Selfie Culture

The Selfie Culture Among Millennials:
A Qualitative Study Among Senior High School Students in Meycauayan National High School
City Division of Meycauayan

MEYCAUAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL CC
Camalig, Meycauayan City, Bulacan
Senior High School Curriculum

A Qualitative Study Among
Senior High School Students
in Meycauayan National High School
An Official Entry Of
Group 6 11 STEM
For the Qualitative Research Contest
In MNHS Research Congress 2017
Prepared by:
Caindoc, Divine E
Castillo, Aileen T.
Cruz, Mark Angelo S.
Estores, John Christian F.
Garcia, Patrick C.
Gonzales Jr., Armando C.
OCTOBER 2017
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Review of Related Literature ..................................................................................................................... 7
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Results and Discussions ........................................................................................................................... 12
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 16
References ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Bionote .................................................................................................................................................... 20
2
Submitted by:
DIVINE E. CAINDOC
Researcher
AILEEN T. CASTILLO
Researcher
MARK ANGELO S. CRUZ

Researcher
JOHN CHRISTIAN F. ESTORES

Researcher
PATRICK P. GARCIA
Researcher
ARMANDO C. GONZALES JR.

Researcher
Submitted to:
MR. ARIEL P. VILLAR Ph. D

Practical Research 1 - Adviser
3
4
INTRODUCTION
Due to the modernization and technological advancements throughout the twentieth century, various
innovations were created, giving rise to smartphones and consequently, the utilization of cameras were
introduced globally. In the recent times, there has been a progressive change in the concept of
photography in terms of both techniques and applications. Alongside social medias and phone camera
applications, such as Camera360, B612, Snowcamera, Snapchat and other photo editors, one trend has
breakout and captured the world by storm. Named Word Of the Year 2013 by the Oxford English
Dictionary, the term selfie is characterized as a photograph that one has taken of oneself typically
one has taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media. Camera phones, particularly
those with front and back lens action, have enabled people to take selfies faster and easier. The practice
of taking and posting selfies turned out to be a global phenomenon which became intensely popular
among millennials. Taking, posting and viewing selfies have become a daily habit for many and their
mere pervasiveness makes it relevant to know more about the selfie culture and its consequences on an
individual and societal level. It gives a platform to discuss about the cultural, psychological and
sociological implications of selfies in the period of digital technology.
According to the examination directed by Galuppo (2017), an average millennial is expected to take 25,
700 selfies amid their lifetime, considering the average lifespan is 27, 375 days, which is approximately
one selfie a day. The 55% of social media selfies come from millenials, trailed by Gen X with 24% and
baby boomers with 9%. Interestingly, the non-profit organization Rawhide found out that 74% of
Snapchat photos are selfies and 1,000 selfies are posted on Instagram every second.
The appeal of selfies originated from how easy they are to create and share, and the control it
provides the photographer. The study of Arymami (2015) accentuated how the rise of selfie is
undeniably interrelated with the rise of ICT use worldwide and discussed how the practice became a
5
mode of communication and acceptance to society. The addiction to share selfies has become a global
phenomenon, ranging from the users embrace of the activity to selfie-inspired marketing campaigns.
The study revealed that participants share selfies to convey their activities and emotions, as well as to
gain attention and conformation to others of their personality. However, the trend resulted to excessive
use causing several studies to associate the selfie culture to narcissism. The study of Wickel (2015)
concluded that the act of taking and posting selfies on popular social networking platforms, such as
Facebook and Twitter, encouraged narcissistic behaviours amongst the current generation. The selfie
phenomenon changed how the society interacts and perceives others as most millennials base social
status on the number of likes a photo receives on a social networking site. The majority of the
participants think that posting selfies is beneficial to them as it boost their self-confidence and overall
thoughts about themselves, which is undeniably an indicator of narcissism.
Another strand of research made by Mullai (2016) explored how selfie mania influences the adolescents
self-esteem. The findings indicated that people look for a better image of themselves in an attempt to
establish a stable and successful personality. Moreover, individuals with weak personality constantly
seek confirmation through likes/comments to understand who they are and their value. (Mullai, 2016)
In contrast, a research led by Rutledge (2013), argued that selfies facilitate self and identity exploration
and can be more about the context than the self. Selfies are not all about seeking external validation as
people all seek approval because humans are social animals, driven by the need for connection and
