya
21. C Control group
22. PC Positive Control group
23. T Test group
VI
LIST OF TABLES
TableNo Tables Page

N0
01 Showing the different procedures of Loha shodhana 20
02 Showing the Pharmocological properties of Loha 28
03 Showing the Indications of Loha bhasma on various diseases 30-31
04 Showing the comparison of Different varieties of Iron 54
05 Showing the Ahanas as causative factor 57
06 Showing the the Viharas as causative factor 58
07 Showing the the Manasika vikaras as causative factor 58
08 Showing the Sankhya samprpti of Panduroga 61
09 Showing the poorva roopa lakshana 63
10 Showing the Laxanas of Roopa in Panduroga 64-65
11 Showing the Laxanas of Vataja Pandu 67
12 Showing the Laxanas of Pittaja Pandu 68
13 Showing the the Laxanas of Kaphaja pandu 69
14 Showing the Vishishta laxanas of Mridbhakshanajanya 72
pandu
15 Showing the Upadarava according to dosha 73
16 Showing the clinical features of IDA 81-83
17 Showing the details of shodhana practical 97-98
18 Showing the details of Marana Practical 101
19 Showing the RBC ratio at 48 hrs Intermediate calculation 109
20 Showing the Summary of data of RBC ratio 109
21 Showing the comparision with PC & T group in RBC ratio 109
after 48 hrs
22 Showing the RBC ratio after 96 hrs, Intermidate calculation 110
23 Showing the summary of data of RBC ratio after 96 hrs 110
24 Showing Comparision with PC & T group in RBC ratio after 110
96 hrs
25 Showing Data of Hb% of Blood after 48 hrs 111
26 Showing Intermidiate calculation of Hb% after 48 hrs 111
27 Showing summary of data of Hb% after 48 hrs 111
28 Showing comparision with PC & T group in Hb% after 48 112
hrs
29 Showing Data if Hb% of blood after 96 hrs 113
30 Showing Intermediate calculation in Hb% after 96 hrs 113
31 Showing Summary of Data of Hb% after 96 hrs 113
32 Showing Comparision with PC & T in Hb % after 96 hrs 114
33 Showing Myeloid Erthroid cell ratio after 48 hrs 115
34 Showing Summary of Data of myeloid Erythroid cell after 115
48 hrs
35 Showing Comparision with PC & T group in myeloid 115
erythroid cell after 48 hrs
36 Showing Myeloid Erythroid cell ratio after 96 hrs 116
37 Showing summery of Data of myeloid erythroid cell ratio 116
after 96 hrs
VII
38 Showing comparision with PC & T of myeloid erythroid cell 116
after 96 hrs
39 Showing Data of Pronormoblast after 48 hrs 117
40 Shortly Intermediate calculation of Pronormoblast after 48 117
hrs
41 Showing Summary of Data of Pronormoblast after 48 hrs 117
42 Showing Comparision with PC & T group in Pronormoblast 118
after 48 hrs
43 Showing Data of Pronormoblast after 46 hrs 119
44 Showing Intermediate calculation of Pronormoblast after 96 119
hrs
45 Showing summary of data of pronormoblast after 96 hrs 119
46 Showing comparision with PC & T group in pronormoblast 120
after 96 hrs
47 Showing Data of Normoblast after 48 hrs 121
48 Showing Intermediate calculation of Normoblast after 48 hrs 121
49 Showing Summary of Data of Normoblast after 48 hrs 121
50 Showing comparision with PC & T group in Normoblast 122
after 48 hrs
51 Showing Data of Normoblast after 96 hrs 123
52 Showing Intermediate calculation of Normoblast after 96 hrs 123
53 Showing Summary of Data of Normoblast after 96 hrs 123
54 Showing comparision with PC & T group in Normoblast 124
after 96 hrs
55 Showing Data of Recticulocytes count after 48 hrs 125
56 Showing summary of data of Reticulocytes after 48 hrs 125
57 Showing comparision with PC & T of Recticulocytes after 125
48 hrs
58 Showing data of Reticulocytes after 96 hrs 126
59 Showing summary of data of Reticulocytes after 96 hrs 126
60 Showing comparision with PC & T group in REticulocytes 126
after 96 hrs
61 Showing data of Normocytes count after 48 hrs 127
62 Showing summary of data of Normocytes after 48 hrs 127
63 Showing comparision with PC & T group of Normocytes 127
after 48 hrs
64 Showing Data of Normocytes count after 96 hrs 128
65 Showing summary of Data of Normocytes after 96 hrs 128
66 Showing comparision with PC & T group of Normocytes 128
after 96 hrs.
VIII
LIST OF GRAPHS:
Sl. No Graphs Page No

1 Mean RBC ratio after 48 hrs 109
2 Mean RBC ratio after 96 hrs 110
3 Mean Hb% ratio after 48 hrs 112
4 Mean Hb% ratio after 96 hrs 114
5 Mean myeloid erythroid ratio after 48 hrs 115
6 Mean myeloid erythroid ratio after 96 hrs 116
7 Mean Pronormoblast count after 48 hrs 118
8 Mean Pronormoblast count after 96 hrs 120
9 Mean Normoblast count after 48 hrs 122
10 Mean Normoblast count after 96 hrs 124
11 Mean Reticulocytes count after 48 hrs 125
12 Mean Reticulocytes count after 96 hrs 126
13 Mean Normocytes count after 48 hrs 127
14 Mean Normocytes count after 96 hrs 128
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS:
Sl. No Photographs
1 Showing Shodhana, Marana, Bhasma
2 Showing Experimental activity
3 Showing Microscopic study of Bone marrow
IX
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the most ancient system of medicine. Which is (mostly) based on
its own fundamental principle theories or concepts. Which are deeply rooted into the
oldest scriptures of Hindu veda i.e Atharvanaveda. It is an encyclopedia of
ancient eternal medical wisdom in spite of its antiquity (3,000 years old) it is being
practicing even today all over the world.
Rasashastra, one of the branches of Ayurveda which is well developed by
Nagarjuna. Hence he is known as pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by
using rasa dravyas i.e. metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra
i.e Lohasiddhi & Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due
to its unique preparations Rasabhasmas,like Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali Rasayana,
Parpati rasayana, Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.
Bhasmas are the unique solid dosage form of Ayurvedic preparation.
Preparations of bhasma involve number of steps-i.e shodhana, jarana then marana. In
these steps minerals, metals, gems are processed with herbal/animal origin drugs. So
that marita bhasma should posses desired pharmacological actions. Standard bhasma
should be nishchandra, varitara, rekhapoorna & apunarbhava etc. Absorption,
Assimilation, Excretion of such bhasma is very quick and helps in faster recovery
within a short period. In the same way all moorchita rasayanas have nearly the same
characters. .
Historical review:
History reveals metals and minerals are therapeutically used since Rigveda
period. In samhita kala Charaka, Sushruta & Vagbhata practiced metals, minerals,
gems as a therapeutic.
The Preparation, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its

Haematinic Activity- An Experimental Study
Introduction
The ancient acharyas have told that the treatment for curable diseases by
vanoushadhis, kshara and Shastra karma etc, where as incurable diseases can also be
treated by Lohadi rasoushadhis. Faster relief, lesser dose, and above all mysteric
efficiency are the specialties of the Rasoushadhis. These qualities of Rasoushadhis
have attracted the Ayurvedacharyas and they practiced and praised them as Uttamo
Rasavaidyaha.
Since the time of Vedas, the Rasoushadhis play an important role in the field
of medicine. Among the Rasoushadhis, Bhasmas are placed on the top. They are
widely used in medicine as a single therapy and as well as in the from of compound
drug therapy. The most therapeutically efficacious state of a metal is Bhasma, hence
this form is abundantly used in pharmaceutical processing.
Preparations of Loha are practiced by our Rasavaidyas since good old days.
It is a drug of mineral origin described in Ayurveda. It can be used as a single drug or
in combination either with mineral drug or with herbal drugs in certain diseases. It
was specifically recommended for Panduroga, Dhatukshaya, Prameha and
Medovikara. It was prescribed as a best rasayana.
Kantaloha is the best among lohas explained. Its bhasma specially cures the
panduroga and works as a best rasayana when therapeutically administered.
In the Rasatarangini, while explaining the loha bhasma gunas, author have
clearly mentioned that, after the absorption, loha bhasma enters the blood. The
constituents of blood (Ranjaka drava) and lohas are having similar characters. This
lohabhasma may enhance the production of Raktanu (Red blood cell) and
Ranjakadrava (Heamoglobin). Therefore Lohabhasma is best ranjaka and
raktavardhaka.

Introduction
Globally 30% of the total world population is anaemic and half of these, some
600 million people have iron deficiency and as much as 25% to 50% in developing
countries like India are anaemic.
In adults anaemia results in impaired work capacity. Anaemia often leads to
irreversible impairment in childs learning ability. The usual Indian diet contains
inhibitors of absorption hence Indians were more prone to develop Iron deficiency
Anemia.
Kantaloha bhasma shows multidimensional properties i.e dose is very small,
economic and best Pandurogahara medicine. Hence, Keeping in view of the above
facts, it was felt to conduct a study to analyse, the efficiency of Kantaloha bhasma as
a haematinic by experimental trails.
The Present work THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF KANTALOHA BHASMA AND EVALUATION OF ITS
HAEMATINIC ACTIVITY- AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.
This desertation is presented in 09 Chapters i.e
Chapter Content
01 Introduction
02 Objectives
03 Literary Review
a) Drug review
1. Concept of Kantaloha in Ayurveda view
2. Concept of Loha in Modern view
b) Disease review
04 Methodology
1. Pharmaceutical study
2. Analytical Study
3. Experimental study.
05 Results
1. Observation
2. Result
06 Discussion.
07 Conclusion.
08 Summary
09 References
3

Objectives
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1) Preparation of Kantaloha Bhasma
2) Physico chemical analysis of Kantaloha bhasma
3) Evaluation of Haematinic activity of Kantaloha bhasma.
4
The Preparation, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and
Evaluation of its Haematinic Activity- An Experimental Study
Drug Review
DRUG REVIW
LITERARY REVIEW OF LOHA (IRON):
Iron has been known since ancient time and is as old as vedas. Its use is
widespread in routine life as well as in medicaments since then. In this modern era,
man is extensively using , the iron in every step. In all systems of medicine, iron is
used for different ailments. Iron is the most useful metal among all the metals, might
be because of its wide applications. Rudiard Kepiling called Iron as the master
among all the metals. Many scholars named this modern age as Iron age.
In Rasahastra suvarnadi metals have been classified under three groups i.e.,
(1) Suddha Loha
(2) Puti Loha and
(3) Mishra Loha
Suddha Loha are those, when subjected to heat they do not change their state.
Iron is one of them.
DEFINITION OF LOHA:
The Word Loha is derived from sW AMwh means which is attracted or
extracted. Due to this specific character, it is named as LOHA. According to
different texts and different people, the meaning of Loha is explained in various
ways.
1) People are being attracted by the luster of Suvarnadi Lohas. There fore it is
called as loha
2) According to Chikitsa, when lohas are administered in the body, the loha
extracts the imbalanced doshas and brings the body back to homeostasis.
Therefore it is called as Loha.

5

Drug Review
3) According to Bhaishajya Kalpana, when the lohas are subjected to different
Samskaras, with herbs, iron extracts herbs properties and get involved in it.
Therefore it is called as Loha.
4) According to Rasahastra, Lohas are extracted from different ores and is called
as Loha.
According to physiological & pharmacological action, Loha is
Named as Dhatu Looking to its nirukti Skl kUhmwhr means, one which
performs Dharana Kriya is called Dhatu .
These lohas are being used in routine life and also as medicaments. Rakta
Dhatu is called as Jeeva Rakta. The every life is depending on Rakta Dhatu. Rakta
contains Loha. The synonym of the Rakta is Lohita. This Raktastha Loha performs
the shareera Dharanakriya.
Loha cures the diseases and gives Balya and Rasayana effect and performs
shareera Dharankriya. That is why it is called as Dhatu.
In Ancient time the Classical texts used the word Loha to denote suvarnadi
metals. But now a days the word Loha is isolated to Iron only and Dhatu for their
ores.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF LOHA (IRON)
When we introspect the ancient literatures, numerous illustrations about Loha
are available. Our ancient sages with their devine power have contributed eternal
ideas to the science.
LOHA IN VEDIC PERIOD1
Vedas are not only a classical literature of India, but they are of the universe.

Drug Review
IN RUGVEDA: which is 5000 years ancient, Loha has been illustrated in the
treatment. One of the example is that rehabilitation of vishpala with the artificial
limb of Loha was made by Bhishak Ashwinkumar, when his limb was cut in the war.
IN ATHARVAVEDA:
While explaining Anna ghataka dravya, Loha and Trapu are explained.
Shareera Poshaka Anna Consists of Mamsala bhaga Lohamaya. Blood also
contains Loha and haritima Trapu (Vanga) The Dhanya (Anna) is harita varna and
having good odour.
In Atharvaveda- 6-63-3, 6-84-3, 11-3-7, 19-66-,1 references substantiate the
knowledge of Lohadi dhatus in the period of Atharvaveda .
IN YAJURVEDA: In Yajurveda too the usage of loha has been explained as a
medicament and in the Yagna also.
IN BRAHMA SAHITYA2:
The Uddharan of 5 Dhatus are available viz., Swarna, Rajata, Tamra, Loha and
Seesa,
LOHA IN THE UPANISHAD:
In Chandoga upanishad the use of teekshna loha is available.
The instruments made up of teeksha loha are used for the removal of Nakha.
LOHA IN PURANA PERIOD3:
In Pouranic era, Loha was not used in medicine but was widely used for
making weapons, idols, etc., In Mahabharata, the preparation of an idol of Bheema is
available which was powdered by Dhratarashtra. These Kinds of several references
are available regarding the wide use of Loha during this period.

Drug Review
LOHA IN KOUTILYA ARTHASHASTRA :
In the Period of Chandragupta Mourya 300 BC Swarna Rajata Tamra- Loha
etc Shodhan process was carried out. Adultration of these dhatus were considered to
be an offence and persons were punished for this.
The availability and mines of Swarna, rajatu, trapu loha were explained in
Koutilya arthashastra. ( Koutilya Artha Shastra 2-12-14)
LOHA IN SAMHITA PERIOD4:
Sushruta was considered as vidwan of Lohashastra, as explained in loha
Sarvaswa- written by Sureshwaracharya in his Grantha:-
According to Acharya Sureshwara In maintaining the healthy body, loha is
considered as the best dravya. He opined on the basis of explanation available in
Loha tantras . in Sushruta, Harita, Vyadi and Nagarjuna samhita .
In Sushrut sutra sthan 20/26 and Sushrut sutra sthan 38/62. There is wide
explanation of Krishna loha.
In Sushrut Chikista adhyaya 10/11-12. Three types of Ayaskruti were
explained.
Purification of Teekshna loha and making it to churna is explained, this
process is called Ayaskruti.
IN CHARAKA SAMHITA5:
In Charaka samhita Rasayan vaada chapter, wide explanation of loha
Rasayana is available.

Drug Review
LOHA RASAYAN PHALA:
In Charka Samhita Chikitsastana wide explanation of loha is available as a
medicine together with herbal preparations.When a person consumes yogas of
Loha,he attains vaksiddi and becomes intelligent.
LOHA IN RASAHASTRA PERIOD:
Even though, we are not in a position to predict the period of origin of
Rasashastra, chronologically the most ancient references available regarding
Rasashastra has showed the importance of loha. It is clear from the very aim of
Rasashastra i.e., Lohavadha and Dhatuvadha that Rasashastra was developed in such
a period when Lohas ( all the metals) were abundantly used. The most reputed books
of Rasashastra like Rasa Ratnakar, Rasenadra Chudamani, Rasarnava, etc., have
shown not only the purifications and other processing of Loha but also the methods to
uplift the lower metals to higher one like gold. When the rest of the world was in
darkness about the role and utility of loha, in the health condition of man,
Rasashastra as well as Ayurvedists were using Loha as a nectar for life. Several
references are available in the later books of Rasashastra like Rasaratna Samuchaya,
Rasendra Sara Sangraha. Rasakamadhenu, Anandkanda, etc, regarding the use of
Loha in the treatment of Several ailments and that also in several combinations.
One of the scientists from France, H.L Bataliyan in his one of the lectures has
illustrated that, Indians were knowing the preparation and properties of Loha. One of
the evergreen, remembering examples is that, Sir Robert Stephal has said, the
metallurgical science is superior in India and Kutub Minar Pillar is made up of pure
Loha, which was proved by analysis. In addition to this, metallic things presents till
today in Puri and Somanatha are of name and fame to the science of Rasashastra.

