PIPING MATERIALS

September 2006
 PIPING ENGINEERING - MATERIALS

Classification
Piping Materials

Metallic Non-Metallic
Concrete Piping
Ferrous Plastic Piping
Carbon Steel Glass
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel

Non-Ferrous
Copper
Nickel
Aluminium
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Metallic

Carbon Steel
Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon
Contains 0.1 % to 1.5 % of Carbon
Based on Carbon Content it can be classified into
1. Mild steel - 0.05 % - 0.30 %
2. Medium Carbon steel 0.30 % - 0.70 %
3. High carbon Steel 0.70 % - 1.5 %
4. It can withstand upto to a temperature of 450 C
Applications
Pipes,Valves,Gears
General Chemical composition of a Carbon Steel
C - 0.07 1.56 % , Mn 1.6 % , Si 0.6 % , S 0.1% , P 0.1%

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Alloy Steel

Adding of Alloying elements to improve the characteristics of the

material is termed as Alloy Steel,
Commonly used Alloying elements are
1. Silicon
2. Chromium
3. Nickel
4. Molybdenum
5. Manganese
6. Vanadium
7. Titanium
8. Boron
9. Aluminium
10. Cobalt
11. Tungsten

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Purpose of Alloying

1. Improved Corrosion resistance

2. Better Hardenability
3. Improved Machinability
High or low temperature Stability
Ductility
Toughness
4. Better Wear resistance

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Advantages
1. Greater Hardenability
2. Greater High temperature strength
3. Greater Machinability at high hardness
4. Greater Ductility at high Strength
5. Less Distortion and cracking
6. High Elastic ratio and endurance strength
7. Greater Resistance to corrosion

Disadvantages
1. Cost
2. Special handling

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Stainless Steel
Adding 11.5 % or greater chromium in iron, changes the microstructure
and based on that its varieties are obtained
Posses greater percentage of chromium which forms a chromium
oxide film exposed to air that prevents chemical attack of moist air on the
material surface
Nickel retains the austenitic structure of steel
Greater resistance to corrosion than all types of steels
Classified into three types based on its micro structure
1. Austenitic stainless steel
2. Ferritic stainless steel
3. Martensitic stainless steel

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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

It possesses face-centered cubic structure of iron atoms with the

carbon in interstitial solid solution
Highest corrosion resistance than all types
Greatest strength and scale resistance at high temperatures
They retain ductility at temperatures approaching absolute zero
Chemical composition,
C - 0.03 % - 0.25 % Cr - 16 % - 18 %
Mn -2.00 % Ni 3.5% - 22 %
Si 1 % - 2 % Mo & Ti in some cases
Application
1. Pipes
2. Aircraft industry ( engine parts )
3. Chemical processing ( heat exchangers )

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Mechanical properties - Ferrous

Material Yield strength(Mpa) UTS(Mpa)

Low alloy steel 500-1980 680-2400

Pressure vessels steels 1500-1900 1500 2000
Stainless steel, austenitic 286-500 760-1280
Stainless steel,ferritic 240-400 500-800
Mild steel 220 430
Carbon steels 260-1300 500-1880
Cast Irons 220-1030 400-1200
Iron 50 200

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S MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL COMPOSTION ( % ) MECHANICAL
l STRENGTH (Min) MAX
n WORKING APPLICABLE
o C Mn Si P S YIELD TENSIL TEMP
STRESS E SERVICE
Max c
Ksi STRESS
Ksi
A PIPE SEAMLESS CARBON STEEL 0.3 0.29 0.1 0.035 0.035 35 60 427 STEAM, BOILER
1 A106 Gr.B PIPE FOR HIGH TEMP to Max Max FEEDWATER,
(1/8-48) SERVICE & PRESSURE 1.06 Min CONDENSER,
HYDROGEN,SOUR
GAS,LIQUID
C - Si SULPHUR
2 API 5L Gr.B ELECTRIC RESISTANCE 0.27 1.15 - 0.04 0.05 35 60 230 NON CORROSIVE
(1/2-14) WELDED (E=0.85) CARBON Max PROCESS,STEAM
STEEL LINE PIPE SEAMLESS TRACING, MILD
PIPE CORROSIVE, SOUR
C SERVICE,H2S,
SULPHUR SERVICE

3 A53 Gr.B SEAMLESS CARBON STEEL 0.3 1.2 -- 0.05 0.045 35 60 38-45 DRINKING WATER,
(1/8-26) PIPE FOR LOW TEMP INSTRUMENT AIR
SERVICE (GALV)
C - Mn
4 A672 B60 Cl.12 ELECTRIC FUSION WELDED 0.31 0.9 0.15 0.035 0.035 32 60-80 427 APPLICABLE
(OVER 16) STEEL PIPE FOR HIGH to SERVICES OF A106
PRESSURE AT 0.4 Gr.B
MODERATE TEMP API 5LGr.B
C

5 A333 Gr.1 SEAMLESS OR WELDED 0.3 0.4 -- 0.025 0.025 30 55 -10 - 200 DRY FLARE
(1/2-14) CARBON STEEL PIPE FOR to Max Max
LOW TEMP SEVICE 1.06
C - Mn