social validation. People wanted to be valued, appreciated, and included in the groups that matter to us.
Also, selfies offer users the capacity to create a life narrative through their images.
On the other hand, the rise of a new type of neuroticism and the insecurity of the person taking selfies,
have made not only the focus and perspective to change, but also the quality and quantity of images.
6
Consecutive shots were recorded, and large portion of the selfies, except the best, were deleted.
(Diefenbach & Christoforakos, 2016)
However, the different studies in the related literature have not yet elucidated the private action of
taking selfies and the public practice of posting selfies to social media. Researchers also failed to include
the phenomenon of taking, posting and receiving selfies from social networking platforms and that is
what the present research will seek to unravel.
Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the experiences of millennials who belong
to the selfie culture at the vicinity of Meycauayan National High School. This study also aims to add to a
more profound understanding with respect to the selfie phenomenon.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The paper gives a closer view on the papers conceptual literature, significant theoretical underpinnings
and a brief survey of related studies on the selfie phenomenon and its implication on millennials. These
will provide the bases for the systematic analyses of data that will form the findings, conclusions, and
recommendations of the study.
Self-presentation on social networking sites using ones digital images is becoming a popular means of
communication and a new genre of expression among users in todays generation. The act of taking
selfie has gained a great popularity among the young generation of social media communities. Selfie
photos are usually taken or in a group, public or shared publicly on the social networking sites of ones
choice.
Today, it takes only a matter of seconds to capture a selfie through smartphones with a front-facing,
multi-megapixel camera, which would be uploaded directly to any preferred social networking platforms
such as Instagram and Facebook (Kraineva, 2014). According to TIME Magazine, these pictures that
7
people have culturally called "selfie" has been one of the most buzz word in 2012, which later found its
rightful place in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2013. (Rutledge, 2013)
It was perhaps unforeseen that people would generate a large amount of selfies and that our desire to
capture and share selfies would become a global phenomenon. The wonder of selfies has captivated the
social digital world from Hollywood actors, US President Barrack Obama, and even the high profile
government officials has no escape from this phenomenon. The rapid churning out of innovative
communication technologies and the eventual convergence of such technologies into miniature
portable and semi-portable communication devices such as mobile phones, laptops, i-Pads, tablets and
personal computers (PC) using the Internet have greatly lent a helping hand toward the selfie
phenomenon that is currently being experienced in the today's world. (Adamkolo & Elmi-Nur, 2015)
In Georgia, a recent study led by Deeb-Swihart et al. (2017) discovered that people tend to post more
'solo' selfies over group selfies. Additionally, women post more selfies than men and the majority of
selfies are posted between the age of 18-35. The study also found out that the overwhelming majority
of tags used alongside #selfie are positive, with the few negative tags (#suicide, #lonely, #sad). The
results seem to indicate that users were unlikely to post selfies concerning confidential problems, but
instead post the positive outcome after the fact.
In Indonesia, a study conducted by Arymami (2015) revealed that (in a frequency of once a week survey)
girls are more likely to post selfies online with the theme of beauty or appearance in Instagram than
boys. On the other hand, boys are likely to post their selfies with the theme of travelling places.
The quantity and quality of images have also changed with the selfie phenomenon. Image-sharing
applications created infinite possibilities to customize selfies. With the use of the filter function, users
have the opportunity to become even more fascinated with themselves by stylizing their images to look
better. (Wendt, 2014)
8
Brands are jumping on selfie-taking bandwagon as well; by December of 2013, 207 brands ran selfie
contests on Facebook and 781 contests on Twitter a huge jump from 13 and 252, respectively, at the
beginning of the year. Discerning brands capitalize on the selfie trend, strengthening brand-consumer
relationships. However, if misused, this can backfire and stray significantly from the desired result.
(Kraineva, 2014)
Selfies have also been used to raise awareness. An article presented by Deller and Tilton (2015) explored
how the selfie became a tool in various campaigns as a charitable meme and how the trend became a
multimillion-pound fund-raiser. Campaigns such as #nomakeupselfie and #thumbsupforstephen have
helped many commentators by giving the selfie behaviours a more morally acceptable purpose, away
from being sites of banality and narcissism.
Super-social Filipinos set a new record a few years back, beating other countries around the world and
claimed the title of "Selfie Capital of the World". After extensive analysis by TIME, Makati City, a part of
the Manila metropolitan area, ended up on top. TIME created a database of more 400,000 instagram