Drug Review
In later period, when the golden era of Rasashastra has started, each and
every Rasashastragnya have diverted their attention towards the therapeutical aspects
of the metals and minerals, and have suggested Iron as a best haematinic.
ORIGIN OF LOHA:
RASASHASTRA VIEW:
When review of mythology is carried out, the origin of Loha has taken place
from the corpus of an Asura named as Lomila. As per Rasakamadhenu, Loha is
originated from the dead body of Yama named Kalamurta It has been described in
Rasendrapurana, Rasendrabhaskara that, during the samudra manthana the Lord
Visnhu gave amrita to Suras, the enraged Asuras wages war against suras, at the time
the Loha was originated, from the body of the Asuras.
Chronologically to state that lohas are formed by the dropping of Blood of Lomila.
When we want to increase the Raktadhatu, we administer the Loha, this indicates that
there is a close relation between Rakta and Loha. Even though it has been illustrated
in exaggerated words in Myth, there is a close relation between Rakta and Loha.
This reflects the intelligence of ancient sages. .
LOHA PARYAYA (SYNONYMS OF IRON)
1) Ayas
2) Ayaskanta
3) Ashmasara
4) Amisam
5) Girisara
6) Ghana
7) Kanta-loha
10

Drug Review
8) Kanta Yasa
9) Kalayasa
10) Kuttum
11) Kudam
12) Krishna loha
13) Krisiloha
14) Kittam
15) Lohasara
16) Mahaloha
17) Mundaloha
18) Mundavat
19) Parvatam
20) Pindam
21) Peevara
22) Romilasthi
23) Shastra
24) Samayatmaka
25) Suraksana
26) Teekshana
27) Uttam
28) Vrisatsara
29) Veera
30) Visapasam.
11

Drug Review
(VERNACULAR NAME)
NAMES OF LOHA IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES
Arabic - Hadeed
Assamee - Lohalo
Burmese - Than
Bengali - Loha
Chinese - Tich-Tee
Danish - Jern
Dutch - Yzer-Jizer
English - Iron
French - Fer
Farsee - Ahan-Ahanfourd
German - Eisen
Greek - Sideras
Gujarati - Lodhan
Gothic - Ais
Hindi - Loha
Italian - Ferro
Kannada - Kabbina
Kashmiri - Shastur
Latin - Ferrum
Malaya - Basi/Besi
Malyalam - Irumbu
Marathi - Lakhand
12

Drug Review
Oriya - Luha
Persian - Zhah
Polish - Alezo
Portugese - Ferro
Punjabi - Loha
Rusan - Scheleso
Sanskrit - Loha, Ayas etc
Spanish - Hierro
Swedish - Jerm
Sihale - Yakada.
Tamil - Irumbu
Telgu - Demmu, Chumu
Turkish - Timur, Demur,
Urdu - Ain, Loha,
PRAPTI STHANA6,7:
Naturally, Loha is not available in greater amounts in its free form, mostly is
available in Sayuktavasta. In India, It is available in Bihar, Orissa, Bengal,
Madhyapradesh, Uttarpradesh, Punjab, Tamilnadu, and Karnataka also. India exports
Loha (Iron) to foreign countries.
It is also available in countries like, England, Germany, Japan, America,
Nepal, Bhutan, Afghisthan. Etc.,
DESCRIPTION8,9,10
According to Rasatarangini Loha is of 3 types Munda, Teekshana, Kantaloha
and Kantaloha is best among three.
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Drug Review
According to ancient classics the loha means Kantaloha (because of its uttama
guna) and is one among 9 Dhatus (some acharyas said, dhatus are of 7 in number)
and Kantaloha belongs to shudh loha.
Loha is whitish like Vishudha Rajata and when polished it shines. When
rubbed against hard surface it leaves Vishishta gandha. It is heavy, good conductor
of heat and electricity.
Loha Bhasma is best Ranjaka and Raktavardhaka and the efficacy of
Kantaloha bhasma in Panduroga, Yakshma, Tridoshadushita roga, Kamala, Kushta,
Gulma, Yakrutvikara, Krimi, etc., diseases has been extensively described in
Ayurvedic classics as,
Mir MqlrMiell mhQuqrlqslq
-----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
xuurkWU UxrluU pqqi lmUq || R.R.S 5/114
sW xqkUqs mMir iq
-----------------------------------------------------
uhr qkr Zs MqkM Wlillqrblq R.T20/83.
Bhoutika Gunas of Loha
Varna (Colour) Black
Sparsha(Touch) Kathina
Apekshita gurutwa 7.7
Dravananka (Melting point) 15000C
Kwathanaka ( Boiling Point) 29500C
14

Drug Review
TYPES OF LOHA11,12:
Loha is of 3 types 1) Munda 2) Teekshna 3) Kanta. Out of these,
Teekshna loha is better than Munda and Kantaloha is best than rest of the two lohas.
According to Rasendra chudamani -
Loha is of 3 types 1) Munda loha
2) Teekshna loha
3) Kantaloha.
SYNONYMS OF KANTALOHA:
Kantaloha, Kanta, Ayaskanta, Kantayasa & mahaloha. These are the
synonyms Kantaloha. (RT )
KANTALOHA BEDHA13,14:
Kantaloha is of 4 types
1) Romaka Kantaloha
2) Bhramaka Kantaloha
3) Chumbaka Kantaloha
4) Dravaka Kantaloha.
Uttarottara KantaLoha are best. i.e,., Bhramaka is better than Romaka. Chumbaka is
better than Bhramaka, Dravaka is best among all.
1) ROMAKA KANTALOHA PARIBASHA:
In the mines when Kantaloha is extracted Kantapashana surely comes out.
With the help of its Roma it attracts the small pieces of loha. The Kantaloha which
possess these qualities is called Romaka-Kantaloha.
15

Drug Review
2) BHRAMAKA KANTALOHA PARIBASHA:
In the mines of some hills, Bramaka Kantaloha, makes other loha pieces to
encircle around it. The Kanta-loha which possess these qualities is called as Bramaka
Kantaloha.
3) CHUMBAKA KANTALOHA PARIBASHA:
The loha pieces are attracted by chumbaka kanta loha, as the beautiful ladies
attract the minds of men, Chumbaka also attracts the loha pieces. It is available in the
Vindya Parvata only.
4) DRAVAKA KANTA LOHA PARIBASHA:
Suvarnadi, lohas become liquid when they will come in contact with the kanta
-loha The Kantaloha which possess these qualities is called as Dravaka kantaloha. It
is rarely available in himalaya parvata.
Another Classification of Kantaloha according to other acharyas as follows-
Classification based on the character.
Kantaloha is of 5 types
1. Bramaka.
2. Chumbaka
3. Karshakam.
4. Dravaka.
5. Romakanta.
Classification based on the shape.
According to the shape Kantaloha is 6 types.
1) Ekamukha.
2) Dwimukha
16

Drug Review
3) Trimukha.
4) Chaturmukha.
5) Panchamukha
6) Sarvatomukha.
Classification Based on the Colour
On the basis of colour Kantaloha is of three types.
1) Peeta. ( Yellow) This resembles Lord Brahma.
2) Krishna (black) This resembles lord Vishnu.
3) Rakta (Red) This resembles lord Shankara.
Peeta varna kantaloha is used in vedha samskara. Krishna varna
Kanthaloha is used for Rasa-Rasayana Karma. Rakta Varna Kantaloha is used for
parad bandha karma.
KANTALOHA GRAHYA LAXANA15
An expert Rasacharya should collect the kanthaloha from the mines which is
free from pollution. Polluted loha cannot be utilised for Chikitsa purpose.
When the taila bindu is made to drop over the water which is filled in the loha
vessel it must not spread. When the hingu is applied to the loha vessel it must loose
its odour. And nimbakalka looses its tiktata when applied to vessel made of loha.
Milk must not drop out of the vessel when boiled. The Loha which possess these
qualities is called as Kantaloha.
CONCEPT OF SHODHANA AND MARANA:
Invention of metal brought a great change in the lifestyle of early man. As he
went on investing various metals, he understood their uses and utilized them for
17

Drug Review
various purposes. When observed medicinal values in metal he started using them
as medicine.
During Samhita period metals were used in the form of Raja (Churna) but
after 8th century a scientific study of metals was carried out for their therapeutic
values. Till last century even in western medical science, metals are used for
therapeutic purposes but after observing some of the toxic effects, the usage of some
metals was ceased.
Rasavaidyas too had the knowledge of toxic effects of metals and minerals,
were made free from adverse effects by virtue of unique procedures ( Shodhana and
Marana) adopted by them in detoxifying the metals. These procedures not only make
a mineral or metal free from toxic effects but also make them to absorbable and
therapeuticaly effective with a minimum dose, for a maximum and quick result.
Hence Rasoushadhis are widely used by Ayurvedic physicians without the fear of
adverse effects.
When preparing the medicine, Ayurvedic acharyas were of opinion that,
when a medicine administered in a particular disease it should only cure that disease
but not cause any other diseases or adverse effect.
Keeping the above in consideration various shodhana and marana procedure
are explained in Rasashastra classics.
MERITS :
1) These procedures involve physico chemical action in order to activate the
inorganic substances ( may be from neerindrya state to Sendriya state)
2) These procedures not only remove toxic effect of a drug but also the various herbs
used to act on metals, so, as to enhance the pharmacological action of a drug.
18

Drug Review
SHODHANA16:
Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substances by
implementing prescribed methods like mardana etc., This indicates by shodhana,
impurities and toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain
qualities which are essential for further procedures
Classification : Shodhana has been divided into two
1) Samanya Shodhana.
2) Vishesha shodhana
1. SAMANYA SHODHANA OF KANTALOHA17 : The common procedure for
eliminating doshas from group of dravyas or metals is called Samanya shodhana.
Kanta- loha is heated to Redhot and dipped in medias like, Tilataila (seasme oil),
Takra (Butter milk), Gomootra(Cows urine) Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic
acid) Kulaththa Kwath (Horse gram decoction), for 7 times in each media.
2. VISHESHA SHODHANA18 Generally Samanya Shodhana is planted to
remove certain impurties but vishesha shodhana is a plan to induce certain
therapeutic values in particular drug.
In Rasagranthas various vishesha shodhana procedures are mentioned for all
lohas
Take one part Triphala, 8 part Gomootra. Sthoola churna of Triphala and
Gomootra are boiled in the kadai, until the solution reduces to 1/4th this is filtered to
get Triphala Kwatha. Later five pala of loha churna and Triphala Kwatha were boiled
over agni. While boiling the solution is stirred with metal rod until the Kwatha get
evaporated and only loha remains in the vessel. This is how Kantaloha gets Shodhita.
19

Drug Review
Several Vishesha-Shodhana procedures have been explained in the Ayurvedic
texts. Among them some important procedures are given below.
Table No. 1. Showing different procedures of Loha shodhana in Ayurvedic
classics.
Sl.no Procedure Purifying Media/Liquid No of Repetation Ref
1 Nirvapa Shasha Rudhira 3 times RRS
2 Nirvapa Triphala Kwath 7 times RRS
3 Apply Lavana and Samudra lavana & Nil RRS
Nirvapa in Kwatha Triphala Kwath
4 Pachana Triphala Kwath Prepared 5 times RRS
in Gomutra
5 Nirvapa Chinchapatra Swarsa 7 times RRS
kwath
6 Nirvapa Triphala kwath &Gomutra 7 times RT
both in equal quantity
MARANA:
qUri lzri pxqri Ci |
Marana means Killing and converting a metal into non reversible and final
form i.e., bhasma.
DEFINITION: The Process by which metal, minerals or any hard substances are
subjected to soaking, drying and ignition to convert into bhasma is known as Marana.
This Marana process converts metals into fine state of smaller molecules and makes
them so light as to be highly absorbable and assimilated after oral administration.

20

Drug Review
1) Marana is process by which metal looses its original state (Metallic) still
retains its originality (Medicinal value) i.e. Dhatutwa
2) By Marana process drug is converted into a biologically acceptable from.
This Process consists of two stages.
1) Bhavana : Mardana with some drava dravya for a specific period.
2) Putapaka: Subjecting the drug for agnikarma at different temperature.
MARANA OF KANTALOHA19:
As the Kantaloha is a hard metal, By the process of Shodhana in triphala
kwath it becomes brittle then it can be easily converted to Churna and then to Bhasma
form by means of Gajaputa.
Take 1part of Triphala, 8 part of Goomutra. Then prepare the triphala kwath
in gomutra . This prepared kwath is kept in metal vessel and 5 phala of loha has to be
added in this kwath and kept for pachana karma. During pachana the solution has to
be stirred constantly with the help of loha shalaka. This proces is continued till all the
kwath evaporates and only the loha pieces remains in the vessel. The process has to
be repeated for 5 times. Each time fresh triphala kwath prepared in gomutra has to be
used. Then the loha churna made into chakrika with triphala kwath or Amalaki
swarasa. Then it is dried and subjected to Gajaputa for 4 times. By this puta loha
becomes varitara bhasma .
Marana mainly consists of following steps
1. Pachana and Bhavana.
2. Formation of Chakritas ( Pellets)
3. Arranging the Chakrikas in Sharava
4. Sealing of Sharava (Sandhi bhandhana) .
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Drug Review
5. Puta (Heating)
A- PACHANA AND BHAVANA: - Shodhita loha is mixed with triphala kwath
prepared in gomootra, and is boiled until kwath evaporates. While boilling the
solution is stirred constantly with metal rod. This process is repeated for 5 times.
Then the Loha Churna is mixed with triphala or amalaki swararsa and triturated well
in Khalwa yantra till the solution becomes semisolid. So that it can be made into
Chakrikas.
B- FORMATION OF CHAKRIKAS: When the mass becomes semisolid state, it is
made into chakrikas of uniform size, shape and thickness then dried in shadow.
C - ARRANGING CHAKRIKA IN SHARAVA:
Dried chakrikas are kept in earthen sharava and another sharava of same size
is placed in inverted form over the first sharava.
D- SEALING THE SHARAVA:
The gap between two sharava to be sealed by means of cloth smeared with
mud or multanimitti for seven times and dried. This sealing is done to avoid the
entry of air and loss of material, now this apparatus is called as sharava sampata.
E- PUTAM:
The dried sharava samputa is to be kept in a pit filled with layers of cowdung
cakes (Vanotphala). More cowdung cakes are placed at the sides, bottom and over
the samputa then it is subjected to heat. The size of the pit and number of cowdung
cakes depends upon the substances selected for puta. Generally Gajaputa for 5 times
is advised for Loha.
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Drug Review
After the first puta chakrikas are removed out and subjected to mardana with
tripha kwath prepared in Gomutra. And once again chakrikas are made and dried in
shadow. Then chakrikas are sealed in sharava samputa and subjected to puta.
Various methods of marana have been explained in classics which are listed
below.
VARIOUS PROCEDURES OF LOHA MARANA VIDHI
1) Make triphala kwata in gomootra. Loha patra made bhavana in that triphala
kwata for 3 saptaha, then, Mardana for 1 day. Make chakrikas and dry under
shadow. Then these chakrikas should be kept in sharava and sandhi bhandhana
must be done. Then give puta. This process has to be repeated for 21 times.
Every time fresh triphala kwatha has to be prepared in gomootra20.
2) Shodhita Kanta-loha and 4 part of Parada Bhasama (rasa sindhura) has to be
mixed and limbu adi amla varga dravyas swaras has to be added and Mardana is
done. Take shodhita kantaloha, add swarna makshika, Gandhaka,and Parada
bhasama (rasa sindhur). Then bhavana has to be done in nimbu swarasa, later give
gaja-puta. After getting the bashma, add sajji kshar, yava kshara,and tankan
kshara. Then give bhavana with blood of the rabbit. Again give Gaja puta. By
this process Kanta-loha becomes Bhasma21.
3) Take Shudha Parada 1 part, Shudha Gandhaka 2 part. Make Kajjali,then add equal
quantity of loha patra, and then give mardana in grutkumari swarmasa later make
into pinda swaroopa. Keep it in the vessel made up of copper. Heat the vessel
and later vessel has to be kept in Dhanya Rashi. After 3 days take out the sthoola
churna and make it to powder by pounding in the khalwa yanta, filter to get fine
powder of Bhasma22.
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Drug Review
4) In Rasendra sara sangraha loha marana is done by 3 processes
a) Bhanupaka23
b) Sthalipaka24
c) Putpaka25
a) Bhanupaka - Loha is made into patra, then it is to be washed with water or
tirphala kwatha, again and again. Then triphala kwatha must be added to loha
churna and kept for drying under sunlight for three days. This method is called
as Bhanupaka
b) Sthalipaka : After Bhanupaka, Sthanlipaka has to be done. For this triphala
kwatha is prepared and loha churna is added. Later kwata is boiled again, until
it is evaporated completely leaving loha churna only. Instead of kwatha,
swarasa of other drugs also used accoridng to diseases.
c) Putpaka Vidhi: The chakrikas of loha churna which are prepared in triphalidi
ganoushada kwatha or swarasa, are kept in sharava samputa and puta has to be
given for 5, 10, 100 times or else unless the loha bhasma is formed completely.
This process is called putapaka vidhi. It has to be done after Sthalipaka.
5) Shodhita loha churna is made to mardana with nimbu swarasa in kalwa. Later
chakrikas are made and dried,. Then Chakrikas are kept is sharava samputa. It is
subjected for Gajaputa. This porcess is repeated for fifty times. And red lotus
colour loha-bhasma. is formed26.
6) Kantaloha churna is subjected to mardana with Amalakiswarasa in Khalwa
yantra. Later chakrikas are made and kept in Sharava samputa This should be
subjected for gajaputa. This prcess is repeated for 100 times. And Kantaloha
Bhasma is formed27.
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Drug Review
TESTS OF BHASMA:
In Rasashastra some tests have been specified to confirm the standards of prepared
Kantalohabhasma. The tests are divided into
1 Test for Physical nature 2. Test for Chemical nature
Varitaratwa * Niruttha
Unamatwa * Apunarbhava
Rekha Poornatwa * Gata Rasatwa
Anjana Sadrasha sukshmatwa * Vishesha varnotpatti.
Mrudutwa & Shlakshnatwa
TEST FOR PHYSICAL NATURE28 :
These indicates fineness and other physical properties of bhasma
1) Varitara:- Accoridng to this test, a properly prepared Kantalohabhasma when
sprinkled over water in a beaker, it floats on the surface and does not sink., it is
known as Varitara. By means of puta, the practical of bhasma become light and
attain a state of fine consistency and they can not break the surface tension of
water as it happens normally.
2) Unamatwa:- This test is similar to the test of Varitaratwa with little modification
after testing the Varitaratwa of bhasma, small foods grains are directly placed
over the layer of bhasma, which is floating over the water. If food grains dont
sink and continue to float, then the bhasma is supposed to the quality of
Unmatwa. This is an advanced test of Varitaratwa and denotes more Laghuthwa.
3) Rekha Poornatwa: This is an another test which indicates the fineness of
bhasma. Here the bhasma when held in between the thumb and index fingers and
rubbed, if bhasma enters the furrows of fingers, the test known as
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Drug Review
Rekhapoornatwa. This indicates that the particles of bhasma have attained fine
state that they could be easily absorbed into the system when administered.
4) Anjana sadrusha sukshmatwa:- Little amount of bhasma is used in eyes in
anjana, if bhasma causes irritation to the eye then bhasma should be further
subjected to some more putas. This test shown whether all particles of bhasma
have reached the required state of fineness.
5) Mrudutwa and Sookshmatwa:- Physical properties of bhasma should be Mrudu
& sookshma to touch. This is due to the fineness of bhasma particles and bhasma
does not prove positive, this indicates the bhasma needs more putas.
TEST FOR CHEMICAL NATURE29:
These are some tests for bhasmas in which chemical action & reaction are
expected. Here Niruthathwa and Apunarbhavatwa are important tests. Both these
tests indicates the non-attainment of original form of the metal.
1. Apunarbhavata:- If marita bhasma is mixed with mitra panchaka dravyas
(Ghrita, Madhu Guggula, Gunja & Tankana) enclosed in sharava samputa and
heated at the temperature same as while preparing bhasma. If this process do not
yield original metal then bhasma is considered to be Apunarbhavatwa.
2. Niruthathwa:- In this test, specified quantity of pure silver and kanta-loha
bhasma is placed in a crucible and subjected to agni karma. If bhasma is apakwa.
Then free particles get deposited and silver weight increases. If bhasma is pakwa
their will be no change in weight of the silver
3. Nishandratwa:- Chandrika is the natural luster of a metal, absence of luster
indicates conversion of metal into bhasma form. For this test small quantity of
Kanta-loha bhasma is taken in between index and thumb finger rubbed vigorously
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Drug Review
and exposed to sunlight and viewed very carefully for presence of metallic luster,
indicates apakwatha of bhasma, so needs more puta.
4. Gatarastwa:- After completion of marana process, generally the bhasma will be
tasteless. This is to be tested by tounge, if taste is present indicates apakwata of
bhasma.
5. Vishishta varnotpatti:- Means the attainment of an appropriate colour. In the
contest of preparation Kantalohabhasma the attainment of colour is Pakwajambu
phala varna.
Characteristics of incinerated Loha:
Properly incinerated loha should be rooksha, guru and sheeta. Bad effects of
improperly prepared loha Bhasma- unpurified and not properly incinerated loha
bhasma if taken internally causes the following complications and also shortens the
longevity.
Jeevahari, shoolaroga, Kushta, Kantihani, Balahani, varnahani etc.,
Ashuddha Loha dosha : Consumption of Ashodhita loha causes Napumsakatwa,
Kushta, Hridroga, Shoola and even death.
Ayurveda prakashkara explained seven doshas of loha viz, Guruta, Drudata, Utkleda,
Glani, Daha, Ashmari, Durganda. (AP 3/223-224)
Antidote of impurified Bhasma30:
1) Agastya patraswarasa mardita vidang churna and Agastyapatra swarasa and later
aatapa sevana.
2) Virechana karma with Aragwada majja for a loha kitta shantarth.
Matra of Loha Bhasma31 - 1/4th 2 ratti (32 mg to 250 mg)
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Drug Review
Anupana32,33 Triphala and Madhu or,
Trikatu, Madhu, Gruta.
Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka and Prabhava these are the five basic parameters to
evaluate the pharmacological action of drug.
Table No. 2 Shows the Pharmacological properties of loha according to various
authorities:
Name of Katu Tikta Kashaya Ushna Sheeta Laghu Ruksha Sara
Classics
R.T + + +
R.R.S + +
R.J.N + + +
R.K + + +
R.P.S + +
A.P + + + + +
R.A + + +
R.Ch + +
R.S.S + + +
B.R.R.S + + +
M.M + +
D.N + + +
R.N + + + +
K.N + + +
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Drug Review
By observing the above table loha bhasma is having the following properties.
Rasa- Tikta, Kashaya Guna- Rooksha, Guru,
Veerya- sheeta Vipaka- Madhura.
ACTION OF KANTALOHA BHASMA ON DOSHAS34,35
According to Vaghbhata Doshatrayonmoolanam means Tridoshanaashaka.
Rasataranginikara ----- Shleshmapittanashaka
Ayurveda Prakashakaara ----- Shleshma pitta nashaka, vaatajanaka
Rasataranginikara ----- Loha Bhasma makes the immediate
shamana of Shakha and Koshta ashrita
malaroopa vrudda pitta.
ACTION OF DHATU AND UPADHATU36,37
Rasa Dhatu - Kantikaraka, dahaprashamana, varnya.
Rakta dhatu -Ranjaka, Raktavardhaka.
Mamsa dhatu -Vriddikara
Medha dhatu -Medhahara
Asti dhatu -Balakara.
Shukra dhatu -Shukra vardhaka
Aartava - Aarta Vikaranashaka.
ACTIONS ON SROTAS38,39 :
1. Pranavaha srotas - Kasa, swasa,
2. Annavaha srotas - Deepana, Pachana.
3. Raktavaha srotas - Ranjaka, Raktavardhaka.
4. Mootravaha srotas - Mootra sangrahakara.
5 Prajanana - Vrushya, Aartava Vikara nashaka.
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Drug Review
6. Manoraha srotus - Medhya.
7 Jnyanendriya - Chakshushya
8 Swedavaha srotas - Swedahara.
Table No. 3 Indications Of Loha Bhasma On Various Diseases.
Diseases R. A.P R.S R.P. R. R. R.R. R.J. B.R.B M.
T .S S Ch M S N .S N
Prameha + + + + + + + +
Panduroga + + + + + + + + +
Medovikara + + + +
Netraroga + + + + +
Twakroga + + + +
Budhivikara + + +
Kshaya roga + + + + + + + +
Gulma + + +
Pleeharoga + + + + + + +
Yakrut vikara + + + + +
Kasa + + + +
Shwasa + + + + +
Hrudayaroga + +
Kaamala + + + + +
Haleemaka + + +
Raktavikara + + + +
Peenasa +
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Drug Review
Shota + + + + +
Krimiroga + + + + + + +
Manovikara + + +
Vruk shotha + +
Bhagandara + + +
Shoola roga + + + + + +
Arsha + + + + + +
Kushtaroga + + + +
ANUPANA OF LOHA IN VARIOUS DISEASES40
Below said anupana has to be given with loha Bhasma.
1) In Raktapitta : Along with Chaturjata & mishri churna.
2) In Panchavidha Kasa : AlongwithVasa, Draksha, Pippalichurna.
3) In shwasavega : Along with Bhangi, Shunti, maricha
churna.
4) In Shleshmaroga : Along with Kajjali, Pippali, Madhu.
5) In Vaata roga : Along with Shunti churna.
6) In Pitta Roga : Along with Rasa sindura and Mishri.
7) In Vrushya, varnya
prayogartha : Rasasindhura kept in Tambula bida.
8) In Vali, Palita : Along with Triphala for 1 year.
9) In Shoola roga : Along with Hingu, Trikatu, Gruta..
10) In Raktapitta and Amlapitta : Along with Amalaki, Pippali, and
Mishrichurna.
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11) In Daruna Mootrakruchra : Along with Naveena Kusha, Kasha,
Shilajitukwath or Gokshura+ Ilaichi churna.
12)In Vardhakyajanya krushata : Along with Punaruava churna+
godugdha upto 3 months
13)In Savangavata, Ekangavata : Along with Katukikashaya bhavita
rasasindhura+ lohabhasma upto 2
months.
14) In Chirakalina Pandu, Kamala : Along with Gruta, Madhu or Haridra
swarasa or Katuki, Haritaki.
15) In Youvanotpaadanartha : Along with Gandhaka, Gogruta,
madhu + Triphalakashaya up to 1 year.
16) Kustadi twak roga : Along with Khadirasara and
vijayasara bhavita lohabhasma
17) Vayasthapanartha : Along with Amalaki swarasa
marita Kantalohabhasma + Triphala churna up
to 1 year.
SOME IMPORTANT YOGAS OF LOHA BHASMA41,42:
Lohaguggulu Dhatri loha
Lohadiguggulu Navayasa Loha
Saptamruta loha Mrutyanjaya Loha
Lohaparpati Loha Parpati
Agnikumara rasa Varunadya loha
Kanchanabra rasa Vatakantaka rasa
Pradarantraka loha Laghwananda rasa
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Drug Review
Kshyakesari rasa Chintamani rasa
Chandraprabha vati Chandramruta rasa
DESCRIPTION OF DRUGS USED FOR SHODHANA, MARANA AND
ANUPANA DRAVYA
Tila Taila Haritaki Shunti
Takra Bibhitaki Maricha
Gomootra Amalaki Pippali
Kanji Godugdah
Kulattha Gogrutha
1. TILA TAILA43
CwiMwr qkU xi xaUWM mM Uxijwh |