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Sl MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL COMPOSTION ( % ) MECHANICAL
n STRENGTH (Min) MAX
o WORKIN APPLICABLE
C Mn Si P S YIELD TENSIL GTEMP
STRES E SERVICE
Max c
S STRES
Ksi S
Ksi
B FITTINGS FORGED CARBON STEEL 0.35 0.9 0.35 0.05 0.05 36 70 427 Feedwater and
1 A105 ( S.W ) FOR AMBIENT AND HIGH Max Max Max Steam
(1/2-1 1/2) TEMP SERVICE

C - Si
2 A234 Gr.WPB CARBON STEEL 0.3 0.29 0.1 0.035 0.035 35 60 427 Feedwater and
(B.W) BUTT WELDING PIPE to Min Max Steam
CASTING FITTINGS FOR MODERATE 1.06
2 & ABOVE AND ELEVATED TEMP

C - Si
C VALVES FORGED CARBON STEEL 0.35 0.9 0.35 0.05 0.05 36 70 427 Feedwater and
1 (FORGED) FOR AMBIENT AND HIGH Max Max Steam
A105 TEMP SERVICE
(1/2-1 1/2)
C - Si

2 CASTINGS CARBON STEEL CASTINGS 0.3 1 0.6 0.04 0.045 36 70 427 Feedwater and
A216 Gr.WCB SUITABLE FOR HIGH TEMP Max Max Max Max Max Steam
2 & ABOVE SERVICE

D FLANGES FORGED CARBON STEEL 0.35 0.9 0.35 0.05 0.05 36 70 427 Feedwater and
A105 FOR AMBIENT AND HIGH Max Max Max Steam
SW-1 1 1/2 TEMP SERVICE
BW-2&
ABOVE

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Sl MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL COMPOSTION ( % ) MECHANICAL

n STRENGTH (Min) MAX
o WORK APPLICABLE
C Mn Si P S Cr Mo YIELD TENSILE TEMP
STRES STRESS SERVICE
c
S Ksi
Ksi
A PIPE FERRITIC ALLOY 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.025 0.025 -- 0.44 30 55 468 CLEAN DRAIN
1 A335 STEEL SYSTEM
Gr.P1 TO TO TO TO

C - Mo 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.65

2 A335 FERRITIC ALLOY 0.05 0.3 0.5 0.025 0.025 1 0.44 30 60 570 STEAM ABOVE
Gr.P11 STEEL PIPE FOR Deg. 450 C
HIGH TEMP TO TO TO TO TO
1 % Cr SERVICE
% Mo 0.15 0.6 1 1.5 0.65

3 A335 FERRITIC ALLOY 0.05 0.3 0.5 0.025 0.025 1.9 0.87 30 60 600 STEAM ABOVE
Gr.P22 STEEL PIPE FOR 510 deg.C
HIGH TEMP TO TO TO TO
2 % Cr SERVICE
1 % Mo 0.15 0.6 2.6 1.13

4 A335 FERRITIC ALLOY 0.08 0.3 0.2 0.02 0.01 8 0.85 60 85 650 SUPERHEATED
Gr.P91 STEEL PIPE FOR STEAM PIPING
HIGH TEMP TO TO TO TO TO TO SYSTEM above
9 % Cr SERVICE 540deg.C
1 % Mo 0.12 0.6 0.5 9.5 1.05 123

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Sl MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL COMPOSTION ( % ) MECHANICAL

no STRENGTH (Min) MAX
WORK APPLICABLE
C Mn Si P S Cr Mo YIELD TENSILE TEMP
STRESS STRESS SERVICE
c
Ksi Ksi

B FITTINGS 0.28 0.3 0.1 0.045 0.045 -- 0.44 30 55 468

1 A234 Max Max Max
Gr.WP1 TO TO TO TO

C Mo 0.9 0.5 0.65 80

2 A234 0.05 0.3 0.5 0.03 0.03 1 0.44 30 60 570 Steam Service
Gr.WP11 Max Max
TO TO TO TO TO TO
1 % Cr
% Mo PIPE FITTING ALLOY
0.15 0.6 1 1.5 0.65 85
STEEL FOR
MODERATE AND
3 A234 ELEVATED 0.05 0.3 0.5 0.04 0.04 1.9 0.87 30 60 600 Steam Service
Gr.WP22 TEMPERATURE
Max Max
TO TO TO TO TO
2 % Cr
1 % Mo 0.15 0.6 2.6 1.13 85

4 A234 0.08 0.3 0.2 0.02 0.01 8 0.85 60 85 600 Steam Service
Gr.WP91
TO TO TO TO TO TO
9 % Cr
1 % Mo 0.12 0.6 0.5 9.5 1.05 110

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Sl MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL COMPOSTION ( % ) MECHANICAL
No STRENGTH (Min) MAX
WORK APPLICABLE
C Mn Si P S Cr Mo YIELD TENSILE TEMP
STRESS STRESS SERVICE
c
Ksi Ksi

