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A general property of non-endoreversible thermal cycles

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1999 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 1415

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J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 (1999) 14151420. Printed in the UK PII: S0022-3727(99)99539-6

A general property of
non-endoreversible thermal cycles
F Angulo-Brown, L A Arias-Hernandez and R Paez-Hernandez
Departamento de Fsica, Escuela Superior de Fsica y Matematicas,
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, UP Zacatenco, CP 07738, Mexico DF, Mexico
Area de Fsica, Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma
Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo No. 180 Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, CP 02200,
Mexico DF, Mexico

Received 23 November 1998, in final form 4 March 1999

Abstract. In this work it is shown that a general property of endoreversible

CurzonAhlbornNovikov (CAN) cycles previously demonstrated can be extended for
non-endoreversible CAN-cycles. This general property is based on the fact that at the
so-called maximum ecological regime the efficiency is the average of the Carnot and the
maximum-power efficiencies, and that in such a regime the power output is 75% of the
maximum power of the CAN-cycle and the entropy produced is only 25% of that produced in
the maximum power point. This property is independent of the heat transfer law.

1. Introduction where W is the power output and is the universes entropy

Several authors [16] have pointed out that endoreversible
thermal cycle models working in maximum power conditions
have efficiencies which strongly depend on the heat
transfer law used to describe the heat fluxes between the
working fluid and its surroundings. In fact, the famous
CurzonAhlbornNovikov (CAN) formula for the efficiency
of a Carnot-like finite-time heat engine in the maximum
power output regime, which is given by [7, 8]
s
T2
CA = 1 (1)
T1
where T2 and T1 are the absolute temperatures of the cold
and hot reservoirs, respectively, is only valid when the heat
transfer law used is the so-called Newton law of cooling.
Recently, in [6], it has been demonstrated that there exists a
general property of CAN endoreversible heat engines which
is independent of the heat transfer law used to describe the
irreversible heat fluxes at the links between the working
substance and the thermal baths. This property is based on
the expression for the efficiency in the so-called maximum
ecological (ME) regime given by [6, 9]
E 21 (C + MP ) (2)
where C is the Carnot efficiency (C = 1 (T2 /T1 ))
and MP is the efficiency at the maximum power (MP)
regime that does not depend on any heat transfer law. The
maximum ecological regime is based on the maximization of
the so-called ecological function [6, 9, 10] E, given by
E = W T2 (3)
production. The so-called 7525 corollary has also been
shown [6] which establishes the fact that in the ME regime
the power is 75% of the maximum power and the entropy
production is 25% of the entropy production associated with
the maximum power regime. Using equation (2) and in [6]
the 7525 corollary was obtained for endoreversible cycles
by assuming the validity of the endoreversibility hypothesis,
which consists of conceiving an irreversible thermal engine
as being separated into two parts: an internally reversible
cycle which does not produce entropy and an external
irreversible part that includes the surroundings and their
couplings with the working fluid. All the entropy produced
by endoreversible engines is ascribed to the irreversible
part only. The endoreversible hypothesis has been mainly
based on the idea that, for many processes, it is possible
to conceive the internal relaxation times as being negligibly
short compared with the duration of the full process.
Previous research [11, 12] has recently proposed a manner
in which to include the internal contributions to the global
entropy production by means of the Clausius inequality. If
any internal irreversibility is considered, then the Clausius
inequality gives,
1S1w + 1S2w < 0 (4)
where 1S1w is the change in the internal entropy along
the hot isothermal branch and 1S2w is the entropy
change corresponding to the cold isothermal compression.
Expression (4) becomes an equality by means of
1S1w + R1S2w = 0 (5)
where R is the non-endoreversibility parameter given by
1S1w
R= . (6)
|1S2w |

0022-3727/99/121415+06$19.50 1999 IOP Publishing Ltd 1415

F Angulo-Brown et al

The point MP where this function (equation (9)) reaches its
maximum value is obtained by means of (W/ne )|MP = 0,
and this condition gives
 
1 T2
2
ne 2ne + 1 =0 (11)
R T1

that is, s
T2
MP =1 (12)
RT1
which is a kind of non-endoreversible CAN efficiency. The
effect of R on equation (9) is shown in figure 2. The power
output for endoreversible CAN engines is zero at = 0 and
when = C (the Carnot efficiency) [5, 14], and for the
non-endoreversible case W (ne , R) has zeros at ne = 0 and
at
1 T2
ne = C0 = 1
R T1
that is, at a kind of non-endoreversible Carnot efficiency. If
we take W (ne , R) = 0, then
Figure 1. De Voss scheme for the CurzonAhlbornNovikov 1 T2
non-endoreversible engine. R= . (13)
1 ne T1