is umM qkU os xlak uhsmlLumjr |
SlrjAalqbellAsmqxiucrAjMzrAlsWa |
Fisw xuwuxi mkl qkr xiWliUxijlr ||
Synonyms: Tila, Sneha.
Karma: Snehan, varnya, keshya
Pharmacological properties:
Rasa : - Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya
Guna : - Ushna, Teekshna, Sukshma, Vishada, Vyavayi
Vipaka : - Madhura,
Veerya : - Ushna
Doshakarma: - Kapha vata shamaka
Karma : - Vrishya, Amapachaka
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Drug Review
Chemical composition:
Moisture -- 40.1% to 6.5%
Fat -- 43.0% to 56.8%
Protein -- 16.6% to 26.4%
Fibres -- 2.6% to 8.6%
Carbohydrate -- 6.1% to 25.2%
Mineral dravya -- 4.1% to 7.4%
Calcium -- 1.06% to 1.45%
Phosphorus -- 0.47% to 0.64%, it also consist of vitamin A, B and C.
Doshangnata: Vata shamana and kapha pitta vardhaka.
Therapeutic Use: Pakshaghata, Ardita, Shwasa, Hikka, the oil is used in all vata
diseases.
Dose: Taila 10ml to 20ml
Vishista Yoga: Tiladi Gudeka, Tiladilepa, Tilastaka.
2.TAKRA44
i sk Mwrs Sml MTuiei |

zTSUzaUWh Sw qaUWc ||
asqmsW biurmSaU mhQuqrl eri |
Takra is light, astringent, hot, & digestive stimulent, it allevates Kapha vata.
It cures shotha, udara, grahini, arsha, mootragraha, aruchi, gulma, pleeha, and ghrita
vyapat & pandu roga. According to sushruta, Takra has madhura & amla rasa.
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Drug Review
3. GOMOOTRA45
aq sk ihwh xUiui uis |

skualSml qkr ms MTuiei ||
It is laghu, teekshna, ushna & alkaline, therefore it does not aggrevates vata. It
is stimulent, promoter of intellect, aggrevator of pitta & allivator of kapha & vata. It
is also used in purgation therapy & asthapana therapy.
According to Indian maetriamedica Gomootra contains ammonia in
concentrated form it is used in both internal & external medication.It also has a
laxative & purgative nature so it is used in various medicinal preparations like
Punarnava mandoora, Marichyadi taila.It is a good bio-availability enhancing drug.
4.KAANJI46,47
Liqour prepared with the manda of half boiled kulmash dhanya is Kaanji.
MleM pS iwhwh Ucl mcl sb ||

SWeuUWU xmzimli MTmWq |
It is purgative, teekshna, ushna, appetizer, carminative & light.When applied
externally it cures daha & fever.When taken internally it allivates vata & kapha61.
5.KULATHTHA48
Ewh Msir Uxi Mwr MOumM MTqikl |