C VALVES 0.25 0.5 0.6 0.04 0.045 -- 0.45 35 65 468 Steam

1 CASTINGS - -
A217 Gr.WC1 0.8 0.65
C - Mo

2 A217 Gr.WC6 ALLOY STEEL 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.04 0.045 1 0.45 40 70 570 Steam
1 % Cr CASTINGS FOR - - -
PRESSURE
% Mo 0.8 1.5 0.65
CONTAINING
PARTS SUITABLE
FOR HIGH
TEMPERATURE
3 A217 Gr.WC9 SERVICE 0.18 0.4 0.6 0.04 0.045 2 0.9 40 70 600 Steam
2 % Cr - - -
1 % Mo 0.7 2.7 1.2

D FLANGES 0.3 0.5 0.15 0.04 0.045 -- 0.44 40 70 468 Steam

1 A182 Max - - -
Gr.F1 0.8 0.35 0.65
C - Mo

2 A182 FORGED LOW 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.04 0.04 1 0.44 40 70 570 Steam
ALLOY PIPING
Gr.F11 - - - - -
COMPONENETS
1 % Cr FOR USE IN 0.2 0.8 1 1.5 0.65
% Mo PRESSURE SYSTEM

3 A182 Gr.F22 0.15 0.3 0.5 0.04 2 0.07 45 75 600 Steam

2 % Cr Max - Max - -
1 % Mo 0.6 2.5 1.13

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S MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CHEMICAL COMPOSTION ( % ) MECHANICAL

L STRENGTH (Min) MAX
N WORK APPLICABLE
o C Mn Si P S Cr Mo V YIELD TENSILE
TEMP SERVICE
STRES STRESS
S C
Ksi
Ksi
A BOLTS ALLOY 0.36 0.45 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.8 0.5 0.2 30 75 -200
1 A193 Gr.B16 STEEL & - - - - - - -
STAINLESS 0.44 0.7 0.35 1.1 0.6 0.3 538
STEEL
BOLTING
MATERIALS
2 A193 Gr.B7 FOR HIGH 0.38 0.75 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.8 0.1 25 70 -200
TEMP - - - - - -
SERVICES 0.48 1 0.35 1.1 0.2 538

B NUTS CARBON AND 0.4 0.04 0.40 0.05 0.04 -- -- 30 70 425

1 A194 Gr.2H ALLOY Min Max
STEEL NUTS
FOR BOLTS
FOR HIGH
2 A194 Gr.7 PRESSURE 0.37 0.65 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.7 0.1 25 70 425
AT HIGH - - - - -
TEMP 0.49 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.2
SERVICE

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COMPARISION OF VARIOUS STANDARDS

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Plastic Piping
Thermosetting Piping
The major resins are epoxy or polyester resins.It is generally reinforced with glass
or blue asbestos fibers.
It is produced by Centrifugal casting, Hand lay-up molding, Filament winding
Epoxy Pipe
Standard pipe sizes and in diameters from 2 through 12 in
It is used in transportation of acids, neutral or basic salt solutions, waste process
water and sewage
In paper industries this pipe is used for pulp stocks, wastes and dyes
This pipe also resist fouling, salt atmospheres and marine organism
Also used in food and beverage industries
Polyester Pipe
Commercial polyester pipe is made in diameter of 6 in.
It can withstand a temperature of 250 F
It is resistant to acids, alcohols, alkalies, bleaches, organic materials and solvent

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Thermoplastic Piping
It was developed in 1923 when PVC was first produced in Germany
It has excellent chemical resistance
It is mostly used in Paper and Textile industry

Manufacturing
Extrusion process
Powdered or pellet form is fed through a hopper into heated barrel
A revolving screw thoroughly mixes and pushes through a tube-forming
dye
Gradually cooled

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TFE : TETRAFLUROETHYLENE ( TEFLON )

Unaffected by all alkalies and acids except fluorine and chlorine, molten
metals at elevated temperatures
It can withstand up to a temperature of 260 C

CTFE : CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE
It is a excellent corrosion resistant material to all acids and alkalies
It can withstand up to a temperature of 180 C

FEP : FLUROETHYLPROPYLENE
Tetrafluroethylene + Hexafluoropropylene FEP
It has similar properties of TFE
It is not recommended for continous exposure to 200 C

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Application of PVC
Extensively used in highly corrosive application involving acids, alkalies,
salt solution, alcohols and many chemicals.
In oil fields as it can carry sour crude oil to which PVC is inert and
paraffin built-up is minimum
Salt water disposal in oil fields
Gas transmission service
For vent piping for removal of acid fumes and corrosive gases

Advantages of PVC
No physical or little deterioration when exposed to direct sunlight-unlike
in other plastic materials
PVC dont produce spark when struck
It does not support combustion
No scale formation over the smooth inside surface

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Concrete Piping
Reinforced concrete cylinder pipe is made up of a welded sheet steel or
steel plate cylinder with steel joint rings welded to its ends
These pipes are available in sizes from 12 144

Applications
Water supply lines
Water transmission lines
Water intake lines
Drainage

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