photos that were tagged with the hashtag '#selfie' and included geographic coordinates. 459 worldwide
cities were ranked based on the quantity of selfies taken between in January 28 to February 2 or
between March 3 and 7 (Wilson, 2013).
Makati City and Pasig, another part of Manila, had 258 selfie-takers per 100,000 people. New York City
including Manhattan, Queens, Northern Brooklyn, and the southern part of of the Bronx came in
second with 202 selfie-takers. Miami, Anaheim and Santa Ana, and Petaling Jaya in Malaysia rounded
out the top five. (Stone, 2014)
An online survey conducted by Oppo Philippines shows that 48% out of over 6,000 Filipinos take two to
five selfies a day. From the same set of respondents, it was also known that 43% take selfies at work,
31% do it at home, 22% have the courage to take photos of themselves in public (Nava, 2016)
9
Selfies heightened the essence of physical appearances. When people begin to see Facebook and
Instagram likes and followers as a way of self-validation, they will pay more attention to their
bodies and faces, particularly when the edited or photoshopped self must be to correspond with
real-life appearances. (Lasco, 2016)
A research conducted by Amichai-Hamburger and Etgar (2017) explored what motivates people to take
selfies. The results suggested that the selfie is not a uniform phenomenon and varying motivation may
be found among selfie-takers which is differently related to personality characteristics. All three motives
(self-approval, belonging and documentation) were correlated to frequency of selfie-taking, suggesting
that higher selfie motivations are related to greater frequency of posting selfie.
Another strand of study conducted by Diefenbach and Christoforakos (2017) revealed that selfie addicts
tend to not like viewing others' selfie pictures and rather wish for a higher number of usual photos
which therefore expresses a somewhat paradox situation. Further analysis revealed that the selfie is an
overall positive experience which focuses on self-promotion as well as self-disclosure although the
majority of users sees the potential effects of selfie on the negative side i.e., threat to self-esteem and
rise of an illusionary world.
Over the past years, some of the researchers have linked the popular trend to harmful mental states
due to users excessive use such as narcissistic and selfish behaviours (Wickel, 2015) and low self-esteem
(Mullai, 2016) among the current generation. Selfies often evoke criticism and disrespect, and are
associated with non-authenticity and narcissism (Diefenbach & Christoforakos, 2017). However, other
studies contrast that selfies are not proof of narcissism and moral decline but instead is a by-product of
technology enabled self-exploration. (Rutledge, 2013)
Selfies have been blamed for harm to others, such as accidents caused by preoccupation with the
camera over ones surrounding. As reported by Balagtas (2016) in her article, a 19-year-old mass
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communication student fell 20 floors after taking selfies on the roof deck of a condominium building in
Ermita, Manila that cause her death. Another case is that a 17-year-old girl died at Marine Drive while
trying to take a selfie with her friends, in which police tweeted out a warning message, saying "Don't
make taking a selfie mean taking your own life" (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2016).
As a whole, the explanations given highlighted some of the gaps in the selfie culture and its implications,
with the help of many theories, models and researches conducted at present. The study therefore
would fill the gap by analyzing the selfie culture among millennials.
METHODOLOGY
This study treads on a qualitative exploratory research design utilizing three (3) senior high
students using semi-structured interviews through Facebook Messenger in an iterative data gathering
procedure. The researcher codes the data to form categories and later reduces the data in themes to
explain the live experiences of the participants in both graphical and verbal form.
FIGURE 1: THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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The study seeks to explore the realities of three (3) senior high students in Meycauayan National High
School by viewing the information from individuals in their experiences of the selfie culture as
millennials. The connection of these concepts in literature and studies eventually provides the bases on
how they exist and emerge on the lives of the participants. This framework therefore uses these
relationships and connections to describe the peoples live experiences to establish the truth.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
GRAPH 1: THE SELF-GRAM
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Selfies' Impact on Relationships
In this study, the participants discussed how they perceive selfies as a form of documentation in order to
capture precious memories. It was reported that most of their pictures are composed of solo selfies
which is consistent with the research led by Arymami (2015). However, the majority of the participants
tend to enjoy group selfies more especially when they are hanging out with their families, friends, etc.
Over the past years, the act of taking selfies became an integral part of people's lives. This is the reason
why some participants have the tendency to take and upload selfies, obeying the social norms in order