zzqU asq lzSl xaUWM mlxMxWU || x.x. 46/97
The decoction prepared out of horse gram is ushna, kashaya in rasa, katu
vipaka , it allivates kapha & vata .It cures shukrashmari, gullma, sangrahani, pinasa
and kasa.
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Drug Review
6.GODUGDA49,50
Pharmaco dynamics: Rasa Madhura, Guna Snigda Veerya Sheeta
Vipaka - Madhura.
Dosha karma Vata pitta shamaka
Karma Bramhana, Vrishya, Madhya, Balavardhaka, Jeevaniya &
Asthisandhanakara
Rogaghnata Pandu, Rakta pitta, Yoni roga, Shukra dosha, Mootra roga, Pradara
roga etc & it is pathya in vata pittaja vikara
Cows milk promotes long life it is reguvinator good for those emaciated after
injury, increases intelligence, strength & breast milk. It cures shrama, kasa, thrishna,
jeerna jwara, mootra krichra & rakta pitta.
7. GOGRUTHA51
Synonyms: Grutha, sarpi, ajya,
Nomenclature: Sanskruth grutha, English ghee, Kannada tuppa,
Pharmaco dynamics:
Rasa Madhura, Guna Snigda
Virya Shita Vipaka - Madhura.
Action of cows ghee on different body system:
Dosha : Vatapitta nashaka
Nadivaha samsthana : Medhya, Insanity
Pachana samsthana : snehana, agnideepaka, anaha
Swasana samsthana : Rajaksma
Raktawaha samsthana: Visarpa
Mutravaha samsthana: Motral
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Drug Review
Prajanana samsthana : Sukra janana
Rogagnata - jwara, Visarpa, Rajakshma.
8. HARITAKI52
Botanical Name : Terminalia Clebula Retz.
Family : Combretaceae
Veranacular Names
Hindi : Harad
English : Chebulic Myrobalan
Telegu : Karrikkaya
Tamil : Kadukkai
Synonyms : Amruta, Abhaya, Kayastha, Vayastha, Pathya,
Classical Categorization : Vijaya, siva
Charaka : Jwaraghna, Arshoghna
Kasaghna, Kushtagna, Prajasthapana
Susruta : Amalakyadi, Parusakadi, Triphala
Vagbhata : Parushyakadi
Properties
Rasa : Pancharasa (experct Lavana), Kashaya mainly
Guna : Laghu, Ruksha
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Tridoshahara, Anulomana, Rasayana, Prajasthapana,
Chakhusya, Lekhana
Major chemical constitueints Fruits : Vit C, Tunnic acid, anthraguinole glycoside.
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Drug Review
Indication : Sotha, Prameha, Kushta, Vrana, Chardi, Vatarakta,
Mutrakruchra, Netra roga, Hridroga, Klaibya, Kasa, shwas
etc.
Part used : Fruit rind.
9. VIBHITAKI53
Botanical Name : Terminalia beltrrica Roxb
Family : Combrataceae
Vernacular Names
Hindi : Bahed
English : Belliric myrobalan
Telugu : Tanikaya
Tamil : Akkam
Synonyms : Aksaphala, Kalidruma, Karshaphala
Classical categorization
Charaka : Javrahara, Kasahara, Virechanopaga
Sushruta : Mustadi, Triphala
Vaghbhata : Mustadi
Major Chemical constituents
Fruits : Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Mannitol, Rhamnose, beta
Sitosterol.
Seed : Edible Oil
Seed coat : Gallic acid
Bark and Heart wood : Chebulagic acid, ellagic acid
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Drug Review
Properties
Rasa : Kashaya
Guna : Ruksha
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Kapha, Pittahara, Kasya cakshusya, Madakari
Indications : Jwara, Kasa, Shwasa, Atisara, Ashmari, Chardi
Parts used : Fruit rind, Seed, Seed kernal.
10. AMALAKI54
Botanical Name : Emblica officinalis Gaertn
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Vernicular Names
Hindi : Amla
English : Indian goose berry
Telugu : Ushiri kaya
Tamil : Nellikkai
Kannada : Neelikai
Synonyms : Abhaya, Amruta, Dhatri, Vayastha, Vrushya etc
Charaka : Jwaragna, Kasagna, Virechanopaga, Kushtagna,
Vayasthapana.
Vaghbhata : Parushakadi
Major chemical constituents
Root : Ellagic acid, Lupenol, oelandic aldchyde
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Drug Review
Bark : Leuloelphinidin, Procyanidin, Tannic etc.
Fruit : Vit-C, Phyllemblin, Linolic acid, Indolea cetic acid ellagic
acid, Phyllemblic acid & salts.
Properties
Rasa : Amla pradhana, Pacha rasa (Except Lavana)
Virya : Sheeta
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Tridoshahara, Vayasthapana, Rasayana Chakshushya,
Vrushya.
Indications : Prameha, Raktapitta, Netra roga, Kushta, Arshya, Shula,
Pradara etc.
Part used : Fruit Pulp / Fruit rind.
11. SHUNTI 55
It is mentioned in all the Brahatrayees for therapeutic usage.
Botinical Name: Zingiber officinale.
Family : Scitaminae.
VERNACULAR NAMES:
Hindi : Sonth. Telugu : Sunthi.
English : Ginger. Tamil : Chukku.
Classical Categorization:
Caraka : Trptighna, Arsoghna, Dipaniya, Sulaparasamana, Trsnanigrahana.
Sushruta : Pippalyadi, Trikatu.
Vagbhata : Pippalyadi.
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Drug Review
Botanical Description : An erect perennial herb with aromatic rhizome.
Stem : Erect, leafy, 15-150cm tall.
Leaves : Subsessile, Linear, acuminate, glabrous, 10-30 cm long.
Flowers : Shoot upto 12cm long,
Distribution : Cultivated almost throughout India.
Major Chemical constituents:
Curcumene, D-curcumene, Bourbornene, d-borneal, citral, d-camphene,
citronellol, geraniol, gingerols, paradol, gingerenone A, ginger glycolipid A,B & C,
gingerdiol; ginger, one B&C.
Properties56
Rasa : Katu. Guna : Snigdha.
Virya : Usna. Vipaka : Madhura.
Karma : Vata kaphahara, Deepana, Hridya, Rochana, Vrishya.
12. PIPPALI57
It is mentioned in all the Brahatrayees for medicinal purpose.
Botanical Name : Piper longum linn.
Family : Piperaceae.
VERNACULAR NAMES
Hindi : Pipala. Marathi : Pipali.
English : Long pepper. Bengali : Pipal.
Telugu : Pippallu. Malayalam : Tippali.
Tamil : Tippili. Punjabi : Maghaun.
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Drug Review
Caraka : Dipaniya, kanthya, Asthapanopaga, sirovirecanopaga, sitaprasamana,
sulaprasamana, kasahara, Hikkanigrahana, Truptighna, Vamana.
Sushruta : Pippalyadi, Urdhvabhagahara, Tryusana, Amalakyadi, Sirovirecana.
Botanical Description: An aromatic slender climber.
Stems : Creeping, jointed, attached to other plants while climbing.
Leaves : 5-9cm 3-5cm. subacute, entire glabrous, cordate at the base.
Flowers : In pendulate spikes, straight, male larger and slender.
Fruits : Yellowish orange, aboid, sunk in fleshy spike.
Essential oil, piperine, piplartine, piperlongumine, piperlonguminine, pipernonaline,
piperundicoildine, etc.
Properties58
Rasa : Katu. Doshaghanta : Kaphavata shamaka.
Virya : Usna. Karma : Vrishya.
13. MARICHA59
It is mentioned in all the Brahatrayees for medicinal purpose.
Botionical Name : Piper nigrum.
Family : Piperaceae.
VERNACULAR NAMES
Hindi :Kali mirchih Tamil : Milagu T
English : Black pepper Marathi : Mirin
Bengali : Golmarich Gujarathi : Kalamari
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Drug Review
Malayalam : Nalla Muluku Kannada : Karemenesu
Classical Cetegorization :
Charaka : Dipaniya, Sula prasamana, Krimighna, Sirovirecanopaga.
Sushruta : Pippalyadi, Tryusana.
Botonical Description : Branching & climbing perennial shrub branches stout,
trailing and rooting at the nodes.
Leaves: Entire 12.5 17.5cm 5.0 12.5 cm glaucous beneath, base acute cordate.
Flowers: Minute, borne in spikes, usually, Dioecious but the female often bears
anthers and the male a pistllode.
Fruits: Globose or avoid, bright red when ripe.
Seeds: Globose.
Piperene, piperethine, piperoein A&B, feruperine, dihydroferuperine,
citronellol, cryptone, di hydrocarbeol, pinene, pipernol, camphene, caryophyllene,
alanine, pipecolic acid, carotene, ascorbic acid pipercide etc.
Properties
Rasa : Katu. Virya : Usna.
Guna : Laghu, Tikshna. Vipaka : Katu.
Karma60: Vrysha, Rochaka, Deepana, Chedana, Kapha Vatashara.
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Drug Review
CONCEPT OF IRON IN MODERN VIEW
History61: Metallic iron was known in pre-dynastic Egypt (before 3400 B.C) but was
exceedingly scarce and used only as beads for jewellery (Flinders Petrie). It may
have been obtained from meteoric iron since it contains nickel. Iron of this early
period is also known for Mesopotamia, some possibly terrestrial. The metal came
into general use in Egypt only much later (about 1500 B.C). The use of iron seems to
have spread from the Hittites in Asia Minor. It was much used by the Assyrians about
600 B.C. In the Mycenaean (Pre-classical Greek) period described by Hormer, iron
was still a rare metal-a lump of iron is the prize given to Achilles, but the Greeks
brought with them the use of iron. The Etruscans worked the mines of Elba, later
taken over by the Romans who also worked the mines of Spain and Noricum. Iron
was known to Indians since 900 B.C. or earlier, in China from about 500 B.C. ( Cast
iron from about A.D.200)
Occurrence62: Iron does not occur to any great extent in the free state on the earth,
although meteorites, which sometimes consist of metallic iron with from 3 to 30 per
cent of nickel and some occluded hydrogen, indicate that it must be present in the
solar system.
Meteorites may also consist partly or principally of silicates (e.g., olivine) and
of glassy minerals (moldavite), although grains of metallic iron are usually present
even in stony varieties. On account of the presence of nickel, meteoric iron does not
easily rust in moist air. Cobalt, graphite (some times small diamonds), ferrous
sulphide. Schreibersite (Fe, Ni, Co)3 P and cohenite(Fe, Co, Ni)3 C, not known to exist
on the earth, also occur in meteorites, Meteoric dust consisting chiefly iron is
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Drug Review
constantly falling on the earth from space, although its presence is noticed only on the
surface of the otherwise unsullied snows of the polar regions.
Large masses of native iron, which may be meteoric or have been formed by
the reduction of ores in burning coal- mines, occur in Disko Island, West Greenland,
and grains of iron in basalt rocks at Giants Causeway and elsewhere. The inner core
of the earth has been supposed to be largely metallic iron. Iron compounds occur in
the soil, in green plants, and in hemoglobin
(0-336 per cent Fe) the red colouring matter of blood.
Iron ores are plenty but few in number, although iron occur in nearly every
mineral. The most important ores are the oxides. Ferrroso ferric Fe3 O4 Occurs as the
important or magnetic (so-called because certain varieties, Iodestone, are permanently
magnetic) : this is not found to any extent in the British Isles but occurs in Lapland,
Sweden, Siberia (Urals), Germany, India ( Madras) and North America. It contains
74.4 percent of Iron and is the richest ore. Ferric oxide Fe2 O3 occurs as haematite,
sometime crystalline and red, or if black giving a red streak on unglazed porcelain. It
also occurs in earthy, granular and nodular forms, and is found in England in the
Furness district in Lancashire and near Whitehaven, in Belgium, Westphalia, Sweden,
the Island of Elba, south of Lake Superior and near St. Louis (Missouri) Hydrated
ferric oxide, limonite, occurs in kidney-shaped masses in South Wales, the Forest of
Dean, France, Germany. Bilbao in Spain, and Canada. The bog iron ores are
hydrated ferric oxides, and occur in large quantities in Ireland, Sweden, and North
Germany. The only remaining important ore is ferrous carbonate FeCO3, occurring
alone as siderite, chalybite, or spathic iron ore, in the Alps and in Hungary, or mixed
with clay as clay-ironstone, or with clay and coal as blackband-ironstone. The
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Drug Review
hydrated oxide and the impure forms of the carbonate are the most important British
ores. Pyrites cinders, chiefly ferric oxide, from the manufacture of sulphuric acid are
desulphurised by roasting and smelted for iron. The value of an ore of iron depends
on its freedom from impurities (S.P.As, etc., ) which are detrimental to the resulting
metal.
THE METALLURGY OF IRON63: The extraction of iron from the ores involves a
number of processes.
(1) Preliminary roasting or calcination is carried out by stacking the ore with a
little coal in heaps or shallow kilns or shaft-furnaces, and regulating the
temperature and supply of air so that most of the moisture, carbon dioxide,
sulphur and arsenic are expelled; ferrous oxide (FeO) is also converted into
ferric oxide (Fe2 O3 ) to avoid the production of ferrous silicate in the slag during
smelting. The ore is also rendered more porous. Powdery ore is agglomerated
by sintering or briquetting.
(2) Smelting or reducing the ore with carbon in the blast-furnace. The blast-furnace
( introduced in a simple form about 1500) consists of an outer shell of steel
plates, lined with refractory bricks. It is 50 to 100 ft. high, the greatest width
being up to 24 ft. at the boshes.
The mouth is closed with a cup-and cone through which the charge of ore, limestone
and fuel is fed intermittently by lowering the cone. (In large modern furnaces a
double cup-and cone is used, which prevents the escape of gas opening the lower
cone). The gas passes away through a pipe to a dust-catcher and washer and is
utilized by burning in the Cowper stoves for heating the air-blast. The furnace below
the boshes narrows gradually to a hearth at the base, pierced with holes for a number
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Drug Review
of water jacketed iron blowing pipes or tuyeres, through which air is forced from an
annular pipe by powerful blowing-engines. The hearth is also pierced with a hole
stopped with clay from which the molten iron is periodically tapped into sand moulds
on the ground, and a slag-notch at a higher level through which the molten slag runs
continuously from above the fused metal. About 3 to 5 tons of air are passed through
the furnace per ton of iron made, the power for working the blowing-engines being
supplied by coke-oven gas obtained in producing the coke for the blast furnace.
Coal is used in Scotch furnaces but elsewhere hard oven coke or sometimes charcoal
is employed. The use of coke was introduced in 1709 by Darby at Coalbroookdale in
Shropshire.
The Charge for the blast-furnace consists of 1 ton of coke, 8 to 12 cwt, of
limestone to form the slag (consisting of calcium and aluminum silicates ) and so
much ore (say 2 tone) as produces 1 ton of iron. The process is continuous and
goes on day and night without interruption. Each furnace may produce 300 tons of
iron daily.
The air for the blast is pre-heated to 7000 to 8000 by passing through Cowper
stoves consisting of tall iron cylinders lined with firebricks, packed with chequer
brickwork with a circular gas flue on one side. Part of the gas from the blast-furnace
together with sufficient air to burn it passes through untill the bricks are red-hot. The
gas is then turned through a second stove, and the air blast to the tuyeres is sent
through the first one until the brickwork has cooled. The two stoves are thus
alternatively used as absorbers and emitters of heat, or as h eat regenerators. This
economises fuel and the blast-furnace works at a higher temperature.
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Drug Review
The blast-furnace gas consists of nitrogen and carbon monoxide with carbon
dioxide; the normal volume composition is N2 60, CO 24. CO2, 12, H2 and CH44. It is
mostly used in heating the stoves, although in some works it is partly used to raise
steam for the blowing-engines or as fuel for gas engines.
In some cases a dry blast is used, the air being first dried by refrigeration or by
adsorbing moisture in silica gel. In this way loss of heat by the re-action: C+H20 =
C0+H2 in the blast furnace is prevented.
Chemical reaction in the blast-furnace.the oxygen of the blast unites with
carbon at a very high temperature in the hearth to produce largely carbon monoxide,
which raises through the furnace :
2C+O2 = 2C0.
The temperature of the charge passing down the furnace increase continually from
mouth to the hearth.
Above the boshes at a bull-red heat the ferric oxide is reduced by carbon
monoxide to spongy iron:
Fe2+3C0=2Fe+3CO2
The reaction is reversible and the escaping gas contains both CO and CO2 in the ratio
1:0-5. In this upper zone the limestone is decomposed:
CacO3 = CaO+CO2,
And some carbon dioxide is reduced to monoxide:
CO2 + C = 2C0.
The spongy iron absorbs sulphur from the fuel.
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Drug Review
Near the centre of the furnace, at a bright-red heat, finely-divided carbon is
deposited by the reaction : 2C0 = C02+C. This and the carbon of the charge complete
the reduction.
Fe2O3+3C=2Fe+3CO
Phosphorus is produced by reduction of phosphates in the ore :
Ca3(PO4)2+3SiO2+5C=3CaSiO3 + 2P + SCO,
And the phosphorus is absorbed by the iron. At a higher temperature some silicon is
formed by the reduction of silica by carbon in presence of iron and alloys with the
iron.
The silica and lime now form a fusible slag which usually contains some calcium
sulphide. Manganese is also formed by reduction of the manganese compounds in the
ore, e.g.
Mn2 03 +3C=2Min+3CO.
At a white heat in the lowest part of the furnace of spongy iron containing carbon,
silicon manganese, sulphur and phosphors fuses to molten cast iron which is tapped
off from time to time into sand moulds to from pig iron, or is sent in the fused state to
the steel furnaces.
There varieties of commercial iron are: (1) cast iron or pig iron; (2) malleable iron or
wrought iron ; (3) steel. The order in which they are prepared from the ore is roughly
as follows:
Ore Pig iron Wrought iron Crucible steel
Bessemer, or Open hearth steel,
Cast iron: Pig iron contains 2.2 to 4.5 per cent of carbon, with silicon, manganese,
sulphur and phosphorus, When the cooling is rapid, the silicon content small and the
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Drug Review
manganese high, while pig iron is formed in which all the carbon is in the from of
iron carbide Fe3 C (cementite) ; it is brittle and coarsely crystalline, and dissolves
nearly completely in dilute hydrochloric acid evolving a mixture of hydrogen and
hydrocarbons. If, however, the molten iron containing at least 2.5 per cent of silicon
is slowly cooled most of the carbon separates in the from of fine laminae of graphite,
the iron at the same time becoming softer and of a finer texture; on solution in
hydrochloric acid it evolves chiefly hydrogen and leaves a black residue of graphite.
This variety of cast iron is known as grey pig iron. An intermediate variety is called
mottled pig iron. The solubility of carbon in pure iron 4.25 per cent, but much more
is dissolved if manganese is present.
Malleable or wrought iron: This is nearly pure iron containing only from 0-12 to
025 per cent of carbon, and melts at a higher temperature (14000 - 15000 ) than cast
iron. Malleable iron contains less than 0-5 per cent of total impurities (carbon,
sulphur, phosphorous and silicon).
Malleable iron is obtained from cast iron by the puddling process invented by
Henry Cort of Lancaster in 1784. The cast iron is fused in a reverberatory furnace the
hearth of which is lined with hematite which oxidises the carbon : 3C+Fe2 O3
=2Fe+3CO, the carbon monoxide bubbling through the molten iron, sulphur,
phosphorus and silicon are oxidises and pass into the slag. When the metal becomes
pasty it is formed into lumps or blooms which are beaten under steam harmmers to
squeeze out the slag. The iron although not fused welds together to a cohercent mass
at a bright red-heat.
Malleable iron is tough and fibrous; its property of welding, whereby two
pieces when heated to redness unite on hammering, it exceedingly valuable and is
50

Drug Review
applied in various ways by the blacksmith. Its softness is not appreciably altered by
heating to redness and quenching in water, whereas steel then becomes very hard.
Wrought iron has now largely been replaced by mild steel.
Wrought iron containing combined phosphorus is brittel at the ordinary
temperature and is said to be cold-short; combined, sulphur, probably FeS, renders the
metal brittle at a red heat, when is known as red short.
Steel: This is iron which has been fused in the process of manufacture and contains
from 0-15 ( very soft steel) to 1-5 per cent or more (very hard steel ) or carbon, part at
least combined with iron or in solid solution. It also contains small amounts of other
elements but the impurities of the cast iron viz., silicon, phosphorus , sulphur and
manganese, have mostly been removed.
Analyses of cast iron and the steel made from it illustrate this
Fe C Si P Mn S
Cast iron 93.2 `1-0 1-4 2.5 1-8 0-1
Steel 99.3 0-18 0-004 0-02 0-4 0.0424
Steel also differs from iron in acquiring a temper by heating and quenching;
it becomes soft when heated and slowly cooled.
Steel may be made
(i) from pure wrought iron by increasing the amount of combined carbon
(ii) from cast iron by removing part of the carbon and taking out the impurities. In
modern processes the second method is used and the main process are
(1) The Bessemer Process ( Henry Bessemer ; 1855)
(2) The Siemens-martin or Open hearth process (1864)
51

Drug Review
When a wrought iron is made from pure oxide ores by reduction with charcoal is
converted into steel by the cementation process. Bars of wrought iron surrounded
with charcoal are heated for one or two weeks. Absorption of carbon occurs, the
carbonization spreading slowly through the mass and converting the iron into
steel. The surface of the bar is covered with blisters, and the blister steel is fused
in plumbago crucibles to form cast steel or crucible steel. This process has been
superseded by the electric furnace for high quality steel for tools, etc.,
The Properties of Steel:- The Properties of steel depend largely on the content
of carbon and the heat-treatment: low-carbon steels are soft like wrought iron and are
known as mild steel; with more carbon the ductility falls, whilst the tensile strength
increases up to the limiting percentage of 1.5 of carbon. Wrought iron and steel are
malleable and may be welded. The melting point of steel is lower lower than that of
wrought iorn.
The Properties of steel depend on the heat-treatment to which the metal has
been subjected. If steel is heated to redness and quenched in cold water it becomes as
hard and brittle as glass. If it is now heated to various temperatures the resulting
metal posscesses properties depending temperature is judged by the colour of the thin
film of oxide produced on a bright surface of the metal.
2300 : light straw colour : used for razor blades.
2550 : brownish-yellow :used for penknives and axes.
2770 : purple : used for cutlery.
2880 :bright-blue: used for watch-springs and swords.
2900 -3160 : dark blue: used for chisels and large saws.
52

Drug Review
Wrought iron is case-harended by heating in quantity with carbon or potassium
ferrocyanide,etc. when a surface layer or steel is formed. armer plate is made by case-
hardening a shet of soft steel on one side and spraying with cold water when red hot.
Nickle chromium steel from very tough armour plate and after heat-treatment are used for
projectiles. A very hard surface used for cylinder bores, etc., is formed by nitriding, i.e,
heating still containing about 1 percent aluminium at 4500 to 5000 in an atmosphere of
ammonia. Iron nitrides (Fe2 N, etc.,) are fromed in the interstices of the iron crystals and
prevent gliding of the latter under stress.
The main ores of iron are Haematite (Fe2O3) Limonite (2Fe2O3 .3H2O), magnetite
(Fe3O4) and siderite (spathic iron ore FeCO3). Iron Pyrites (fools gold FeS2) , copper
pyrites CuFeS2, and arsenical pyrites (FeAsS) are not important as sources of Iron.
Atomic number-26
Electronic configuration-2.8.14.2
Density 7.86
Atomic volume-7.1
Melting point- 1539OC
Boiling Point 2450 OC
Analytical Dry Tests64
(1) When an iron compound is heated with sodium carbonate of charcoal in the
reducing flame, grey metalic particles of iron are produced and these particles are
attracted by a magnet.
(2) An iron compound gives a yellow borax bead in the oxidising flame and green
bead in the reducing flame.
53

Drug Review
Table No. 4 Showing the Comparison of Different Varieties of Iron65
SL.No Properties Cast Iron Steel Wrought Iron
1) Amount of 2-3% 0.25-2% 0.1-0.25%

carbon
2) Melting Poing 11500-12500 C 13000 -14000C 14000-15000C
3) Hardness Hard Hard and soft soft
4) Brittlenes& Brittle Malleable and Malleable

Malleability brittle
5) Structure Crystalline Crystalline Fibrous
6) Tempering Cannot be Can be Cannot be

tempered tempered tempered
7) Welding Cannot be Can be Can be welded
welded welded
8) Magnetisation Cannot be Can be Cannot be per-
permanently permanently manently
magnetised magnetised magnetised
54

Disease Review
DISEASE REVIEW
PANDUROGA
NIRUKTI AND PARIBHASHA
In Ayurveda, different diseases are named on the basis of signs and symptoms,
the origin of the diseases, location of exhibiting its symptoms etc. Here the disease Pandu
is named on the basis of Varna.
Pandu is a mixture of shweta and peeta Varna in equal proportions, which
resembles the colour of pollengrains of Ketaki flower.
In Shabdha kalpa Druma, it is stated that the Pandu Varna can be taken as
combination of Shweta and Peeta.
By above-mentioned references it is very clear that the word Pandu is mainly the
combination of Shweta and Peeta varna.
Our Acharyas have defined Pandu roga in different ways in their classics. But all
the definition carries nearly the same meaning. The different definitions stated by
different authors are as follows:
1. The disease in which Pandubhava is more intermed as Panduroga66.
2. The disease in which Pandutwa is more is called Panduroga67.
3. The disease is named after Panduvarna which one among the Haritadi varnas
explained in Panduroga68.
4. Vijayarakshita and Sharangadhara stated that the disease, which is named after
Panduvarna, is called Panduroga69.
55
The Preparation, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation

of its Haematinic Activity- An Experimental Study
Disease Review
NIDANA
The different authors have explained many nidanas for the menifestation of the
disease Pandu.For the sake of convenience it is catagorised under three different groups
1.Ahara as causative factor.
2.Vihara as causative factor.
3.Nidanarthakara rogas as causative factor.
Ahara as causative factor:
In case of Pandu definite ahara dravyas have been mentioned as the causative
factors in different classics. Excessive consumption of amla and lavana rasa dravyas as
well as teekshna and ushna guna dravyas for a long period leads to Pitta vridhi inturn
leads to Panduroga70,71.
By the consumption of excessive madya the qualities like laghu, ushna, teekshna,
sukshma, amla, vyavayi, ashukari, ruksha, vikasi, vishada get increased in the body, thus
leads to dhatu kshaya and then leads to Panduroga.
Certain foodstuffs like Masha, Tilataila, Penyaka, Nishpava are said to be the
causative factors of Pandu roga. According to modern view also food plays a major role
in causing pandu roga. Usually malnutrition, particularly the food deficient in folic acid,
vitamin B12 and Iron are the causes of Anaemia of different varieties.
By consumption of mrut (mud) the Tridoshas gets provoked, the mrut of Kashaya
rasa provokes Vata dosha, that of Ushna (Kshareeya) rasa provokes Pitta dosha and
Madhura rasa provokes Kapha dosha. Excessive consumption of mrut leads to
agnimandya by affecting pachakagni and then leads to srotorodha, which results in
dhatukshaya, and finally it leads to Pandu roga72.

