Aerodrome Data and Physical Characteristics

Unit-4
AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL

CHARACTERISTICS AND
OBSTACLE RESTRICTION
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
O Hare Airport
Types of Aerodromes in India
International Aerodrome-13
Domestic aerodrome-68 domestic
terminals
Military Aerodrome-Pathankot
Custom Aerodrome-Madurai
Chennai Aerodrome parameter
Location Trisoolam;MSL=16m
Bearing=12*59N 80*E
Runway 1. 07/25; 3.658m Asphalt
Runway 2.12/30; 2.05m Asphalt/Concrete
Chennai Terminal
Aerodrome Data
Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome

Chart
Chennai Airport
Aerodrome Data
1. Contain Aerodrome Chart
2. Aerodrome location giving-name, lat and long, airport
elevation physical location, distance & bearings-34 ft
AMSL; 12*5937 N, 01*0837E
3. Aerdrome Administration-name, number, fax of the
operator -AAI
4. Movement Areas like Runways, Taxiways, Aprons
5. Visual Aids-marking and lighting system for
airports,Visual Approach Slope Indicator and
Navigational Aids
6. Ground Services like Fuel, communication from
Ground to Pilot
Typical Example
1. Name of Aerodrome - Chennai or Delhi etc &
National Airport or International as NAT/INT
2. Runway Number from 01 to 36 & No. of
Runways as 1 or 2 and their designation and
length as 07/25; 3.658mile
3. Elevation of Runway
4. Type of Traffic ( IFR/VFR)
5. Location of Wind Sox (illuminated and non
illuminated)
6. Location of Aerodrome Ref point, Control
Tower, Terminal Building, Fire Station, Nav.
AERODROME CHART
1. Layout of runways, taxiways and apron(s);
b) type of the runway surfaces;
c) designations and length of runways; RWY NR-18;
2286M
d) designations of the taxiways
e) location of illuminated and non- illuminated wind
direction indicators;
2. Location of the aerodrome reference point
3. Location of terminal buildings
4. Location of control tower
5. Location of fire station
6. Location of navigation aids
7. Location of isolation bay
8. Location of helipadsDINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
ARP-Aerodrome Ref Point
ARP defined as geometrical
centre of runway, and height
decided by the AAI & Point-
ARP-the magnetic variation
given to the nearest degree from
magnetic north of the runway -
Indicated as ARPlat and ARPlong
Aerodrome and runway
elevations
Aerodrome elevation: The elevation of the highest point of the landing
area.
The following information shall be reported to the Aeronautical Information
Services (AIS):
The aerodrome elevation and geoid undulation at the aerodrome elevation
position, measured to the accuracy of one-half metre or foot;
The elevation and geoid undulation of each threshold, the elevation of the
runway end and any significant high and low intermediate points along the
runway, measured to the accuracy of one-half metre or foot for the
international aerodromes with non-precision approach runway;
The elevation and geoid undulation of the threshold, the elevation of the
runway end and the highest elevation of the touchdown zone, measured to the
accuracy of one-quarter metre or foot for precision approach runway
Aerodrome-runway and Taxiaway
Runway Details
1. Designation: RWY NR-18
2. Bearing:184*20 GEO and 184*15
3. Runway Size :2286 x 45 m
4. Width :< 30m, usually 45m, based on the wingspace of
aircraft
5. Separation between Parallel Runway <1300m
6. Slope of Runway < 5%
7. Permissible Cross Wind = 20 Knots
8. Runway Surface : Loss Free and Friction Free
9. Material : Partly Asphalt and partly
concrete
Aerodrome reference temperature
An aerodrome reference temperature shall be determined for

an aerodrome in degrees Celsius.
Recommendation.
The aerodrome reference temperature should be the monthly
mean of the daily maximum temperatures for the hottest
month of the year.
The hottest month being that which has the highest monthly mean
temperature.
This temperature should be averaged over a period of years.
Chennai ARP
L 1
ARP-Chennai
a 2
t 5
i 9
t 3
u 7
d N
e
Elevation 34 ft AMSL L
o
n
0
8
0
g 1
Latitude 125937 N i
t
u
0
3
7
d E
Longitude 010837E e
L 1
a 4
Land Area 1400 Acres n