This parameter, which in principle is in the interval Thus, the physical interval for the non-endoreversibility
0 < R 6 1 (R = 1 for the endoreversible limit) can be seen parameter is (1/(1 ne )(T2 /T1 ), 1] and not (0, 1) as
as a measure of the departure from the endoreversible regime. suggested by Ozkaynak et al [11]. We can construct the
Equation (5) is now a non-endoreversibility restriction [13]. ecological function [9] given by equation (3), following
In the present paper it is shown that the same property of again the step-by-step procedure previously presented
endoreversible thermal engines earlier proposed in [6] and in [5, 6] simply by using equation (9) for the power
given by equation (2) and by the 7525 corollary is also valid output and equations (6) and (12) of Arias-Hernandez
for non-endoreversible CAN-cycles. and Angulo-Brown [6] (with k = 1 and substituting
1 (T2w /T1w ) by 1 (1/R)(T2w /T1w )) for entropy
2. Some numerical results production. Thus we obtain

R(1 )T1 T2 T1 (2 1) + T2
For the case of a non-endoreversible CAN engine as shown E=
+ R 1 T1
in figure 1, equation (5) becomes 
(R 1) (1 )( + R)
. (14)
Q1 Q2 Q2 1 T2w R (1 )T1 T2
=R or = (7)
T1w T2w Q1 R T1w Equations (9) for power output and (14) for the ecological
function reduce to the endoreversible case [6] if R = 1. In
where Q1 , Q2 (heat fluxes) and T1w , T2w (absolute
figure 3, we see the function E for several values of R. As
temperatures) are shown. Thus, the thermal efficiency of
we mentioned above, in the non-endoreversible situation the
the interior part of the CAN engines is
efficiency C0 , given by
1 T2w
ne = 1 . (8) 1 T2
R T1w C0 = 1 (15)
R T1
Following a step-by-step procedure for calculating the work
plays a similar role to that of the Carnot efficiency in the
per unit time (power output) W presented in [5, 14], but in
endoreversible case. Thus, the semisum property given by
this case using equation (8) instead of = 1 (T2w /T1w ),
equation (2) must be rewritten as
we have
 
RT1 (1 ne ) T2 E 21 (C0 + MP ). (16)
W (ne , R) = ne (9)
( + R)(1 ne )
In table 1 we present a comparison of E+ which maximizes
where and are the thermal conductances and T1 and T2 equation (14) and E given by equation (16) for power
are the reservoir temperatures as shown in figure 1; they are sources which have been previously published [7, 14, 15].
linked using the linear Newton heat transfer law given by As can be seen, the approximation E+ E has the same
range of validity as that for equation (2) for endoreversible
Q1 = (T1 T1w ) and Q2 = (T2w T2 ). (10) models [6].

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 A general property of non-endoreversible thermal cycles

Table 1. Comparison between E and E+ , using a Newton law of heat transfer.

West Thurrock (UK) conventional
coal-fired steam plant Doel 4 Belgium
T1 = 838 K, T2 = 298 K T1 = 566 K, T2 = 283 K
R C0 MP E E+ C0 MP E E+
1.0 0.644 0.403 0.523 0.509 0.5 0.292 0.396 0.387
0.98 0.637 0.397 0.517 0.504 0.489 0.285 0.387 0.381
0.96 0.629 0.391 0.510 0.498 0.479 0.278 0.378 0.374
0.94 0.621 0.384 0.503 0.493 0.468 0.270 0.369 0.368
0.92 0.613 0.378 0.495 0.488 0.456 0.262 0.361 0.361

Figure 2. The non-endoreversible power function for some values of R and arbitrary values of , , T1 and T2 , using a Newton law of
cooling.