56

Disease Review
Table-No. 5 Showing Ahara as Causative Factors
Charaka Sushruta Vagbhata Hareeta
1. Amlarasa sevana + + +
2. Lavanarasa sevana + + +
3. Kshara sevana + +
4. Atyushna Bhojana +
5. Viruddha sevana +
6. Nishpava sevana +
7. Masha sevana + +
8. Tilataila sevana + +
9. Madya sevana +
10. Mrut bhakshana + +
11. Teekshnahara sevana + +
12. Atikatu sevana + +
13. Atikashaya sevana +
Vihara as a causative factor73:
Ratri jagarana, divaswapna especially during annavidaha kala, malamutradi
vegadharana, physical activities beyond individual capacity, excessive sexual indulgence
were the causes of prakopa of Vatadi Doshas, which results in vitiation of Rakta dhatu
and then leads to panduta of twacha.
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Disease Review
Table No. 6 . Showing the Viharas as Causative Factors
1. Ratrijagarana + +
2. Divaswapna + + +
3. Malamutradi + +
Vegadharana
4. Atyadvagamana + +
5. Ativyayama + + +
6. Ati vyavaya + +
Manasika Vikaras as Causative Factors:
Consumption of food while mind is afflicted with Chinta, Bhaya, Shoka, Kama
and Krodha contributes to the formation of Pandu roga.
Table No. 7. Showing the Manasika Vikaras as Causative factors
1. Chinta +
2. Bhaya +
3. Shoka +
4. Kama + +
5. Krodha + +
58

Disease Review
Nidanarthakara Rogas as Causative Factors :
Panduroga can manifest as secondary to some other diseases like Raktarbuda,
Rakta Pradara, Yakrit Pleeharoga, Punaravartaka Jwara, Jeerna Jwara, Grahani, Arsha,
Krimi, Raktapitta, Asrugdhara and leads to either Rakta kshaya due to bleeding or
virulence of doshas which results in Pandu roga. In Krimi roga raktakshaya is especially
due to Purishaja Krimis. Sushruta has told that Yakrit and Pleeha roga leads to Pandu
roga, as both the organs are the sthanas of Ranjaka pitta.
In Ayurveda Garbhadharana also has been stated to cause Pandu roga, only when
the pregnant women are not properly nourished.
After taking a bird view of the nidana of Pandu roga and their effect of causation
of the disease, we can understand the role of Ahara, Vihara and Nidanarthakara rogas
resulted in Pandu roga.
Other than these factors Rutu vyshamya, Pratikarma vyshamya like Sneha-
vibhrama, Grahi oushadha prayoga in Amatisara, Snehatiyoga, Chardhi nigraha,
Dustaraktasrava, stambhana were also the causative factors of Pandu roga.
59

Disease Review
SAMPRAPTI
The causes that explained earlier under the heading of Nidana leads to vitiation of
all the Tridoshas .It is uphold by Charaka that all Tridoshas are involved in Pandu roga,
however pitta is the dominant that greately involved irrespective of type of Pandu. The
vitiated pitta along with other doshas results in dhatu pradushana mainly of rasa and
rakta. Thus invariably resulting in rakta kshaya. It is very well established in Samhitas
that when there is rakta kshaya is the consecutive dhatu generally manifests kshaya
lakshanas. Infact the dhatu poshana and sthirata basically depends upon prakrita rakta
circulating all over the body. The rakta kshaya apparently leads to nissara.
Nissara refers to the lack of essence from the dhatus in other words the essence
that could give rise to the formation of Ojas. Thus, rakta kshaya means Ojokshaya. The
ancient authors, have commented that the Pitta vriddhi and Rakta kshaya are the
prominent entities that give rise to dhatu kshaya, which is refered as kshaya in the dhatus
is prominent out come of Pandu Samprapti. The Pitta so, vitiated and Rakta that has
under gone kshaya along with the other doshas when circulated all over the body, normal
complex of the skin is notably altered. This condition is explained in Samhitas as
Hataprabha or loss of normal complexion associated with Vivarnata, that is whitish
yellow colouration of twak, netra, jihwa and nakha etc.
Thus Pandu roga is characterised by dosha prakopa, predominantly Pitta dosha,
followed with Rakta kshaya ultimately resulting in Alpamedaska, Nissara and Ojakshaya
lakshanas, manifested through the skin all over the body in the form of whitish yellow
colouration.
60

Disease Review
Table No-8 Sankhya Samprapti of Panduroga :
Varieties Panduroga Charaka Sushruta Vagbhata Hareeta
1. Vataja Pandu + + + +
2. Pittaja Pandu + + + +
3. Kaphaja Pandu + + + +
4. Tridoshaja Pandu + + + +
5. Mrutbhakshanjanya + - + +
Pandu
6. Kamala - - - +
7. Kumbha Kamala - - - +
8. Haleemaka - - - +
61

Disease Review
POORVA ROOPA AND ROOPA OF PANDUROGA
Poorva roopa:
The Poorva roopa are those that manifest as prodromal signs and symptoms
explained by different Acharyas are summerised in Table no.9.
Roopa of Panduroga:
The term Roopa implies to both the signs and symptoms through which a disease
is identified. In addition to the cordinal articular signs and symptoms, a number of
constitutional symptoms also manifest in Panduroga. Few of the symptoms aid in
distinguishing the types on the basis of doshanubandha. In the advanced stage with
deterioration of the general conditions a number of other symptoms will develop.
Accordingly the signs and symptoms can be classified as follows:
1. Pratyatma Lakshanas (cordinal signs & symptoms)
2. Samanya Lakshanas (general signs& symptoms)
3. Vishishta Lakshanas (distinguishing features of doshanubandha)
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Disease Review
Table No. 9. Showing the Poorva Roopa Lakshana
Sl. Poorva roopa Charaka Sushruta Astanga
No. Lakshanas Hridaya
1. Hridaya + - +
Spandanadhikya
2. Roukshya + - -
3. Swedabhava + - -
4. Shrama + - -
5. Twacha Sputana - + -
6. Steevana - + -
7. Gatrasada - + -
8. Mrutbhakshanachcha - + -
9. Prekshanakoota - + -
Shotha
10. Avipaka - + -
11. Vitpeetata - + -
12. Mutrapeetata - + -
13. Aruchi - - +
14 Alpavahnita - - +
15. Sada - - +
63

Disease Review
Table No 10. Showing the Lakshanas of Roopa in Panduroga
Sl. Lakshanas Charaka Sushruta Vagbhata Kashyapa Madhava
No. Of Roopa
1. Karnakshweda + - + - -
2. Hatanala + - + - -
3. Dourbalya + - + - -
4. Sadana + - - - -
5. Annadwesha + - + - -
6. Shrama + - + - -
7. Bhrama + - + - -
8. Gatrashoola + - - - -
9. Jwara + - + - -
10. Swasa + - - - -
11. Gourava + - + - -
12. Aruchi + - + - -
13. Gatramardata + - + - -
14. Gatrapeeda + - - - -
15. Gtraonmatana + - - - -
16. Shoonakshikoota + - + - -
17. Hareetavarna + - Pandu - -
Varna
18. Sheernalomata + - + - -
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Disease Review
19. Hataprabha + - - - -
20. Kopanatwa + - + - -
21. Shishiradwesha + - + - -
22. Nidralutwa + - - - -
23. Pindiko Dwestana + - - - -
24. Katirukh + - - - -
25. Padarukh + - - - -
26. Padasada + - - - -
27. Ururukh + - - - -
28. Katisadha + - - - -
29. Urusada + - - - -
30. Dhatushithilya + - + - -
31. Ojogunakshaya + - + - -
32. Alparaktata - RaktaDusrti + - -
33. Alpamedaskata + - + - -
34. Nissarata + - + - -
35. Hridrava + - + - -
36. Shithilendreyata + - + - -
37. Twachapanduta + + + - -
38. Shwetakshitwa - - - + -
39. Shwetanakhatwa - - - + -
40. Shwetavaktrata - - - + -
65

Disease Review
Pratyatma Lakshana:
The invariable feature, Panduvarna of twacha is considered as the Pratyatma
Lakshana of Panduroga. This is an abnormal colour imparted to the skin due to Rasa and
Rakta kshaya in the body. This colour is almost like the pollens of Ketaki flower.
In addition to the above features in Vataja Pandu Krishna or Aruna varna is
associated with Panduroga. In Pittaja Pandu, the colour is of peeta, harita, and haridra and
in Kaphaja pandu; Shweta Varna is associated with pandu Varna and changes to normal
colour of skin like Krishna, Shyamavadata to Krishna panduta, Haridra panduta and
Sweta panduta.
Samanya lakshana:
A number of constitutional symptoms manifests in varying degree, which are
considered as general symptoms. They are as follows; Alparakta, Daurbalya, Hridrava,
Shwasa, Bhrama, Kati-Uru-Parshwa ruk, Karnakshweda, Mandagni, Sadana, Gaurava,
Shoonakshikoota, Shotha, Hataprabha, Shwetakshitwa, Shwetanakha and Satwahani.
Vishista Roopa:
The lakshanas specified to virulence of dosha is also an important part of our
study for the early diagnosis and for the purpose of prognosis. The different
classifications of Panduroga are mentioned with reference to Samanya samprapti.
66

Disease Review
Table No 11. Showing the Laksanas of Vataja Pandu
Sl. Lakshanas Charaka Sushruta Vagbhata Hareeta
No.
1. Krishna Panduta + - - -
2. Krishna nakhatwa - + - -
3. Aruna nakhatwa - + - -
4. Krushanekshanatwa - + - -
5. Krishna siratwa - + - -
6. Shrama + - + -
7. Rookshnangata + - - -
8. Arunangata + - - -
9. Rukshanetra - + - -
10. Angatoda + - + -
11. Angamarda + - - -
12. Kampa + - + -
13. Parshwaruk + - + -
14. Shiroruk + - + -
15. Asyavairasya + - + -
16. Shopha + - + -
17. Balakshaya + - + -
67

Disease Review
Table 12. Showing the Lakshanas of Pittaja Pandu
No.
1. Gatrapeetata + - + +
2. Harita + - + -
3. Peeta siravanadhata - + + -
4. Jwara + + + +
5. Daha + - + -
6. Trishna + - + -
7. Chardi + - - -
8. Sweda + - + -
9. Amlodgara + -
10. Dourbalya + -
11. Peetamutrata + +
12. Shosha + -
13. Peeta vitkata + +
14. Binna varchastva + - -
15. Shopha - -
68

Disease Review
Table: 13. Showing the Lakshanas of Kaphaja Pandu
No.
1. Shwetavabasata +
2. Shuklakshita + +
3. Shuklanakhata + +
4. Shuklananatva + +
5. Gourava + + + +
6. Sada
7. Moorcha + - - -
8. Bhrama +
9. Shwasa + - - +
10. Alasya + - - +
11. Shwayathu + - - +
12. Shuklamutratva + + - -
13. Shuklavarchaskata + + - -
Tridoshaja Panduroga Lakshanas:
Vitiation of all the doshas causes severe degree of Dhatushaithilyata and
Dhatugourava from which deterioration of dhatu and ojas occurs rapidly. Then the
features of sannipataja Panduroga results as it is explained only in Hareeta Samhita. All
other authors have stated that it manifests due to the higher degree of variations in the
balance of doshas and considered to be Asadhya type of Panduroga.

69

Disease Review
Tridoshaja Panduroga Lakshanas as stated by Hareeta:
1. Tandra
2. Alasya
3. Shotha
4. Vamana
5. Kasa
6. Hrullasa
7. Shosha
8. Vitbhedha
9. Parusha nayana
10. Jwara
11. Kshudartata
12. Moha
13. Trishna
14. Klama
Other than these, Arochaka, Ksheenata, Hatindriya are the three more lakshanas
mentioned by Acharya Madhava.
As per Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata the lakshanas of vataja, pittaja and
kaphaja Panduroga were seen severely in Tridoshaja Panduroga, depending on their
degree of vitiation.
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Disease Review
Mrudbhakshanajanya Pandu:
Regarding this a separate or a unique explanation of this condition is seen in
Charaka Samhita. Sushruta has included this condition in Sannipataja Panduroga. Here
consuming soil is considered as Vyadhi Karana (Madhava Nidana).as it vitiates all the
three doshas in the body resulting Panduroga.
UPADRAVA
After complete formation of the disease, some other lakshanas if occurred with
the same causative factors is called as Upadrava. And usually treating the main disease
cures them.
The discription of Upadrvas of Panduroga are not seen in Charaka Samhita
whereas Vagbhata considers Shopha as the only upadrava. In Sushruta samhita, total of
twenty upadravas are mentioned.
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Disease Review
TableNo.14. Showing Vishista Lakshanas of Mridbhakshanajanya

Panduroga
Sl. Lakshanas Charaka Videha
No.
1. Shoona gandhatwa + +
2. Shoonakshi kootatwa + +
3. Shoonabhroo + +
4. Shoona padata + +
5. Shoona nabhitwa +
6. Shoona mehanatwa +
7. Krimi kostatwa +
8. Atisara +
9. Sasrik mala nissarana +
10. Kaphanwita nissarana +
11. Jataragni nasha + +
12. Tandra - +
13. Alasya - +
14. Shawsa +
15. Kasa - +
16. Shosha - +
17. Arsha - +
18. Sada - +
19. Krishangata - +
20. Shoona karatwa - +
21. Aruchi - +
22. Balanasha + -
23. Varna nasha + -
24 Mruttika varna mala nissarana
72

Disease Review
TableNo. 15. Showing Upadrva according to dosha
Sl. Vata dosha Pitta dosha Kapha dosha
No.
1. Hridaya peedanam Pipasa Aruchi
2. Shwasa Jwara Agnisada
3. Atisara Moorcha Shopha
4. Kasa Abalatwa Chardi
5. Shoola Daha Klama
6. Swarabhedha Avipaka
7. Swarasada
8. Moorcha
73

Disease Review
TREATMENT OF PANDUROGA
Treatment advised for Pandu are divided in to two and viz
1. Shodhana 2. Shamana
1.Shodhana:
a) Snehana is done
To increase the quality of sneha which is generally reduced in
Panduroga
To reduce the rukshata which is predominant because of
Alparaktata, Alpamedaska and Ojokshaya.
To bring back the Shakashrita dosha to Kosta.
b) Swedana is contraindicated in Pandu; but Mridu swedana may be performed.
c) Shodhana is done for,
Koshta shuddhi.
To combat dosha bahulyata.
Authors of Brihatrayees, accepts both urdva and adho shodhana in accordance
with the condition of rogi.
Shamana oushada and Pathya follow Shodhana.
2. Shamana:
In Shamana various single and compound preparations were told; which includes
herbal, mineral and herbo-mineral preparations like Vyoshadya ghrita, Shuddha Kanta
Loha bhasma74 and Vidangadi Loha75 etc.
In Shamana most of the mineral preparations contains Loha.
74

Disease Review
Mrudbhakshanajanya Pandu Chikitsa:
The balabala of the patient is assessed before the treatment.
1.Shodhana:
Teekshna Shodhana is done in order to remove the ingested Mruttika.
2. Shamana:
(a) Medicated ghrita for baladana.
(b) Treatment according to the Prakupita Dosha.
(c) Krimihara chikitsa in Udara Krimi.
3. Nidana parivarjana:
Mruttika given Bhavana with Vidanga, Ela, Ativisha, Nimbhapatra, Pata and
Katukarohini. This drug produces aversion towards Mridbhakshana and it has the
properties like Mrudbhakshanajanya doshanashaka.
75

Disease Review
PATHYAPATHYA
(A) Ahara:
1. Suka dhanya varga - Purana Shali
Purana Yava
Godhuma
2. Shami dhanya varga - Mudga, Masha.
3. Mamsa varga - Jangala Mamsa, Matsya.
4. Shaka varga - Patala, Kushmanda, Jeevanti, Bimbi,
Punarnava, Nagakesara,
Gudochi, Dronapushpi.
5. Phala varga - Kadali phala , Abhaya ,Dhatri.
6. Ikshu varga - Ikshu Rasa
7. Gorasa varga - Takra , Ghrita , Navaneeta.
8. Mootra varga - Gomutra
9. Madya varga- Souviraka, Tushodaka.
10. Kritanna Varga- Yusha.
11. Annya dravya- Haridra, Chandana,
Yavakshara, Loha bhasma.
B.Karma:
i. Vamana.
ii. Virechana.
iii. Abhyanga.
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Disease Review
Apathya:
A. Ahara: 1. Rasa- Kshara, Amla, Katu, Lavana.
2.Anna- Viruddha bhojana, Asatmya bhojana.
3. Jala- Adhikambupana, Dushita jalapana.
4.Kritanna varga- Pinyaka.
5. Shamidhanya varga- Masha, Tila, Kulatha, Nishpava.
6. Sneha varga - Tila taila.
7. Gorasa varga- Dadhi masthu.
8. Madya varga- Saktu.
9. Ahara varga- Hingu, Tambula, Teekshnapadartha
like Maricha, Vidahi padartha,
Atyushna padartha.
10. Anya dravya- Mruttika.
B. Vihara:
Agni, Atapa atisevana,
Adhika vyayama.
Adhika vyavaya.
Krodha.
Adhika marga gamana.
C.Karma:
1. Rakta sruti. 2. Dhoomapana.
3. Swedana. 4. Vamana vega dharana.
77

Disease Review
IRON DEFECIENCY ANAEMIA
Anaemia is generally defined as reduction of Haemoglobin concentration, red cell
count or packed cell volume to below normal levels. The Anaemia resulted by deficiency
of Iron is called Iron difecieny Anaemia.
Anaemia is the most common nutritional deficient disease. About 30% of World
population was found Anaemic and all over India it is about 70%76.
In adults anaemia results in impaired work capacity. Anaemia often leads to
irreversible impairment in childs learnig ability. The usual Indian diet contains inhibitors
of absorption hence Indians were more prone to develop Iron deficiency Anaemia.
Causes of Iron Dificiency Anaemia78,79:
1) Hookworm infection: - This is the may be the most important cause,
especially in rural areas, where sanitation is very poor.
2) Nutritional deficiency of iron: - Poor intake of food rich in Iron because
of poverty, caloric restriction and lack of dentures.
3) Repeated Pregnancy: -About 1gm. of iron is lost by the mother after
each delivery.
4) Chronic blood loss: - The blood loss due to bleeding Haemorrhoids,
Peptic Ulcer, and Uterine haemorrhage.
5) In nephrosis, the glomerular function is inefficient and results in
Protineuria. The hepatoglobin, hemopexin and transferrin are lost in urine
with consequent loss of iron.
6) Lack of Absorption: - eg. Subtotal Gastrectomy and Achlorhydria.
78