d
0
0
A A
r c
e r
a e
s
E 3
l 4
e
v f
a t
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i
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L
RUNWAY
TORA & TODA
Take off Run-TORA =Length of runway
declared available and distance traversed
on ground run of an airplane taking off =
1.15 x Midpoint length of runway)
Take off Distance-TODA-length of the
takeoff run available plus the length of
Clear way; TODA=TORA + Clearway or
1.5 Tora
TAKE OFF DISTANCE-TODA
TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE-
TORA
Runway Length
Depends on the type of aircraft and speed
of landing( Airbus require 3.5Km)
1800m for weights< 90,000Kg for smaller
aircrafts
2400m For Wide bodies aircrafts
4000m for International flights
Runway Visual Range-RVR
Is an instrumentally derived value that
representing the horizontal distance a
pilot can see down the runway,
determined by visibility sensors
RVR measured in increments of 100 feet
up to 1,000 feet, increments of 200 feet
from 1,000 feet to 3,000 feet, and
increments of 500 feet above 3,000 feet to
6,000 feet.
RVR to Pilot
RVR
Types
1. Single Runway-Simplest Runway used when
winds blow on the Runway and suitable when
peak HR traffic is <50 operations; Both ends
can be used when the winds are light for
landing and departure.
2. Parallel Runway-when winds blow on the
runway and peak hr.traffic >50 operations and
landing and departure on two runways
3. Intersecting Runway-when wind blow in one
direction is > the other, intersecting runway
being used.
4. Open V & Closed V runway
Typical Runways
Single and Parallel Runways
Single Runway
Layout
Equal Dep & ARR
Terminal Building
Parallel Runway
L/TO
L/TO
Open V Runway & Intersecting
Runway
VFR,IFR Runway
( Precision and Non precision)
1. Visual Runway
2. Instrument Runway
a.Precision Runway-marked at edge with
white painting-guidance both for vertical
and horizontal
b.Non Precision Instrument ( no vertical
guidance, only horizontal guidance)
Instrument Runway
Instrument runway-Features
1. Marking and lighting systems for runways;
2. Approach lighting system;
3. Visual approach slope indicator system;
4. Aerodrome beacon;
5. Marking and lighting systems for taxiways; and
6. Any other marking and lighting systems.
Parallel Runway-9R-9L
270 90
DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET 180