If we repeat all the previous calculations but now use the power sources as in the previous case, and we observe again
so-called Dulong and Petit law of cooling, given by [4] that E+ DP E DP is a good approximation, in the sense that
(E DP E+ DP )/E DP is in the interval [0, 0.029].
Q1 = (T1 T1w )5/4 and Q2 = (T2w T2 )5/4
(17)
we obtain the following expressions, for the power output 3. The non-endoreversible semisum property
and the ecological function
 5/4 The general validity of equation (2), that is, its independence
ne R(1 ne )T1 T2 of any heat transfer law, was shown by means of the properties
WDP (ne , R) =
1 ne + 4/5 R(1 ne )1/5
4/5 of a certain function g(), which links the power output with
(18) the entropy production by means of the relation W = g [6].
and In this section the same procedure will be followed but we
 5/4 use now the non-endoreversibility condition.
R(1 ne )T1 T2
EDP (ne , R) = Starting from figure 1, the universes entropy production
(1 ne ) 4/5 + 4/5 R(1 ne )4/5
 can be stated as
T1 (2ne 1) + T2 (R 1)
T2
T1 R Q2 Q2 Q1 Q1
 = + . (20)
(1 ne ) + R(1 ne )
4/5 4/5 4/5 T2 T2w T1w T1
. (19)
4/5 T1 (1 ne ) + 4/5 T2
If the non-endoreversibility condition is given by equa-
In both cases the endoreversible expressions [6] are recovered tion (7),
for R = 1. Figures 4 and 5 show WDP and EDP , respectively,  
Q2 Q1 1 Q1
for some values of R. If we numerically calculate the = + 1 (21)
T2 T1w R T1
maximum of equations (18) and (19), we can test the validity
of equation (16). In table 2 we see the results for the same by means of the first law of thermodynamics (Q2 = Q1 W ),

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F Angulo-Brown et al

Figure 3. The non-endoreversible ecological function for some values of R and arbitrary values of , , T1 and T2 , using a Newton law of
cooling.

Table 2. Comparison between E and E+ , using a Dulong and Petit law of heat transfer.

West Thurrock (UK) conventional

coal-fired steam plant Doel 4 Belgium
T1 = 838 K, T2 = 298 K T1 = 566 K, T2 = 283 K
R C0 MP E E+ C0 MP E E+
1.0 0.644 0.366 0.505 0.490 0.5 0.264 0.382 0.373
0.98 0.637 0.360 0.498 0.484 0.489 0.257 0.373 0.365
0.96 0.629 0.354 0.491 0.477 0.479 0.250 0.364 0.356
0.94 0.621 0.348 0.484 0.470 0.468 0.243 0.355 0.347
0.92 0.613 0.342 0.477 0.462 0.456 0.236 0.346 0.337

equation (21) becomes general case T1 6= T1w and T2 6= T2w . Thus, if T1 = T1w
    equation (25) simplifies to
1 1 1 1 W
= Q1 + 1 . (22) RT1 T2
T2 T1w R T1 T2 g(, R) = (26)
RT1 T2 RT1
Multiplying (22) by and using = W/Q1 , an expression
for the power in terms of efficiency can be obtained, such that which is the non-endoreversible g-function equivalent to
   1 equation (4) from [6] for the endoreversible case. The
T2 1 T2 function g links power output with entropy production and is
W (, R) = T2 1 + 1 . (23)
T1 R T1w also independent of any heat transfer law. The same result is
obtained if we take T2 = T2w . By using equation (15), (26)
This equation immediately becomes equation (18) of [6] for
immediately can be rewritten as
R = 1, which gives a relationship between the power output
and the power loss given by P` = T2 [17]. Equation (23) T2
g(, R) = (27)
can be rewritten by using (T2 /T1w )(T1 /T1 ) as C0
   1
T2 1 T1 which has the same form as equation (4) of [6], which can be
W (, R) = T2 (1)+ 1 1 . (24)
T1 R T1w written as g = T2 /(c ). In order to obtain equation (27),
we did not use any particular heat transfer law for modelling
Thus
Q1 and Q2 .
   1
T2 1 T1 As can be seen in figures 2 and 3, the graphs
g(, R) = T2 (1 ) + 1 1 . (25) corresponding to the non-endoreversible power output can
T1 R T1w
be approximated by means of parabolas of the form
De Vos [2] has shown that if, in figure 1, T1 = T1w or
T2 = T2w , the same CAN results are obtained as for the Wne (, R) = W0 R(C0 ). (28)

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 A general property of non-endoreversible thermal cycles

Figure 4. The non-endoreversible power function for some values of R and arbitrary values of , , T1 and T2 , using a Dulong and Petit law
of cooling.

Figure 5. The non-endoreversible ecological function for some values of R and arbitrary values of , , T1 and T2 , using a Dulong and Petit
law of cooling.