Disease Review
7) The lead and iron oppose each other, in lead toxicity iron absorption
and Hb synthesis is reduced in other way iron deficiency causes more lead
absorption. Thus a vitious cycle is formed.
Anaemia is resulted when haemoglobin level drops to less than 12gm./dl. When
the Hb level drops lower than 10gm./dl, the body cells lack oxygen and the patient looses
interest in his surroundings. Since iron is an important constituent of cytochromes, their
deficiency leads to derangement in internal respiration and all the metabolic processes
becomes sluggish. The prolonged iron deficiency leads to atrophy of of gastric epithilium
leading to achlorhydria, which in turn causes lesser absorption of Iron, consequently
aggravates the Anaemia. Similar atrophy of epithilium of oral cavity and oesophagus
causes dysphagia, termed as Plummer- Wilson Syndrome. Very chronic Iron deficiency
Anaemia may lead to impaired attention, irritability, lowered memory and poor scholastic
performance.
The clinical features of Iron deficiency Anaemia mentioned by different authors
are compiled and shown in table no.16.
Treatmennt of Iron deficiency Anaemia:
It consists of two principles.
1) Correction of the disorder causing Anaemia.
2) Correction of Iron deficiency.
1.Correction of the disorder causing Anaemia:
After a thorough checkup and investigation, evaluation is done and accordingly
surgical or medical measures are taken.
79

Disease Review
2.Correction of Iron deficiency80:
i) Oral therapy:
Iron therapy responds very effectively to oral iron salts like ferrous sulphate in the
dosage of 60mg. thrice daily. The response to oral medication usually appears with in two
weeks. It should be continued atleast for six months after the haemoglobin level returns
to normal and in some patients for a year in order to replenish iron stores .In patient with
malabsoption continous oral therapy may be required.
ii) Parental Therapy:
It is indicated in the Patients with intolerance to oral iron therapy, G.I.T.disorders
like malabsorption or when rapid replenishment of iron store is desired like in women
before the expected date of delivery.
80

Disease Review
Table No 16. Showing the Clinical Features of IDA
Sl. Symptoms Davidson`s Harrisons Robins API Oxford

No. P.of Internal
Pathologic Textbook Textbook
Medicine Medicine
Basis of Of Of
Diseases Medicine Medicine
1. Lassitude + + + +
2. Fatigue + + + +
3. Breathlessnes + + + + +
On exertion
4. Headache + + + + +
5. Palpitation + + + +
6. Dizziness + + + +
7. Angina + + + +
8. Angular + + + +
stomotitis
9. Glossitis + + + +
10. Pika + + + +
11. Tinnitus + + +
12. Dimness of + + +
vision
13. Insomnia + +
14. Paresthesia in +
fingers& toes
15. Hypersensitivity + +
81

Disease Review
To cold
16. Anorexia + +
17. Nausea + +
18. Bowel + +
Irregularity
19. Abnormal
menstruation
+
Amenorrhoea
and
Menorrhagea
20. Loss of Libido + +
21. Dysphagea + +
22. Low grade fever + +
23. Alopaecia +
24. Lack of +
concentration
25. Night cramps +
26. Aches &Pains in

Various parts of
+
body
27. Throbbing in +
heart
And ears
28. Indigestion +
29. Impotence +
82

Disease Review
30. Pallor in skin,

mucous, palms + + + + +
and
Conjunctiva
31. Koiloneychia + + + + +
32. Brittle fingers + + + +
33. Cardiac + + +
dilatation
34. Oedema + + +
35. Splenomegaly + + +
36. Nail cracking + +
37. Venous hum of + +
neck vessels
wide pulse
38. Tachycardia + +
39. Systolic flow + +
murmer
40. Hyper dynamic + +
Pricordium
83

Methodology
METHODOLOGY
Methodology was studied mainly under three headings.
Pharmaceutical study
Analytical study
Experimental study
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Collection of Drugs in the preparation of Kantaloha bhasma:
All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are collected
from local market and some drugs are collected from college garden as well as
pharmacy section of DGMAMC Gadag. Every drug was identified according to
Ayurvedic standards and sample of loha was certified by Geologist.
Practical study:
The things which are mentioned in Ayurveda are better understood by getting
the knowledge in two ways i.e Theoretical study and Practicals. Because as saying, as
doing is very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to Rasashastra,
because the drugs which are mentioned in Rasashastra are considered as visha or they
have visha guna, but after processing i,e shodhana & marana etc, those drugs become
Amruta. So this denotes the importance of practicle knowledge of the processes which
are mentioned in the Rasagranthas seems to be very easy, but they will prove difficult
during the practical.
The Rasashastra mainly deals with drugs like mineral, animal, & herbal
origion drugs including their identity, processing and formulations. The process which
are mentioned in Rasashastra, helps in converting the inorganic drug into organic i,e
84

Methodology
Vijatiya into Sajatiya and enhances the optimum potency of the drug, make the drug
palatable & increase the shelf life.
A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial drug Kantaloha
bhasma are explained under various headings. Preparation of trial drug includes
different processes like samanya shodhana, vishesha shodhana and marana.
PREPARATION OF KANTA-LOHA BHASMA
Method of Preparation.
Samanya shodhana of Loha.
Vishesh shodhana of Loha.
Marana of Loha.
Samanya Shodhana of Loha81
1) Reference: RRS 5/29
2) Process: Nirvapa
3) Shodhaneeya dravya : Kantaloha
4) Shodhana Dravya : Tila Taila
: Takra
: Gomutra
:Kanji
:Kulatha kwath.
5) Duration : 05 days
6) Equipments : Iron Mesh, steel vessels, cloth, burner etc.
85

Methodology
Practical No:01
1. Name of the preparation- Samanya Shodhana of kantaloha in Tila taila for 7
times.
Date of Commencement 03-01-2007
Date of Completion 03-01-2007
Reference RRS 5/29
2. Equipments : Iron mesh, steel chimty, Burner, cloth, steel vessels
3. Drugs : Ashodita Loha1000 gms
: Tila-Taila-10 Ltrs.
4. Procedure a) The Loha kept over iron mesh and was heated over agni.
b) It was heated till the loha attains red-hot
c) This red hot loha was immersed into Tila Taila
which was kept in the steel vessel.
d) After this, the loha pieces were taken out from the
taila and again placed over the iron mesh which
was placed over the burner.
e) Like this the whole procedure was repeated for 7 times
f) Every time fresh Tila Taila was taken for shodhana process
5 Observations:
a) In the first process the Loha pieces were taken 30 mins to
become red hot.
b) After immersion or pouring the red hot loha into the taila,
fire was observed with hissing sound.
c) This fire was seen upto 5 minutes and was ended with white
fumes.
86

Methodology
d) The first process has taken one-hour to complete. In later
processes time has been reduced.
e) In the second process, when loha placed over agni, the thick
white fumes were observed and this was ended with fire.
f) The whole shodhana process in Tila taila was completed in
5 hours
g) At the end of the each process the colour of taila turned to
as of coal tar (blackish)
h) The colour of the Loha changed to deep blackish sticky and
shining.
Precautions: 1) Medium flame should be maintained.
2) Care should be taken while immersing into taila
to avoid wastage.
7. Result : Initial Wt of the Metal : 1000 gms
Final Wt of the Metal : 990 gms
Weight loss : 10 gms
87

Methodology
Practical No :2
1. Name of the Preparation : Samanya Shodhana of Kanta-loha in Takra for 7 times.
Date of Commencement : 04-01-2007
Date of Completion : 04-01-2007
Reference : RRS 5/29
2. Equipment: Iron mesh, Steel chimty, Burner, cloth, steel vessel
3. Drugs: Taila Shodhita Loha : 990 gms
Takra : 10 Ltrs
4 Procedure:
a) Sufficient quantity of Takra was taken in the steel vessel
b) Taila shodhita loha was heated over the mesh till it became red hot.
c) The red hot loha poured into the takra which was kept in the steel
vessel.
d) This process was repeated for 7 times.
5 Observations:
a) In the first process time taken by the loha to become red hot was 30
mins
b) The first process was completed in 45 mins
c) A hissing sound was heard while immersing the red hot loha into
Takra.
d) The entire shodhan process in Takra was completed in 5 hours
e) The Colour of the Takra changed to blackish every time.
f) After Shodhana in Takra, loha lost its previous sticky shining state
g) The colour of the loha was blackish yellow.
88

Methodology
6. Precaution: a) Medium flame should be maintained.
b) Care should be taken while pouring into takra to avoid
wastages.
7. Result :
Initial wt of Metal : 990 gms
Final Wt of the Metal : 980 gms
Wt of loss : 10 gms
89

Methodology
Practical No :3
1. Name of the Preparation: Samanya shodhana of Kantaloha in Gomutra for 7
times
Date of commencement : 05-01-2007
2. Equipments : Steel mesh, Bruner, Cloth, Steel vessels steel chimity
3. Drugs : Takra shodhita Kantaloha 980 gms
Gomutra 12 ltrs.
4. Procedure:
a) Sufficient quantity of Gomutra was taken in the steel vessel
b) Takra Shodita loha was heated over the burner until it becomes red hot
c) The red hot loha poured into the Gomutra which was kept in the
Vessel.
d) After this loha churna was taken out from Gomootra, again the same
procedure was repeated for 7 times
e) Fresh Gomutra was taken for each process
5 Observations:
a) The loha became red hot in 15 mins
c) A hissing sound heard while immersing the red hot loha into Gomutra
d) The entire process was taken 3 hours to complete
e) Every time after immersion, the colour of the Gomutra turned to blackish.
f) The colour of the loha after Shodhana in Gomutra has turned to blackish red.
90

Methodology
Precautions:
(a) Medium flame Should be maintained
(b) While pouring the heated metal care should be taken to avoid
wastage
Result: Initial weight of the metal : 980 gms
Final Weight of the metal : 965 gms
Weight loss : 15 gms.
91

Methodology
Practical No 04
1. Name of the Preparation : Samanya shodhana of kanta-loha in Kanji for 7 times.
2. Equipment: Iron-mesh, Steel Chimity, Burner, cloth, steel vessel
3. Drugs: Gomutra Shodhita Kanta loha : 965 gms
Kanji : 06 Ltrs
4. Preparatory Procedure: Kanji Preparation
First Shali paka should be done with water. Later this Pakwashali along with
manda is to be taken in on earthen vessel. To this mixture 3 parts of water is to
be added and the mouth of the vessel should be covered with cloth and allowed
for sandhana, after fermentation when amlatwa develops this kanji is to be filtered
and stored.
5. Procedure:
a) Sufficient quantity of Kanji was taken in the Steel vessel.
b) The gomutra shodhit loha was heated over the burner to red hot.
c) Then this red hot loha was immersed in the Kanji.
d) After this the same procedure is repeated for 7 times
6. Observations:
a) In the first process the loha has taken 15 mins time to become to red hot
b) The first process was completed in 20 minutes.
c) A hissing sound heard while putting the red hot loha into kanji.
d) The whole process was completed in 3 hours.
e) The colour of the Kanji turned to blackish every time.

92

Methodology
f) The colour of loha was blackish red.
7. Precautions : Medium flame should be maintained.
8 Result:
Initial wt of the metal: : 965 gms
Final wt of the metal : 915 gms
Wt loss : 50 gms
93

Methodology
Practical No : 05
1) Name of the Preparation. : Samanya Shodhana of Kantaloha in Kulatha kwath
for 7 times.
2) Equipments : Burner, Iron mesh, steel vessel, chimty, cloth etc.
3) Drugs: Kanji Shodhita Kantaloha : 915 gms
Kulattha kwath : 8 ltrs.
4) Preparatory procedure: Preparation of Kulatha kwatha
One part of the yavakuta chaurna of kulatha was boiled with 16 parts of the
water in earthen pot over a mrudu agni till liquid is reduced of the original
quantity. Later kwath is filtered and collected.
5) Procedure:
a) Sufficient quantity of kulatha kwath was taken in the steel vessel.
b) The Kanji Shodhita loha was heated over the burner until it turns to red
hot.
c) This red hot metal was immersed in the kulatha kwath and again taken out.
d) This procedure was repeated for 7 times.
6. Observations:
a) The metal has become red hot in 15 mins
c) Entire process was completed in 3 hours.
d) The Colour of kwath before shodhana process reddish black
The Colour of kwath after shodhana process balck

94

Methodology
e) The metal became blackish and brittle after shodhana.
7. Result:
Initial wt of metal : 915 gms
Final wt of the metal : 865 gms
Wt loss : 50 gms
95

Methodology
Practical No: 6
a) Name of the Preparation: Vishesh Shodhana of Kantaloha in Triphala
Khwatha82.
Date of Completion. : 11-01-2007
Reference : RRS 5/106-108
b) Equipments : Steel vessel, stove, cloth, Metal stirrer etc.,
3) Drugs: Samanya Shodhita Loha : 850 gms
Triphala Kwatha prepared in Gomootra : 2 Ltrs.
4) Prepatory procedure: one part of Triphala (sthoola churna) and 8 part of Gomutra
has taken. Then both were boiled till the liquid is reduced to one fourth of the original
quantity. Later Khwath was filtered through cloth and collected.
5) Procedure:
a) Samanya shodhita Loha was taken into the steel vessel.
b) Triphala kwatha was added to the vessel and kept over the agni for boiling.
(Pachana karma)
c) While heating it was stirred constantly until all the triphala kwatha get
evoparated and only loha remains.
d) This process was repeated for 5 times.
6. Observations:
a) At first Loha choorna became thick and sticky, later it was very difficult to stir the
solution because it became very hard.
b) The whole process was completed in 15 hours (for 5 process)
c) The colour of the Loha choorna was black.
96

Methodology
d) There was a weight gain after the five processes of Loha pachana in triphala
kwatha. May be because of the residuals of triphala in the Loha.
7. Result:
Initial wt of the metal : 865 gms
Final wt of the metal : 885 gms.
Wt gain : 20 gms.
Table No. 17 Showing the Details of Shodhana Practicals
Sl. Kantaloha Initial wt Final Colour Touch Smell Time
No Churna (gms) wt required
(gms)
01 Ashodhita 1000 - Brownish Rough Loha -
Kantaloha Smell
churna
02 Taila shodhita 1000 990 Brownish Rough Taila 5 hours
Kantaloha black Smell
churna
03 Takra shodhita 990 980 Blackish Rough Noth ing 5 hours
Kantaloha yellow particular
churna
04 Gomootra 980 965 Black Rough Gomootr 5 hours
shodhita brittle a smell
Kantaloha
churna
05 Kanji shodhita 965 915 Black Rough Noting 3 hours
97

Methodology
kantaloha particular
churna
06 Kulatha kwata 915 865 Black Rough Nothing 3 hours
shodhita brittle partiuclar
kantaloha
churna
07 Gomootra 865 885 Black Rough Nothing 15 hours
siddha Triphala brittle partiuclar
Kwath shodhita
kantaloha
churna
98

Methodology
Practical No : 07
1) Name of the preparation : Marana of Shodhita Kanta loha83
Reference : RRS 5/106-108
2) Equipments : Steel vessels, Burner, Steel plate, Khalwa, Sharava Samputa, Cloth,
Multanimitti, vanopala for Gajaputa.
3) Drugs: Vishesha Shodhita Kantaloha : 885 gms
Triphala Kwatha prepared in Gomootra : 1 ltr for
each puta
4) Prepatory procedure: 1 Pala Triphala Churna, 8 part of Gomootra was taken & both
were boiled to reduce to of its initial quantity. Later Kwath was filtered &
collected.
5) Procedure:
a) Equal quantity of Triphala Kwath was added to Shodhita loha churna in the
steel vessel and heated over agni.
b) While heating, the solution was triturated till it forms thick paste.
c) With this paste, chakrikas were prepared and dried.
d) These dried chakrikas were placed in sharava samputa and properly sealed by
cloth and multani mitti. This sandhi bandhita samputa was dried.
e) This sealed samputa was subjected to Gajaputa.
f) After attaining self cool, samputa was taken out from Gajaputa.
g) Chakrikas were separated from the samputa and powdered.
h) Like this, again the same process was repeated for 10 times.
99

Methodology
i) After completion of 10 Gajaputa, Bhasma was subjected to Bhasma pareeksha
and later stored in the bottle.
6) Observations:
a) After first puta, chakrikas were mixed togather and was light and soft.
b) Colour of the chakrikas were red, after trituration turned to blackish red.
c) On repetation of puta the black colour changed to Blackish red.
d) The details of the puta has been shown in the below table.
7) Result
Initial weight : 885 gms
Final weight : 825 gms
Wt loss : 60 gms
100

Methodology
Practical No. 8-16
The same procedure of Practical No. 7 was adopted to further practicals. The
observations in the weight and physical properties after each puta are explained in the
following table. Date of commencement : 18-01-07 Date of completion : 18-02-07
Table No. 18 Showing the details of Marana Practical
SL.no of No of Wt of Wt of Change Change Change in Smell

Practicals Gajaputa Loha Loha in wt in colour luster and
bhasma bhasma (in touch
before after gms)
puta (in puta (in
gms) gms)
08 II 825 745 80 Dark More Loha
Grey lusterous gandha
course
powder
09 III 745 675 70 Dark Less Loha
course
powder
10 IV 675 615 60 Dark Less Mild Loha
course
powder
11 V 615 565 50 Dark Less Mild Loha
course
powder
12 VI 565 520 45 Dark Less Nirgandha
Grey lusterous
course
powder
13 VII 520 490 30 Dark No Nirgandha
Grey lusterous
fine
powder
14 VIII 419 465 25 Light No Nirgandha
Grey lusterous
fine
powder
15 IX 465 450 15 Reddish No Nirgandha
Grey lusterous
fine
powder
16 X 450 440 10 Reddish Very fine Nirgandha
Grey powder
101

Methodology
ANALYTICAL STUDY
To know the physico chemical properties and to identify the composition of
products, the analysis of the drug according to the modern parameters is necessary.
Though, Ayurveda is having its unique analytical approach towards drugs. But in
present era there is a necessity of understanding a drug based on modern methodology
of analysis also. In this section of the study, we have tried to give the inferences for
the analysis.
The study was undertaken at Bangalore test house, Bangalore,
The study has been divided into two parts.
1) Physical Analysis 2) Chemical Analysis.
1. PHYSICAL ANALYSIS :
a) Organoleptic characters:
Colour : Reddish Brown
Smell : No smell
Touch : Fine
Taste : Tasteless
b) Analysis
Determination of pH Value:
Procedure: The pH value of the sample was determined by a Digital pH meter.
One gram of Shankhadi choorna was weighed accurately and dissolved in 100ml of
water and pH was noted in the Digital pH meter.
Results : pH = 8.10
Loss on drying at 1100C
Procedure: Two grams of Shankhadi choorna was weighed in a silica crucible and
dried in a hot air oven at 1100C till a constant weight is obtained. The difference in the
102