Parallel Runway
Landing
Parallel Runways
Components of a Traffic Pattern
Single Runway
Designated positions in Parallel
runway
4
Designated positions in the runway
Position 1. Aircraft initiates call to taxi for
departing flight. Runway from Apron
Position 2. Departing aircraft held at
position 2. Engine run-up be performed
here.
Position 3. Take-off clearance issued
Position 4. Clearance to land is issued
Position 5. Clearance to taxi to apron
Position 6. Parking information issued
Actual Traffic Pattern in Parallel
Runways
Parallel Runways <4300
Parallel Runways <4300, Aircraft still
required to be 2.5 NM apart on the same
localizer,
but close as 1.5 NM apart diagonally
between the localizers
Parallel Runways <4300
Minimum distance between parallel
runways
Safe if the runway spacing
is greater than 1270m
Unsafe if the spacing is
lower than 930 m.
Parallel Runway Approaches (4)
1. Close Parallel
2. Independent parallel approaches
3. Independent Close Parallel
4. Independent Close Parallel with Cross
Wind Close parallel.
Parallel Runway Approaches (4)
Width of runways
Runway Width =45 Meters based on
Airworthiness requirements for AB 380
Typical Runway
Specification of Taxiway
Width
Surface
Strength
Information to Pilot for Take
off
Information
Runway Number
Wind Direction and Speed
QNH altimeter setting
the air temperature for the runway to be
used, in the case of turbine-engine aircraft;
RVR Values of the Runway
Correct Time
Information to be provided for the
Aircraft when on Approach
Runway Number
Surface Wind Direction and Speed
QNH altimeter setting
Obstacle Restriction
Runway designation:APCH-18 & TKOF-36
Obstacle type Trees and their bearing for
different types of trees from 17m to 21 and
their coordinates:
Mobile Tower and their bearing
Pole and its bearing
. Aerodrome Data
Obstacles in Areas
DINESHBABU 1 and 2
V/AP/NIET
Runway Markings
Runway Factors
1. Airport elevation above MSL
2. Mean maximum temperature
3. Wind velocity
4. Aircraft operating weights
5. Takeoff and landing flap settings
6. Effective runway gradient
7. Runway surface conditions (dry, wet,
contaminated, etc.)
8. Presence of obstructions within the vicinity of
the approach and departure path, and
Runway Markings
Instrument Runway markings
Runway Markings
1.Threshold Marking: 30 m x 1.8m 4.LandingAiming Point Marking
white stripes 30 x 4 m W stripe
Centre line
Marking
29L
50-75m
X 0.9 m
150m 3. Touch down
Zone marking Figure not to scale
300m
Runway Markings
1. Threshold: marked by a line of green lights-Four
stripes on either side of the centerline at the end of the
runway
2. Magnetic Runway Heading-29- number, to the nearest
one-tenth of Magnetic North
3. Touch Down Zone Markers:Meant to help define the
touchdown zone, they show distance information in 500
foot increments
4. Landing aiming point a visual cue, it is generally 1,000
feet from the threshold
5. Distance to go Markers:number denotes the distance
remaining, in thousands of feet.
6. Runway Designator Sign:the departure end of runway
9 is to your left and the departure end of runway 27 is to
your right. DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET
Typical Runway
Meaning of Signals in the event of
Communication Failure
Flashing Green-Permission to move to
Taxi area
Steady Red-Stop
Flashing Red-Move off the Landing Area
to taxi area
Flashing White-Vacate manoeuvring
area in accordance with local instructions
Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude-MSA
MSA published for emergency use on IAP charts.
For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is
normally based on the primary omnidirectional facility
NAVAID used to determine the MSA altitudes.
For RNAV approaches, MSA is based on the runway
waypoint (RWY WP) for straight-in approaches, or the
airport waypoint (APT WP) for circling approaches.
For GPS approaches, the MSA center will be the missed
approach waypoint (MAWP).
MSAsexpressed in feet above mean sea level and
normally have a 25 NM radius;
ORDER OF PRIORITY FOR
ARRIVING AND DEPARTING
AIRCRAFT
Landing ( Final stage of Approach) has
Priority against Take off
An aircraft landing or in the final stages of
an approach to land have priority over an
aircraft intending to depart from the same
or an intersecting runway
Airport Design
Airport Design Areas
1. Evaluation of landing surface, instrument
runway and aids.
2. Runway Safety Area program
3. Airport Lighting
4. Terminal Facilities
5. Beacons
6. Papi/Vasi
7. Windcone
Design factors
1. Airport Traffic is a volatile traffic-Assumption
2. Airport Master Plan & master plan study for
airport layout, feasibility plan
3. Specific Devlopment Plan for immediate
Future
4. Construction Plan for Runway, Taxiway, Gates
and modification of existing terminal
5. Details of the project plan for architectural and
engineering designs
6. Assessment of the plan in every phase
7. Determining the cost and financial planning
Factors for Improving an Existing
Airport
1. Airport building should have architectural qualitty and Operational Success.
2. should have to designed on the bassis of Structural and Passenger
loads/year
3. As a Rule of Thumb, Twice the size of a building should be considered
based on annual traffic load including luggage.
4. AirpConcept of Passenger Building as a Terminal as passengers use
airports as a transfer hub.
5. Connecting the passenger facilities to the Apron and Aircraft either by a
Underground train or Overhead train like in London (Gatwick) or in Atlanta
(Heartfield)
6. Renovating the terminal in the shape of X as in Hongkong
7. Introducing Gate Arrival Concept for commuter traffic
8. Means to minimise luggage transfer and passenger using airport as a
transit
9. Minimise the distance to passenger for transit movement
10. Multistorey Car Park
Various Airports in World
Doha Airport-Architectural design
Islamabad Airport( Gate concept)
Passenger Flexibility

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Unit-4

AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL

Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome

An aerodrome reference temperature shall be determined for

Land Area 1400 Acres n

DINESHBABU V/AP/NIET 180

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