to gain conformation to others of their personality. This is somehow similar to the recent study
conducted by Amichai-Hamburger and Etgar (2017) wherein belonging is one of the motives of taking
selfies which is rooted to the person's attempt to be normative and conventional.
Quality and Quantity of Images
Another finding reveal that most of the participants experienced self-exploration and put too much
effort in pursuit of capturing the best shot or the type of image they wish to have, sometimes to save
oneself from boredom. This is supported by Diefenbach and Christoforakos (2017) wherein selfie-takers
record consecutive shots, leaving only the best shots behind which lies to the insecurity of the person
taking or due to neuroticism caused by internet portals.
Additionally, the technological advancements on gadgets have enabled the participants to customize
selfies by editing visuals. They were attracted to filters which is why they have numerous editing apps on
their phones to further enhance their pictures. This is supported by the research led by Wendt (2014) in
which participants use the filter function to stylize their images to look better resulting to them to
become even more fascinated. But recently, the majority of the participants addressed their submission
to filters and went back to normal cameras.
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Self-improvement
Selfies also heightened the essence of physical appearances. Statements such as "I love how nice I look"
and "I can make myself look great" accentuated how the participants were motivated because of the
feel-good factor. A research led by Wickel (2015) argued that posting selfies to social networking
platforms to make them feel good about themselves is undeniably an indicator of narcissism as it
changes their overall thoughts about themselves. Participants also tend to snap selfies as an expression
of fashion. As Rosemarie Paredes, 16, stated:
"Nagiging energetic ako kasi feeling ko nasa photoshoot ako."
Furthermore, the participants have emotional experiences with regard to taking and posting selfies. They
often feel contented just by browsing their pictures and appreciate how they look which lighten up their
mood. The findings reveal that participants were urged to post selfies on social networking sites because
of the positive feedbacks they received as it boosts their self-confidence. It is supported by the study of
Lasco (2016) that people sees "likes" and "comments" as a way of self-validation, and that is when they
will start to pay more attention to their bodies and faces.
Negative Implications of Selfies
Phrases such as "madalas" "everytime" "everyday" indicate that participants have extensive time spent
taking selfies. One participant described how she was easily attracted to the quality of phone
(interviewee #1, female). It is supported by the research conducted by Adamkolo and Elmi-Nur (2015)
that the technology plays an important role on the selfie phenomenon due to the rapid developments of
communication technologies nowadays.
Other participants mentioned how other people participate in the selfish behaviours such as lack of
concern and disturbance to others when they borrow their phones to take a selfie. Some participants
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described how they sometimes get annoyed to consecutive posting of selfies on social media platforms
by other people as they have lack of consideration towards others. As Alexa Arellon mentioned:
"Others naman ilaladlad ang pagmumukha nila na akala naman nila natutuwa yung tao sa
pagmumukha nila. They lack consideration already with others."
CONCLUSION
After a series of evaluation and assessment in the response of the participants in an online interview
through Facebook Messenger, the researchers were able to arrive at a valid and logical conclusion that
the selfie culture influences the way of thinking and the behaviours of the people in a large scale.
Therefore, it can be stated that people should have a better understanding regarding the cultural,
psychological and sociological implications of selfies in the period of digital technology.
Since the selfie trend plays a very important role in the society amongst the current generation as most
people spend extensive time taking selfies, the researchers suggested that the selfie culture can affect
the millennials in both emotional and physical manner. The researchers concluded that the participants
mainly seek for self-improvement and document their lives through the act of taking selfies. Also, the
findings revealed that the quality and quantity of images were altered in the process, along with the rise
of selfish behaviours caused by the extensive time spent by participants capturing images.
In addition, the researchers subsequently identified the significance and the contribution of this
qualitative study in our society since it serves as a key to awareness that the act of taking and posting
selfies should not be abused and acknowledgment of the consequences of this global phenomenon on
an individual and societal level should be acquired.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers enumerated some recommendations which can help improve their study. These are to
take a wider scope of the study, not only focusing in schools grounds but generally in the environment
and the community itself. Clearly, there is a need for a greater focus on the experiences of males in
taking and posting selfies since the study only focuses on the females perceptions. Furthermore,