Methodology
two weighing gives the loss on drying & then the percentage of loss on drying was
calculated.
Results : Loss on drying at 1100C : 0.39%
Determination of Total Ash:
Procedure : Take about 2 gms accurately weighed, ground drug in a previously traced
silica dish, previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground dry in a fine even layer
on the bottom of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not exceeding
dull red heat (4500C) until free from carbon. Cool and weighed. Then the percentage
of ash with reference to the air dried drug was calculated.
Results: Total ash: 99.7%
Determination of Acid insoluble Ash:
Procedure : Boil the ash obtained in the process described under determination of total
ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, collect the insoluble matter
on an ashless filter paper. Wash with hot water and ignite. Weigh it and calculate the
percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.
Results: Acid insoluble ash: 0.23%
Determination of water insoluble extractive :
Procedure: Macerate about 5 grams of air dried drug with 100ml of chloroform water
in a closed flask for twenty four hours, shaking frequently during six hours and
allowing to stand for nineteen hours. Filter this and pipette 25ml of this liquid and
evaporate to dryness in a tared flat bottomed dish and dry at 1050C, to constant
weight. Calculate the percentage of water insoluble extractive with reference to air
dried drug.
Result: water insoluble extractive : 0.74%.
103

Methodology
Determination of Fineness of particles :
Procedure :
The degree of coarseness or fineness of a powder is differentiated and
expressed by the size of the mesh of the sieve through which the particle is able to
pass.
A suitable quantity of the sample is weighed and transferred to the set of
sieves shaken in a sieve shaken for about 30minutes and the residue on each sieve is
weighed separately.
Results: Fineness of particles
Passes through sieve No. 85
2. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Estimation of Iron84
Procedure:
Take 0.200gms of 100 mesh sample in 250 ml beaker and add 10ml conc.
HCl, keep over a hot plate and digest slowly (the liquid should not boil) till no black
particles remain. To the hot solution add stannous chloride drop by drop till the
yellow colour disappears add a drop more (avoid excess of stannous chloride) cool
solution rapidly in a cold water bath. When cool and 10 ml of mercuric chloride
solution. A silky white precipitate should appear. Add 20 ml of sulphuric acid mixture
and make up the volume approximately to 200ml. add a few drops of Barium
diphenylamine indicator and titrate with 0.1 N Potassium dichromate solution to
intensive violet colour, end point is sharp silky violet colour. Calculate the Fe
percentage from the following factor. 1ml. 1N K2Cr2O7 = 0.05585 gm Fe
Results: Estiamtion of Iron (w/w) 66.2%
104

Methodology
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Evaluation of Haematinic activity in Albino rats.
Date of commencement: 03-04-2007 to 06-04-2007
Principle: Iron deficiency anaemia is a most frequent disease in the developing
countries like India.The common clinical features of iron deficiency anaemia are
malaise, bodyache,loss of appetite,physical and mental stress etc.
Acute anaemia can be induced in laboratory animals by using
Phenylhydrazine dissolved in Dimethylsulphoxide.Later Test sample will be given to
correct the Anaemia by proper procedure.
Male albino rats weighing between 175-200gms wee taken from KLEs
Pharmacy college animal house and whole study was carried out in the
experimental laboratory attached with the Institute
Requirements:
Animals: Albino rats (175-200gms,Overnight fasted)
Drugs: Phenyl hydrazine dissolved in Dimethylsulphoxide
Trial drug Kantaloha bhasma
Equipment:
For the estimation of Haemoglobin: Haemometer including haemometer pipette
and tube, stirrer etc.
For the estimation of RBC: Microscope, Haemocytometer set.
a) Red blood cells diluting pipette
b) Neubers slide with counting chamber
For the Bone marrow study : Infant bone marrow needle, microscope with oil
immersion lens.
105

Methodology
Drugs:
Phenyl hydrazine dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (To induce anaemia)
5% carboxy methyl cellulose. (To make the suspension of bhasma)
Trial drug Kantaloha bhasma
0.1N Hydrochloric acid, Distilled water, 70% alcohol (For estimation of
Haemoglobin)
Animal selection:
36 healthy male rats(175-200gms) of Albino strain were selected for the
present study. The animals were grouped in 3 groups (12 rats in each group) and
placed accordingly in different cages as 6 animals in each cage. The animals were
provided with food and water ad libitum.
Fixation of Rat dose: To calculate the Rat dose from Human dose, the formula is
Rat dose = Human dose x surface area factor 0.018
Procedure:
The rats were divided into 3 groups. The rats of group I were not given any
treatment and served as normal.
The rats of group I & group III were given 25mg phenyl hydrazine/kg
body wt which was dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (250
mg/ml)
Group II animals served as Positive control group (PC) were not given any
treatment.
Kantaloha bhasma is mixed with 5% carboxymethyl cellulose and made a
suspension. This suspension was administered to animals of Group III
immediately after administration of Phenylhydrazine orally. The doses
were calculated according to body weight of 200 gms weighing albino rats.
106

Methodology
6 rats from each groups were sacrificed ( by ether anaesthasia) after 48
hours. The remaining 6 rats from each groups were sacrificed after 96
hours.
The various haemotological and biochemical parameters were estimated
and also the study of bone marrow was carried out.
Haemotological Parameters85:
Blood samples were aspirated from all the animals by cardiac puncture, from
rat hearts before sacrificing.
The Haematological parameter estimated were
1) Red blood cell count
2) Haemoglobin content
Biochemical Parameters:
1) Pronormoblast count
2) Normoblast count
3) Reticulocyte count
4) Normocyte count
These parameters were analyzed at KLEs college of Pharmacy Gadag.
In order to the difference between the Positive control group and treated group
animals, the results were subjected to ANOVA test.
Procedure of Bone Marrow Study86:
The femur bones of the rats were dissected out immediately after they were
sacrificed. The femur bones were cleaned, their heads were cut and bone marrow was
flushed out with the help of infant bone marrow needle. The flushed bone marrow
was transferred to a clean slide and thin film was prepared. The slide was air dried
107

Methodology
and then fixed with methanol. The bone marrow slides were stained by wrights stain
and observed under the microscope using oil immersion lens.
The various parameters observed on the slides were:
Myeloid : Erythroid cell ratio
Pronormoblast count
Normoblast count
Reticulocytes count
Normocytes cont
108

Results
Table No. 19 showing : RBC ratio 48 hours

Intermediate calculation ANOVA
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Squares
Variation freedom Squares
Treatment 2 30.90 15.45
Residuals 15 5.124 0.34
Total 17 36.028
F Value =45.232
Table No. 20 showing Summary of Data
Group No. of Mean S.D S.E.M
Animals
C 6 8.260 0.298 0.122
PC 6 5.130 0.391 0.160
T 6 7.310 0.884 0.361
Table No. 21 showing comparison with Positive control and test group in
Haematinic activity
Comparison Mean difference T value P value
C Vs PC 3.130 13.118 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 0.950 3.981 *P<0.05
PC Vs T -2.180 9.136 ***P<0.001
Note: C- Control group, PC- Positive control group, T- Test group.
Graph No. 1
RBC ratio-after 48 hours
10
8.26
8 7.31
6 6 6 6
No of Animals 5.13 C
4
PC
2
T
0
Group Mean
109

Results
Table No. 22 showing RBC ratio 96 hours

Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean square
Treatment 2 28.392 14.19
Residuals 15 2.188 0.14
Total 17 30.580
F Value = 97.334
Group No.of Animals Mean S.D S.E.M
C 6 8.260 0.298 0.122
PC 6 5.260 0.587 0.240
T 6 7.350 0.051 0.021
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 3.2008 19.242 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 0.9100 5.83 **P<0.01
PC Vs T -2.09 13.40 ***P<0.001
Graph. No. 2
RBC cell Ratio-After 96 hours
10
8.26
8 7.35
6 6 6
No of 6 5.26 C
Animals 4 PC
T
2
0
Group Mean
110

Results
Table No. 25 showing Data of Hb % of Blood (gm/dl) After 48 hours
Control Positive Control Test
14.13 10.4 13.4
14.30 10.5 13.2
14.40 10.6 13.6
14.30 10.4 13.0
14.00 10.6 13.6
14.20 10.4 13.0
Table No. 26 Intermediate calculation ANOVA
Treatment 2 45.51 22.75
Residuals 15 0.53 0.03
Total 17 46.04
F Value =643.59
Group No. of Animals Mean S.D S.E.M Median
C 6 14.2 0.14 0.056 14.25
PC 6 10.4 0.09 0.040 10.45
T 6 13.30 0.27 0.11 13.30
111

Results
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 3.73 48.69 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 0.92 12.00 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T -2.90 38.45 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 3
Hb% of Blood(gm/dl)-After 48 hours

15 14.2 13.3
C
10.4
10 PC
No of
animals 6 6 6 T
5
0
Group Mean
112

Results
Table No. 29 showing Data of Hb % of Blood (gm/dl) after 96 hours
14.20 11.1 13.6
14.40 11.0 13.5
14.40 11.0 13.4
14.60 11.3 13.5
14.40 10.6 13.6
14.40 11.2 13.5
Source of Degrees of Sum of Squares Mean Squares
Variation freedom
Treatment 2 36.56 18.28
Residuals 15 0.401 0.026
Total 17 36.96
F Value =682.72
C 6 14.40 0.12 0.051 14.40
PC 6 11.03 0.24 0.098 11.05
T 6 13.51 0.07 0.030 13.50
113

Results
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 3.367 50.39 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 0.883 13.22 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T -2.48 37.52 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 4
Hb% of blood(gm/dl)-After 96 hours
15 14.4
13.51
11.03 C
10
No of PC
animals 6 6 6 T
5
0
Group Mean
114

Results
Table No. 33 showing Myeloid: Erythroid cell Ratio After 48 hours

Variation freedom
Treatment 2 39.572 19.786
Residuals 15 13.539 0.9026
Total 17 53.111
F Value = 21.922
Group No. of Mean S.D S.E.M
Animals
C 6 4.80 1.029 0.420
PC 6 1.30 0.164 0.067
T 6 3.89 0.274 0.52
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 3.50 9.024 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 0.91 2.34 *P>0.05
PC Vs T -2.59 6.67 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 5
Myeloid:Erythroid cell ratio after 48 hrs
C
6 6 6
6
PC
5 4.8
3.89
T
4
No of
3
Animals
2
1.3
1
0
Mean
Group
115

Results
Table No. 36 showing Myeloid : Erythroid cell ratio- after 96 hours

Variation freedom
Treatment 2 33.344 16.672
Residuals 15 6.462 0.430
Total 17 39.807
F= 38.70
C 6 4.180 1.029 0.420
PC 6 1.60 0.132 0.053
T 6 4.010 0.465 0.190
Table No. 38 showing comparison with control group in Haematinic activity

C Vs PC 3.200 11.94 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 0.790 2.94 *P>0.05
PC Vs T -2.41 8.99 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 6
Myeloid:Erythroid cell ratio-96 hours
6 6 6
6
5 4.18 4.01 C
No of 4
3 PC
Animals 2 1.6
1 T
0
Group Mean
116

Results
Table No. 39 showing Data of Pronormoblast After 48 hours
30.6 7.8 26.4
32.4 7.6 25.6
34.8 7.9 26.8
30.6 8.4 26.8
28.9 7.9 26.8
23.6 6.9 25.8
Treatment 2 1842.5 921.23
Residuals 15 25.62 1.709
Total 17 1868.1
F Value = 539.18
C 6 31.15 2.14 0.874 30.60
PC 6 7.70 0.48 0.200 7.70
T 6 26.36 0.54 0.221 26.60
117

Results
Table No. 42 showing comparison with positive control and test group in
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 23.450 43.944 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 4.783 8.96 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T -18.660 35.153 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 7
Pronormoblast count-after 48 hours
35
31.15
30
26.36
25
20 C
15 PC
10 7.7 T
6 6 6
5
0
Group Mean
118

Results
Table No. 43 showing Data of Pronormoblast After 96 hours
32.4 17.3 24.8
32.4 18.1 23.7
34.8 17.4 24.6
30.6 17.4 23.8
30.1 18.3 24.5
31.2 17.6 24.0
Treatment 2 609.05 304.52
Residuals 15 16.250 1.08
Total 17 625.30
F Value = 281.10
C 6 31.91 1.69 0.691 31.80
PC 6 17.68 0.41 0.170 17.50
T 6 24.23 0.45 0.187 24.25
119

Results
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 14.23 33.49 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 7.68 18.08 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T -6.550 15.47 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 8
Pronormoblast count-After 96 hours
35 31.91
30
25 24.23 C
20 17.68 PC
15 T
10 6 6 6
5
0
Group Mean
120

Results
Table No. 47 showing Data of Normoblast After 48 hours
57.8 74.6 64.8
56.8 74.3 64.8
57.3 73.8 64.8
57.8 74.0 65.8
57.8 74.9 65.7
57.4 73.6 65.4
Treatment 2 839.9 419.95
Residuals 15 3.157 0.210
Total 17 843.06
F Value = 1995.5
C 6 57.48 0.40 0.164 57.60
PC 6 74.20 0.49 0.201 74.15
T 6 65.21 0.47 0.193 65.10
121

Results
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC -16.717 89.260 ***P<0.001
C Vs T -7.733 41.29 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T 8.990 29.005 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 9
Normoblast count-After 48 hours
80 74.2
65.21
60 57.48 C
PC
40 T
20
6 6 6
0
Group Mean
122

Results
Table No. 51 showing Data of Normoblast After 96 hours
57.0 67.5 59.8
56.8 67.3 60.0
56.4 68.0 60.0
56.8 67.1 59.5
57.1 67.8 59.3
56.7 67.4 60.0
Treatment 2 355.07 77.53
Residuals 15 90.634 6.042
Total 17 445.70
F Value = 294.0
C 6 56.80 0.244 0.100 56.80
PC 6 67.51 0.331 0.135 67.450
T 6 60.50 4.238 1.730 25.550
123

Results
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC -10.717 84.674 ***P<0.001
C Vs T 31.33 247.57 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T 7.010 6.985 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 10
Normoblast count-After 96 hours
70 67.51
60.5
60 56.8
50
40 C
30 PC
20 T
10 6 6 6
0
Group Mean
124

Results
Table No. 55 showing Data of Reticulocytes counts After 48 hours

Treatment 2 154.40 77.199
Residuals 15 20.643 1.376
Total 17 175.04
F Value = 56.095
Group No. of Animals Mean S.D S.E.M
C 6 6.80 0.098 0.0401
PC 6 4.66 0.080 0.330
T 6 7.84 1.86 0.760
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 2.140 4.468 *P<0.05
C Vs T -4.860 10.148 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T -7.000 14.616 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 11
Reticulocytes count-After 48 hours
8 7.84
6.8 C
6 6 6 6
4.66 PC
4
T
2
0
Group Mean
125

Results
Table No. 58 showing Data of Reticulocytes counts After 96 hours

Treatment 2 34.24 17.126
Residuals 15 24.59 1.640
Total 17 58.83
F Value = 10.441
C 6 6.94 1.38 0.567
PC 6 4.57 1.651 0.674
T 6 11.66 0.514 0.210
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC 2.370 4.53 *P<0.05
C Vs T 0.900 1.72 P>0.05
PC Vs T -3.27 6.25 **P<0.01
Graph No. 12
Reticulocytes count-After 96 hours
12 11.66
10
8 6.94
6 6 6 C
6 4.57 PC
4
T
2
0
Group Mean
126

Results
Table No. 61 showing Data of Normocytes counts After 48 hours

Treatment 2 56.24 28.124
Residuals 15 17.09 1.140
Total 17 73.33
F Value = 13.455
C 6 5.66 1.04 0.428
PC 6 9.67 0.80 0.330
T 6 6.79 1.29 0.527
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC -4.010 2.29 ***P<0.001
C Vs T -0.590 7.18 P>0.05
PC Vs T 3.420 7.84 ***P<0.001
Graph No. 13
Normocyte count-After 48 hours
10 9.67
8
6.79
6 6 6 6 5.66 C
4 PC
2 T
0
Group Mean
127

Results
Table No. 64 showing Data of Normocyte counts After 96 hours

Treatment 2 133.37 66.68
Residuals 15 34.32 2.28
Total 17 167.69
F Value = 29.13
C 6 5.15 1.76 0.720
PC 6 11.23 1.44 0.590
T 6 10.56 1.29 0.525
Haematinic activity
C Vs PC -6.080 9.84 ***P<0.001
C Vs T -5.410 8.76 ***P<0.001
PC Vs T 0.6700 1.08 * P<0.05
Graph No. 14
Normocytes count-After 96 hours
15
11.2310.56
10 C
6 6 6 5.15
5 PC
T
0
Group Mean
*** Highly significance = P< 0.001 ** Moderate significance = P<0.01
* Less significance = P< 0.05

128

Results
Results of the RBCs and Hb Study:
1) Sample No 1 shows
Normal number of RBCs and Haemoglobin content (i.e 8.26, 8.26 and 14.20,
14.40)
Normal values 6.2 9.6 mill/cmm and 12-17.5 Hbg/100ml.
2) Sample No 2 shows: At 48 and 96 hrs
The results indicated decrease in the RBC count (i.e 5.13 and 5.26) and in the
Haemoglobin (i.e 10.41 and 11.03) at 48th and 96th hrs.
3) Sample No 3 shows: At 48 and 96 hrs
The results indicate increase in the RBC count (i.e 7.31 and 7.35) and in the
Haemoglobin (i.e 13.30 and 13.51) at 48th and 96 hrs.
The test sample 1 (Control group) shows normal RBCs and Haemoblohbin
content, Sample-2 (Phenylhydrazine treated) shows decrease in the number of RBCs
and Haemoglobin content cells and Sample-3 (Kantaloha bhasma) shows increase in
the RBCs and Haemoglobin content.
Results of the Bone marrow study
1) Sample No 1 shows
Normal cell ratio from myeloid to erythroid cells and also found normal
Pronormoblast, Normoblast, reticulocytes and Normocytes, exhibit normal activity.
2) Sample No 2 shows: At 48 & 96 hrs.
1) Decrease in myeloid to erythroid cell ratio below normal value observed in the
bone marrow.
2) Decrease Pronormoblast and Reticulocytes count in the bone marrow.
3) Increase Normoblast and Normocytes count in bone marrow.
129