This function has a maximum point when Thus, the non-endoreversible ecological function Ene =
Wne T2 ne is also a parabola (see figures 3 and 5), and

MP = 21 C0 (29) 0
therefore has a maximum point at a certain efficiency ME ,
thus   

this point corresponding equivalently to MP = 21 C in the dEne  dWne dne
 = T2 = 0. (31)
endoreversible case [6]. If Wne = gne is combined with d ME d d ME

equations (26) and (28), After substitution of Wne = gne into equation (31),
   
ne (, R) = 0 R(C0 ) 2
(30) dWne  d Wne
= . (32)
d ME
d g
ME
where 0 is a constant, which is equivalent to equation (29)

as stated by Arias-Hernandez and Angulo-Brown [6]. By substituting equations (29) and (28) into (32), ME

1419
F Angulo-Brown et al

becomes
ME = 43 C0 = 21 [C0 + 21 C0 ]
and substituting equation (29) into (33), we get
ME = 21 [C0 + MP
].
This is the semisum property for non-endoreversible
CAN-cycles. Equation (34) is the exact version of the
approximate numerical equality given by equation (16).
That is, the entropy produced in the ME regime is only 25% of
(33) that produced in the MP regime. In both cases (equations (40)
and (37)) we find small departures from the numerical cases
for several heat transfer laws [5, 6], and this has to do with
(34) the fact that true W versus and versus curves are
not parabolas; however, these variations are assumed to be
unimportant.
5. Conclusions

As far as we know, both the semisum property and the 7525

4. The non-endoreversible 7525 corollary
corollary for endoreversible CAN-cycles highlighted earlier
In previous research [5, 6, 16], it was established that are the first general properties which are independent of the
for endoreversible engines the power W and the entropy heat transfer law proposed for such endoreversible engines.
production of both the ME regime and the MP regime In this paper it was demonstrated that these properties can
are linked by means of approximately fixed quantitative be extended for non-endoreversible CAN-cycles. This is
relations for several heat transfer laws. These relations are accomplished by means of the Clausius inequality and a non-
WME 0.8WMP and ME 0.3MP . It was demonstrated endoreversibility parameter R, which measures the departure
that if the W versus and versus curves were of a CAN-cycle from the endoreversible engine. All results
true parabolas, then the mentioned quantitative relations reduce to the well known endoreversible limits when R = 1.
became exact, and are given by WME = 0.75WMP and Furthermore, a simple expression was obtained for the
ME = 0.25MP [6]. This result was called the 7525 efficiency (equation (12)) of a CAN non-endoreversible cycle
corollary. For the case of non-endoreversible CAN engines, working at maximum power output with a Newtonian heat
this corollary also holds. transfer law.
Substituting equation (29) into (28) yields
References
W0 R 0 2
W (MP ) = (35) [1] Gutkowicz-Krusin D, Procaccia I and Ross J 1978 J. Chem.
4 C
Phys. 69 2898
and substituting equation (33) into (28) yields [2] De Vos A 1985 Am. J. Phys. 53 570
[3] Chen L and Yan Z 1989 J. Chem. Phys. 90 3740
0
[4] Angulo-Brown F and Paez-Hernandez R 1993 J. Appl. Phys.
W (ME )= 3
W RC2 .
16 0
(36)
74 2216
[5] Arias-Hernandez L A and Angulo-Brown F 1994 Rev. Mex.
Thus, Fis. 40 886

W (ME ) 3
= . (37) [6] Arias-Hernandez L A and Angulo-Brown F 1997 J. Appl.
W (MP ) 4 Phys. 81 2973
[7] Curzon F L and Ahlborn B 1975 Am. J. Phys. 43 22
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determined independently of the heat transfer law used. [10] Cheng C V and Chen C K 1997 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30
Now following a similar procedure as in the power case, 1602
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Phys. 27 1139
0 [12] Chen J 1994 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27 1144
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Phys. 80 4872
and [14] De Vos A 1992 Endoreversible Thermodynamics of Solar
0
(ME ) = R0 (C0 ME )2 = 1
RC2 .
16 0
(39) Energy Conversion (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
[15] Bejan A 1998 Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics
Dividing equation (39) by (38), we get (New York: Wiley)
[16] Chen T and Yan Z 1998 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31 1078
(ME ) = 0.25 (MP ). (40) [17] Marcella T V 1992 Am. J. Phys. 60 888

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