another research should be done to help learn to effectively treat the negative effects of the selfie
phenomenon. Lastly, the Facebook Messenger may not yet be a pervasive enough medium to effectively
use for contacting the respondents. Until such time as that changes, it is recommended that this method
should be improved.
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REFERENCES
Adamkolo, M. & Elmi-Nur H. (2016). Communicating 'The Self' Through Digital Images: Gender Bias and
Mental Health Risks Associated With the Selfie Use on Social Networking Sites. Putra, Malaysia: Global
Media Journal.
Arymami, D. (2015). Pieces of Me: Selfie Culture Trends. Indonesia: The 1st International Conference on
Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN.
Balagtas, A. (2016). 19-year-old Student Falls to Death After Taking Selfies on Ermita Roofdeck. Philippine
Daily Inquirer. Published 5 Jan 2016. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/752857/19-year-old-
student-falls-to-death-while-taking-selfies-on-ermita-roofdeck#ixzz4wJCHBSBa
Deeb-Swihart, J., Polack, C., Gilbert, E., & Essa, I. (2017). Selfie-Presentation in Everyday Life: A Large-
Scale Characterization of Selfie Concepts on Instagram. Georgia Institute of Technology: Proceedings of
the Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSW).
Diefenbach, S. & Christoforakos, L. (2017). The Selfie Paradox: Nobody Seems to Like Them Yet Everyone
Has Reasons to Take Them: An Exploration of Psychological Functions of Selfies in Self-Presentation.
Published 17 Jan 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5239793/
Kraineva, D. (2014). What The #SelfieREvolution Means for Brands Understanding the Psychology Behind
the Behavior in Infrom Consumer Campaigns. Chicago: Fanscape.
Lasco, G. (2015). Our Selfie Culture. Philippine Daily Inquirer - Opinion. Published 23 May 2015.
Retrieved from http://opinion.inquirer.net/85141/our-selfie-culture
Mullai, E., Maeaj, O. & Kotheja, O. (2016). Selfie Mania. Albania: Interdisciplinary Journal of Research
and Development. Vol (IV).
17
Nava, J. (2016). Filipino Take Atleast 2 Selfies Photo Per Day. Gizmo Manila. Published Jul 2017.
Retrieved from http://www.gizmomanila.com/2016/07/filipino-take-selfie-average-of-2-photo.html
Rutledge, P. (2013, Apr 18). #Selfies: Narcissism or Self-Exploration of Cellphone Cameras have
Democratized Self-portraiture-voila selfies. Positively Media. Published 18 Apr 2013. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positively-media/201304/selfies-narcissism-or-self-exploration
Shir, E. &.-H. (2017). Not All Selfies Took Alike: Distinct Selfie Motivations Are Related to Different
Personality Characteristics. Published 26 May 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5445188/
Wendt, B. (2014). The Allure of the Selfie: Instagram and New Selfie Portrait. Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: Institute of Network Culture.
Wickel, T. (2015). Narcissism and Social Networking Sites: The Act of Taking Selfies. Eion University: The
Eion Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communication, Vol. 6.
Wilson, C. (2013). The Selfiest Cities in the World: TIME's Definitive Ranking. TIME Magazine. Published
10 Mar 2014. Retrieved from http://time.com/selfies-cities-world-rankings/
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BIONOTE
Divine E. Caindoc, 17 years old, a Grade 11 female Senior High Student taking Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics Strand, whos currently studying at Meycauayan National High School.
She lives at Heritage Homes, Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan.
Aileen T. Castillo, 16 years old, a Grade 11 female Senior High Student taking Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics Strand, whos currently studying at Meycauayan National High School.
She lives at Camalig, Meycauayan City, Bulacan.
Mark Angelo S. Cruz, 16 years old, a Grade 11 male Senior High Student taking Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics Strand, whos currently studying at Meycauayan National High School. He
lives at Camalig, Meycauayan City, Bulacan.
John Christian F. Estores, 16 years old, a Grade 11 male Senior High Student taking Science, Technology,
lives at Bagbaguin, Meycauayan City, Bulacan.
Patrick P. Garcia, 16 years old, a Grade 11 male Senior High Student taking Science, Technology,
lives at Heritage Homes, Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan.
Armando C. Gonzales Jr., 17 years old, a Grade 11 male Senior High Student taking Science, Technology,
lives at Heritage Homes, Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan.
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Acknowledgment
The researchers want to express their profound gratitude to the following who contributed for the
success of this qualitative research study:
Mr. Ariel P. Villar Ph. D, their Practical Research Adviser, for his patience, criticisms and advices to the
researchers to make this study possible;
Mrs. Reychelle A. Serrano, their class adviser, for giving them moral support;
To their parents, classmates and group of friends, for their undying support;
To their respondents, who willingly spent their time in answering the questions of the researchers;
And most especially to the Almighty God for giving them the knowledge and strength to fulfill and come
up with this study;
Lastly, to those whose are not mentioned but were instrumental in the success of the study, this work is
dedicated to you.
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The Selfie Culture Among Millennials:

City Division of Meycauayan

The Selfie Culture Among Millennials:

Title Page ................................................................................................................................................... 1

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Review of Related Literature ..................................................................................................................... 7

Results and Discussions ........................................................................................................................... 12

MARK ANGELO S. CRUZ

JOHN CHRISTIAN F. ESTORES

ARMANDO C. GONZALES JR.

MR. ARIEL P. VILLAR Ph. D

sociological implications of selfies in the period of digital technology.

thoughts about themselves, which is undeniably an indicator of narcissism.

(Diefenbach & Christoforakos, 2016)

what the present research will seek to unravel.

more profound understanding with respect to the selfie phenomenon.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

recommendations of the study.

rightful place in the Oxford English Dictionary in 2013. (Rutledge, 2013)

instead post the positive outcome after the fact.

better. (Wendt, 2014)

multimillion-pound fund-raiser. Campaigns such as #nomakeupselfie and #thumbsupforstephen have

from being sites of banality and narcissism.

between March 3 and 7 (Wilson, 2013).

out the top five. (Stone, 2014)

real-life appearances. (Lasco, 2016)

(self-approval, belonging and documentation) were correlated to frequency of selfie-taking, suggesting

rise of an illusionary world.

technology enabled self-exploration. (Rutledge, 2013)

FIGURE 1: THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

GRAPH 1: THE SELF-GRAM

Selfies' Impact on Relationships

selfies which is rooted to the person's attempt to be normative and conventional.

Quality and Quantity of Images

taking or due to neuroticism caused by internet portals.

to filters and went back to normal cameras.

of fashion. As Rosemarie Paredes, 16, stated:

"Nagiging energetic ako kasi feeling ko nasa photoshoot ako."

will start to pay more attention to their bodies and faces.

Negative Implications of Selfies

communication technologies nowadays.

pagmumukha nila. They lack consideration already with others."

psychological and sociological implications of selfies in the period of digital technology.

an individual and societal level should be acquired.

Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN.

Daily Inquirer. Published 5 Jan 2016. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/752857/19-year-old-

Scale Characterization of Selfie Concepts on Instagram. Georgia Institute of Technology: Proceedings of

Has Reasons to Take Them: An Exploration of Psychological Functions of Selfies in Self-Presentation.

Published 17 Jan 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5239793/

the Behavior in Infrom Consumer Campaigns. Chicago: Fanscape.

Retrieved from http://opinion.inquirer.net/85141/our-selfie-culture

and Development. Vol (IV).

Retrieved from http://www.gizmomanila.com/2016/07/filipino-take-selfie-average-of-2-photo.html

Personality Characteristics. Published 26 May 2017. Retrieved from

Netherlands: Institute of Network Culture.

Eion Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communication, Vol. 6.

10 Mar 2014. Retrieved from http://time.com/selfies-cities-world-rankings/

She lives at Heritage Homes, Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan.

She lives at Camalig, Meycauayan City, Bulacan.

lives at Camalig, Meycauayan City, Bulacan.

lives at Bagbaguin, Meycauayan City, Bulacan.

lives at Heritage Homes, Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan.

lives at Heritage Homes, Loma de Gato, Marilao, Bulacan.