Results
3) Sample No 3 shows : At 48 & 96 hrs
1) Increased in myeloid to erythroid cell observed in the bone marrow.
2) Increase in Pronormoblasts and Reticulocytes count in the bone marrow.
3) Decrease in Normoblast and Normocytes count but increased in Normocytes
count at 96 hrs was observed in bone marrow.
The test sample 1 (control group) shows normal celles, Sample 2
(Phenythydrazine treated) shows abnormal cells and Sample 3 (Kantaloha bhasma)
shows stimulate Erthropoiesis as there is an increased in the Reticulocytes count
above normal values.
Myeloid to erythroid cell ratio:
1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phenythydrazine has resulted
in sharp decreased in the myeloid to erythroid ratio i.e 1.3 and 1.60 at 48 and
96 hrs.
2) The animals treated with Kantaloha bhasma showed a significant increase in
the myeloid to erythroid ratio i.e 3.89 and 4.01 at 48 and 96 hrs of treatment
respectively, when compared to positive control group.
Pronormoblast:
1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of phenythydrazine has resulted
in sharp decrease in the Pronormoblast i.e 7.70 and 17.68 at 48 and 96 hrs.
2) The animals treated with Kantaloha bhasma showed significant increase in the
Pronormoblast i.e 26.36 and 24.23 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment
respectively, when compared to positive control group.
Normoblast:
in sharp increase in the Normoblast i.e 74.20 and 67.51 at 48 and 96 hrs.
130

Results
the Normoblast i.e 65.21 and 60.50 at 48 and 96 hrs of treatment respectively,
when compared to positive control group.
Reticulocytes count:
in sharp decrease in the Reticulocytes i.e 4.66 and 4.57 at 48 and 96 hrs.
the Reticulocytes i.e 7.84 and 11.66 at 48 and 96 hrs of treatment respectively,
when compared to positive control group.
Normocytes:
1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phynylhydrazine has resulted
in sharp increase in the Normocytes i.e 9.67 and 11.23 at 48 and 96 hrs.
2) The animals treated with Kantaloha bhasma showed a significant decrease in
normocytes i.e 6.79 at 48 hrs of the treatment while no significant decrease in
normocyte count i.e 10.56 at 96 hrs of treatment respectively.
It is clear from the results and ANOVA test that Kantaloha bhasma is
significant in increasing the Hb%, RBC ratio & correcting the bone marrow cells.
131

Discussion
DISCUSSION
The study entitled The Preparation, Physico-chemical analysis of Kantaloha
bhasma and evaluation of its haematinic activity an experimental study is presented
in 4 parts.
1) Literary study
2) Pharmaceutical study
3) Analytical study
4) Experimental study
1) Literary study:
Literary study explained under two headings i.e Drug review and disease
review. In drug review Loha giving special stress to Kantaloha is discussed according
to ayurvedic as well as modern concept.
Loha known to Indians since vedic period. In ancient time the classical texts
used the word loha to denote suvarnadi metals, but now a days the word loha is
isolated to Iron only and dhatu for their ores. In vedic period there was wide
utilization of Loha, which was used for making weapons, instruments and also for
making artificial limb. One of the example is that, rehabilization of vishpala with the
artifical limb of Loha was made by Bhishak Ashwinikumar when his limb was cut in
the war. Apart from this Loha was used as a medicince. But, its wide scope seen in the
Rasashastra period. Internal therapeutical uses started more in the samhita period self.
Among lohas kantaloha is considered best among rest of the varieties because
of its efficacy and the characters present within. As it increases the complexion of the
skin and mainly used for Raktavikaras it is called as Kantayasa. Kantaloha bhasma
mainly used for panduroga, Yakrut pleeharoga, and it is said to be best Ranjaka and
Raktavardhaka.
132

Discussion
According to modern chemistry, the ancient Indians, Egyptians and Chinese
have used Iron implements and utensils. The symbol for iron, Fe, comes from the
Latin word for iron, Ferum. Iron belongs to group VIII a elements and,
Atomic Number : 26
Electron configuration : 2.8.14.2
Density : 7.86
Atomic volume : 7.1
Melting point : 15390C
Boiling point : 24500C
Iron is first obtained from iron ores in the form of pig iron. This is next
converted into cast iron, wrought iron or steel as required. Iron is a good conductor of
heat and electricity. Iron is present in the red corpuscles of the blood and in plant
tissues. There is close relation between blood and iron may be this reason, it has wide
therapeutical values in treating the blood born diseases.
Under Disease review Ayurvedic concept of panduroga and modern concept
of Anemia giving special reference to iron deficiency anemia is discussed.
Panduroga is a disease where the colour of the skin is changed to white some
acharyas also explained peeta, Krishna, harita and it is a combination of shweta and
peeta varna. A healthy persons colour and complexion is because of blood i.e its
contents. Any vikruti in the blood that shows the changes in the skin. The common
symptoms of panduroga are dourbalya, hridrava, shwasa, brama, kati-uru-
parshwashoola, gourava, shoonakshikoota etc.
The treatment of panduroga is divided into shodhana and shamana karma. In
shodhana therapy koshta shudhi can be done to combat dosha bahulyata. In shamana
133

Discussion
chikitsa various single and compound preparations like Kantaloha bhasma, vyoshadya
gruta and vidangadi loha etc were explained in ayurvedic classics.
According to modern science Anaemia is generally defined as reduction of
Haemoglobin concentration, red cell count or packed cell volume to below normal
levels. The Anemia resulted by deficiency of Iron is called Iron deficiency Anaemia.
2) Pharmaceutical study:
Most of the metals and minerals found in yogika avastha, i.e mixed with some
other drugs / admixtures. So some of them may be unwanted and some of them may
be toxic in nature. Shodhana not only intended to remove the impurities or toxic
material, but also makes the metal suitable for further procedure and enhances its
potency.
The present study Samanya shodhana was carried out by doing nirvapa in Tila
taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulaththa for 7 times in each and vishesha shodhana i.e
Pachana with Triphala kwatha prepared in Gomutra for 5 times. In the vishesha
shodhana there was a wt gain upto 20 gms, may be because of residuals of Triphala in
the loha.
In the above said medias, Tila taila is neutral where as other medias contain
several acidic compounds, hence some of them are acidic in nature. During processing
with these drugs the organic acids act slowly on metal and help in attainment of
brittleness. This helps to make bhasma easily.
Marana:
Number of drugs are prescribed as a bhavana dravyas for Loha bhasma. In this
study triphala was selected as a Pachana and bhavana dravya because Haritaki,
Bibutikai both are Ushna virya and madhura vipaka while Amalaki is sheeta veerya
and madhura vipaka and triphala works as rechaka, this helps in removing lohakitta
134

Discussion
after consumption of kantaloha bhasma. Panduroga is mainly caused by vitation of
pitta and rakta so, Triphala was selected for the Marana.
Classically 4 Gajaputas are mentioned for marana of loha after pachana &
bhavana in Tripahla kwath. But after 4 Gajaputas Kantaloha bhasma didnt pass the
bhasma pareeksha, so after 10 Gajaputas fine powder turned to very fine powder of
reddish grey in colour.
Loss of lustureness might be due to conversion of inorganic into organic non
metallic nature of Loha i.e. vijatiya is completely converted into sajatiya.
3) Analytical study:
Ayurvedic organoleptic tests of bhasma proved the total conversion of Loha
into bhasma. The bhasma pariksha like, Varitaratwa, rekhapurnatwa, slakshnatwa,
confirmes the microfine nature of bhasma and gatasaratwa test indicates complete loss
of metalic taste, kanthaloha bhasma was subjected to the test Loss on drying 1100C.
If was evident that weight loss is very minimum i.e 0.39% which indicate bhasma is
completely free from the moisture.
The pH of the loha bhasma is 8.10 this shows the alkalinity of the sample.
Total ash value of the sample is 99.7%. This shows the amount of Inorganic material
present in it. The alcohol soluble extractive of the sample is 0.27% and water
insoluble extractive is 0.74% which is less than the total ash value and Acid insoluble
ash is 0.23%. This shows the absorption of Loha bhasma in the gut.
When the sample is subjected to test assay for Iron, the value obtained
indicates this sample contains 66.2% organic Iron.
To confirm the Rekhapurnatwa, Sookshmatwa of bhasma, it was subjected to
fineness test, and all the particles passed through the seve no. 85.
135

Discussion
4) Experimental study:
A healthy male rats weighing 175-200 g of Albino strain were selected for the
study male rats are having more Hb% than the female one. So the selection of male
rats was made. The animals were grouped in 3 groups (12 rats in each group) and
placed according in different stages as 6 animals in each cage.
Group I (Control group), Group II (Phenylhydrazine treated to induce anemia ) Group
III (Kantaloha bhasma in anemia induced animals as trial) was made.
6 animals of each groups were sacrificed (by either anaesthasia) after 48 hrs.
the remaining 6 rats from each groups were sacrificied after 96 hrs. various
haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated and also the study of bone
marrow was carried out.
Group I showed normal RBCs and Haemoglobin content (i.e 8.26, 8.26 and 14.20,
14.40) respectively.
Group II showed decrease in the number of RBCs and Haemoglobin content cells (i.e
9.13 and 5.26) respectively.
Group III showed increase in the RBCs and Haemoglobin content (i.e 7.31 and 7.35)
Bone marrow study reveals that, in Group II (Positive control) the values of
Myeoloid to erythroid cell ratio, Pronormoblast count, Reticulocytes were decreased
and values of Normoblast count, Normocytes count were increased, as compared to
Normal values. But after giving the trial drug (Kantaloha bhasma) Myeloid to
erythroid cell ratio, Pronormoblast count, Reticulocytes count were increased and
values of Normoblast count, Normocyte count were decreased as compared to Group
II (Positive control or phenythydrazone treated group)
136

Discussion
Mode of action of Phenylhydrazine:
Phynyihydrazie is used for the treatment of polycythemia. It is also used for
the induction of experimental anaemia in animals. Phenylhydrazine treatment
decreases the total blood volume, haemoglobin content and red blood cell count. It
increases the fragility of RBCs.
Oxyhaemoglobin and myoglobin react with phenylhydrazone to yield a
derivative of haemoglobin containing N-phenylprotoprophrin in which the
haemogroup is modified. Free radicals generated after treatment of phenylhydrazene
lead to RBCs haemolyses.
137

Conclusion
CONCLUSION
1) Metals hold the precious place in the Rasashastra and they are having definite
therapeutic value in bhasma form, as the bhasma is the end product of the metal,
which is obtained after the several processes like, shodhana and marana.
2) During Pharmaceutical procedure i.e shadhana, the medias used for shoahdna
certainly have a role in detoxifying the metal, making the metal suitable for the
next process and may induce the special disease curing property.
3) Preparation of Triphala kwath in Gomootra helps in making the loha to brittle,
which can be easily powdered in gajaputas. The properties of Triphala make the
anulomana, and tridoshahara karma so Loha kitta may be easily removed out of
the body.
4) By Physico-chemical analysis it is evident that the prepared Loha bhasma is
genuine one and they are within permissible limits given by Analytical
laboratories.
5) The statistical results evidence proved that, Kantaloha bhasma is highly
significant for all parameters with P value < 0.001 so it is good for panduroga
where the haemoglobin and RBC levels are reduced.
6) Kantaloha bhasma can be better absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract and has
quick action. It is best ranjaka and raktavardhaka.
7) As Kantaloha bhasma and anupana dravyas have the properties to reduce dooshita
pitta and rakta, it works as a best haematinic.
8) Anaemia caused as a primary or secondary to any disease, Kantaloha bhasma is
used as a single medicament or the yogas prepared including loha bhasma.

138

Conclusion
Scope for further study:
A Comparative study of Kantaloha bhasma and Folic acid which is widely used in
modern medicine in treating the iron deficiency anaemia can be made.
A clinical trial of Kantaloha bhasma can be carried out.
For better understanding about the Physical, Chemical variations of Kantaloha
bhasma, during and after the Pharmaceutical procedures, respective samples at
various stages are to be analyzed using modern instruments.
139

Summary
SUMMARY
The present study is entitled Preparation, Physico-chemical analysis of
Kantaloha Bhasma and evaluation of its Haematinic Activity An Experimental Study
In this study, here an attempt was made to prepare Kantaloha bhasma as per
the classical procedures, its Physico-chemical analysis and assessed its Haematinic
activity experimentally.
This study includes the following chapter viz Introduction, Objectives, Review
of Literature and Methodology which contains Pharmaceutical study, Analytical
study, and Experimental study. The next chapter Discussion and conclusion.
1) In the introduction part, importance of Shastra, necessity for experiments,
subject related to panduroga, iron deficiency anaemia, Kantaloha bhasma is
presented.
2) Aims and Objectives of the present study were mentioned in the objective
chapter.
3) Review of Literature was dealt in two main headings i.e Drug and Disease
Review.
a) The chapter Drug review deals about the Loha, giving special reference
to Kantaloha and modern concept of Iron. It also contains synonyms,
vernaculars names, character, pharmacological properties, shodhan,
marana, therapeutical usage of Kantaloha. Description of drugs used for
shodhana, marana and anupana has been told.
b) Disease Review deals with panduroga definition, types, laxanas,
samprapti, chikitsa and modern aspect of Iron deficiency Anaemia.
4) Methodology: It deals about Pharmaceutical, Analytical and Experimental
study.
140

Summary
a) In Pharmaceutical study practical ascept of Kantaloha shodhana,
marana is explained.
b) The Analytical study deals about Physico-chemical analysis of
Kantaloha bhasma like pH value, total ash, Acid insoluble ash, loss on
ignition, loss on drying, Alcohol soluble extractive, water insoluble
extractive, fineness of particles, solubility and estimation of Iron.
c) In experimental study: Trial drug was evaluated for the haematinic
activity. It includes selection of albino rats, fixation of dose, induction
of Anaemia again treating with trial drug. Estimation of
Haematological and Bio chemical parameters were made.
5) The next chapter contains Results where data related to haematinic activity
and statistical analysis which were proving the results of the present study.
6) Discussion: This chapter deals with elaborated discussion regarding the trial
drug, process and observations of Pharmaceutical study, observations and
results of analytical and experimental study.
Finally the essence of this dissertation has explained in conclusion.
141

Bibilography
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Bibilography
60
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83) Ibid Sloka 106-108, PP 63.
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rats during phenylhydrazine induced haemolytic Anaemia. Indian journal of
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147

SLOKAS
xkr ebqrx xir mirk (RUGVEDA 1-56-3)
Uj AroMq (RUGVEDA 6-75-05)
zr qrzr qqxl sWi qxr sWi | m pxq WUi uhq mwMU akq
(ATHARVAVEDA 11-3-4)
Awq cq qM cq --------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------- sW cq m cq |
(YAJURVEDA 18-3)
Arxqrl ch uirqWi eWi
(SHATAPATA-13-3-4-5)
rj xqrlMl lZululiil xu Mwrrx ul xri (CHA-6-1-5)
ih sW mh ..................... xusWxurxMi (SU.CHI.A. 11-11)
qhQ ih ij Mli sW ukqcri |
qhQh ii Mli mzxi mUMiiq || RT 20/1
MlisW ij Mli iurxMligc ilqiq |
Mlirx qWsW iSu ulai || RT 20/4
is i au q ycUls Msije |
Mqwcrmi Su Su i xmik ||
xuhSsWmh zUw mzxri || RRS 5/29
ziuaWiur iimrl kqi |
qiimumi ker xzr ||
m rxr mxUi es isouSl smi
alk Wxirei c ij ii uqoMsM |
148
mM Sak pui zZUMUM li pq
Mli sW iSSqSi sh c llri || RRS 94-95
r Tsrmi aq Mji hq |
Uci bix r miur ZmU mci ||
csrssWShQl ruimi ih SWi |
m mcSu mcuUqi mUq ||
kTsUxr TsMjiSM |
mOssW ciuU puSUiU Zs || RRS 5/106-108
Mir MqlrMliell mhQuqrlqslq |
rqurkloWh aUWU Swrlqslq ||
llMloWh osMU uwr urxiqplq |
xuorkWU UxrluU pqqi lmUq || RRS 114
mUpr agemSzi ageirxqiq |
qi sW mrgei mhcr mri || RT 20/68
whRiuMqrqirS puSkSazs MizqU c |
llel c ij mMm MUi ssxqzsWq || AP 3/224
qlUxmuQa qlUxsR cU xji bq |
Suri sWSwl ululimhQqu || AP 3/230
149

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THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF KANTALOHA

BHASMA AND EVALUATION OF ITS HAEMATINIC ACTIVITY- AN

DR. MAHANTESH M. KATTIMANI

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

Dr. M.C. PATIL M.D.(Ayu)

Dr. GIRISH N. DANAPPAGOUDAR, M.D. (Ayu),

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled The Preparation,

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic

Activity- An Experimental Study is a bonafide and genuine research work carried

HOD, Post graduate department of Rasashastra and under the Co-guidance of

Dr. Girish N. Danappagoudar, . (Rasashastra). Lecturer, Post graduate department

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled The Preparation,

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic

Activity- An Experimental Study is a bonafide research work done by

Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Dr. M.C. PATIL M.D.(Ayu)

CERTIFICATE BY THE Co - GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled The Preparation, Physico-

Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic

Activity- An Experimental Study is a bonafide research work done by

of Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Place: Gadag. Dr. Girish. N. Danappagoudar,

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled The Preparation, Physico-

Chemical Analysis of Kantaloha Bhasma and Evaluation of its Haematinic

Activity- An Experimental Study is a bonafide research work done by

(Rasashastra), Professor & H.O.D, Postgraduate department of Rasashastra and co-

guidance of Dr. Girish N. Danappagoudar, M.D. (Rasashastra), lecturer, Postgraduate

DR. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Rasashastra) Dr. G. B. Patil.

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Date: Signature of Scholar

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

My respectful salute to almighty God, by his blessings and grace success in

Dr. Mahantesh. M. Kattimani

Background: Aneamia is a common disease Characterized by Lassitude, Fatigue,

Headache, Palpitation, Stomatitis, Bodyache, Insomnia, Anorexia, Nausea, lack of

where, there is a reduction of RBC and Haemoglobin concentration.

Ayurveda explained in detail about the Laxanas and chikitsa of Panduroga.

samuchchaya kara considered Loha bhasma especially Kantaloha bhasma is best

potent therapeutic form from different formulations.

1. Preparation of Kantaloha bhasma

2. Physico-chemical analysis of Kantaloha bhasma.

3. Evaluation of its Haematinic activity- an experimental study.

a) Loha shodhana (Samanya & Vishesha) according to Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya

5th chapter, Sloka 29 and 106-107.

b) Loha Marana according to Rasaratna samuchchaya 5th chapter sloka 107,108.

Loha Bhasma is subjected to Physico-chemical analysis ie. Assay for Iron,

including organoleptic character.

recorded and statistically analysed.

Kantaloha bhasma increased the Hb % and RBC ratio significantly with P

value < 0.001.

Interpretation and Conclusion

disease curing property. But the practical procedure are labourous.

2) Ayurvedic bhasma pareeksha and modern physico-chemical analysis are

3) Kantaloha bhasma is one of the ideal formulations for treating Panduroga

Panduroga, Iron deficiency anaemia, Kantaloha shodhana, Marana, Physico-

chemical analysis and Haematinic activity.

A) Drug Review 5-54

B) Disease Review 55-83

1. A.P Ayurveda Prakasha