Faculty of Engineering and

Materials Science

Sensor Technology
ELCT 903

Lecture # 5
Resonators, Cavities & Interferometers
Nov. 4th, 2017

Dr. Amir R. Ali

Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering
amir.ali@guc.edu.eg
C7.108
 Sensor Technology Lecture # 5

Lecture # 5
Resonators, Cavities & Interferometers
Contents
Resonators, Cavities and Interferometers
Types of resonators
Optical resonators
The use of the cavities and resonators
Naviers equation for linear elasticity
At the end of this lecture the student will know
The governing equation for the elastic optical
cavities and its type and solution

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (2)

Sensor Technology (Part 1 of 3) Resonator types

The Resonator element could be based on

Mechanical Electrical Optical

System System System
Strain Gauge Digital Capacitive Sensor Micro-Optical Resonators
Theory of Strain Digital Inductive Sensor Whispering gallery modes
Gauge - Wheatstone Analog Inductive Sensor based sensors
Bridge circuit ... etc
Accelerometer

Opto-mechanical Opto-electrical
Optical Accelerometer Optical-Inductive Switching
Optical Wall shear Stress Frequency Comparison
sensors Optical Electric field Sensors
... etc ... etc
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (3)
 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Types of micro-optical resonant cavities

Micro-sphere * Micro-toroid Micro-ring

resonant cavity resonant cavity resonant cavity

Range between ~100 and 1000 m in

diameter *

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (4)

 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Whispering Gallery Mode:

Optical resonances of a dielectric cavity

Q 106 109
a
so for a = 100 m and Q=108, a = 10-12 m
a
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (5)
 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Optical cavities could be model as mechanical system

Equilibrium position

Input force
At t = F Fo sin(t )
m
0s
At t =
0.5s m

At t = 2
m
1s X
At t =
1.5s m

At t =
m
2s
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (6)
 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Optical cavities could be model as mechanical system

d n y (t ) d n 1 y (t ) dy (t )
an a n 1 ... a 1 a0 y (t )
d nt d n 1t dt
m d m x(t ) d m1 x(t ) dx(t )
bm bm 1 ... b1 b0 x(t )
d mt d m1t dt

General idea about

the sensing element
response

Problems:
2
Force distribution
X
Change in the sphere
size where the light is
travelling through it

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (7)

 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Resonator OR Cavity
Input Output
Body force, f
Displacement of a
Could be:
force due to the E-field
X
2
point within the
force due centrifugal sphere, u
force



ur r a ,

etc This sensor made from 2
elastic material
ur r a ,

Static sensitivity K 2
f
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (8)
 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Resonator OR Cavity
Input Output
Body force, f Naviers Displacement of a
Could be:
force due to the E-field equation for point within the
force due centrifugal sphere, u
force linear
elasticity


ur r a ,

etc This sensor made from 2
elastic material
ur r a ,

Static sensitivity K 2
f
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (9)
 Sensor Technology (Part 2 of 3) Optical Resonator

Resonator OR Cavity
Input Output
Body force, f Naviers Displacement of a
Could be:
force due to the E-field equation for point within the
force due centrifugal sphere, u
force linear
elasticity


ur r a ,

etc 2
Vector or Scalar ?
Its physics?
Its Solution?
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (10)
Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

Naviers equation for linear elasticity

The displacement equation of motion in 3D in

general form

u ( )( u ) b u
2

F ma
Newton's second law
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (11)
Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

u ( )( u) b u
2

Here
& are called lame constant for isotropic material,

E E

2(1 ) (1 )(1 2 )
E is the Young's modulus,
v is the Poisson ratio ,
u is the displacement of a point within the sphere,
b is the body force acting on the sphere,
u is the inertia term ,

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (12)

Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

u ( )( u) b u
2

1
E
E

2(1 ) (1 )(1 2 )

( ) u b
u
2
( u )

2 1
1 1
1 2 1 2
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (13)
Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

Naviers equation for linear elasticity

1 b u
u
2
( u )
1 2
E E 2G(1 )

2(1 )
2G(1 )
G
2(1 )
1 b u
u
2
( u )
1 2 G G
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (14)
Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

Naviers equation for linear elasticity

Special case:
For a steady state case, there is (no acceleration term)

1 b u
u
2
( u )
1 2 G G
Equilibrium case

1 b
u
2
( u ) 0
1 2 G

F 0
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (15)
 Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation
Vector Vector
1 b
u
2
( u ) 0
1 2 Scalar G
Divergence Scalar

Vector Vector So the

body force
Gradient Vector Scalar should be
Vector vector

Naviers equation for linear elasticity is a vector problem

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (16)
 Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

Naviers equation for linear elasticity

Naviers equation for an elastic body is solved with the
appropriate boundary conditions

2 1 f
u ( u ) 0 2
1 2 G
X

The solution to Naviers equation

in spherical coordinates is required

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (17)

Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

Naviers equation for linear elasticity

Naviers equation for an elastic body is solved with the
appropriate boundary conditions

2 1 f
u ( u ) 0
1 2 G
Here
u is the displacement of a point within the sphere,

G is the shear modulus,

v is the Poisson ratio ,

f is the body force acting on the sphere.

Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (18)
Sensor Technology (Part 3 of 3) Naviers equation

Naviers equation Solution

1 f The solution to Naviers
2u ( u ) 0 equation in spherical
1 2 G coordinates is given by: u

ur
a n

a n 2

X
ur r a,

2
a
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (19)
 Sensor Technology Next Lecture

Next Lecture
Capacitance transducers
Capacitance transducers
Displacement transducers
Level gauge
Differential pressure transducers

Inductance transducers
Sensor construction
Signal conditioning circuit
Lead network
Lag network
Design equations

Thank you!
Copyright 2017 Dr. Amir R. Ali-Assist. Prof. of Mechatronics Engineering (20)