GENERAL PERFORMANCE

Yogender Narula 1
 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 Performance
Performance is the capability of the aircraft at various
stages of its flight. The capability may be in terms of weight ,
altitude , speed , distance , gradient , range , etc
Mandatory Performance
It is the minimum laid down performance to be met by an
aircraft for grant of certification of Airworthiness by the
appropriate authority. (It means the a/c shall not have to force
land in case of an engine failure at any stage of the flight ) . In
India DGCA is the certifying authority .
Mandatory performance is specified as
Gross Performance
Net Performance

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 Gross Performance :-

Gross performance is for certification purpose.

Gross performance is the average performance expected to be

achieved by the fleet of a/c type.

These figures are obtained in new aeroplanes flown by experienced

and highly skilled test pilots.

It is a good reference for performance calculation but provides no

safety margin.

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 Net Performance :-

Net performance is for obstacle clearance purpose .

Net performance is the performance obtained by reducing the gross

performance in a specified manner to allow for degradation that cannot
be accounted for , due to factor such as

1. Variation in operating techniques.

2. Variation in Maintenance Practices.
3. Degradation of a/c performance due to ageing of a/c .
4. Deviation from Environmental condition from those assumed.
5. Skill of pilots , as gross performance is obtained by highly skilled pilots.

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 In Net T/O flight path ( Ground to 1500 ft. ) gradient of climb
is .8 % less than gross gradient of climb and it should clear all
obstacle by 35 ft. vertically or by 200 ft. / 300 ft. horizontally
within/outside aerodrome.

In Enroute Net flight path ( from 1500 ft. above T/O surface to
1500 ft. above landing surface ) with one eng. Inoperative and
other at MCT , the climb gradient is 1.1 % less than gross climb
gradient available. The net flight path during enroute segment
must clear all obstacle by

1000 ft. during climb

1000 ft. over plains and 2000 ft. over mountains during cruise.
2000 ft during descent.

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 Question Time
In second segment gross climb gradient is --------- .

The net climb gradient in second segment is -------- .

If the net climb gradient of an a/c is 1.5 % in second

segment . Is this a/c can be used as public Tpt. a/c ?

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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Runway :- Runway is a defined area on land
aerodrome prepared for landing and take off
of aircraft.

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 Stopway :- Stopway is a defined rectangular area at
the end of the T/O run available in which an a/c can
be stopped in the event of abandoned T/O.

Width of stopway is same as that of runway.

Stopway should be under the control of airport authorities.

STOPWAY

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 Clearway :- Clearway is a defined rectangular area on ground
or water over which an a/c may make a portion of its initial
climb to attain a specific screen height.
Clearway starts at the end of the runway.
Its length is not more than half the runway length.
Its width is not less than 75 m / 250 ft. either side of the
extended centre line of runway.
There should not be any obstacle within a gradient of 1.25 % within
clearway , except threshold lights of max. height of 26 inches.
It should be under the control of airport authorities.

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 TORA (Take Off Run Available )

TORA is the length of runway declared as available and

suitable for ground run of aeroplane taking-off.

TORA = DECLARED RUNWAY LENGTH

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 TODA (Take Off Distance Available)

TODA is the length of take-off run available plus the length of

clearway , if any.

TODA = TORA + CLEARWAY

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 ASDA (Acceleration Stop Distance Available)

ASDA is the length of take-off run available plus the length of

stopway , if any .

ASDA = TORA + STOPWAY

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 Line up correction :- For A 320 a/c line up corr. is 100 ft or 30 m
In RTOW charts corr. is taken care , whereas in FCOM corr. is required

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 TORR dry :- Take-Off Run Required on a dry rwy is greater of the
following
TORR dry = Max. of (1.15 % TORR n dry , TORR n-1 dry)

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TORR wet :- Take-Off Run Required on a Wet runway is greater of the
following .
TORR wet = Max. of (1.15 % TORR n wet , TORR n-1 wet)

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 TODR dry :- Take-Off Distance Required on a dry rwy is greater of the
following
TODR dry = Max. of (1.15 % TODR n dry , TODR n-1 dry)

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 TODR wet :- Take-Off Distance Required on a wet rwy is greater of the
following
TODR wet = Max. of (1.15 % TODR n wet , TODR n-1 wet)

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 PERFORMANCE ?

RUNWAY ?

STOPWAY ?

CLEARWAY ?

TORA ?

TODA ?

ASDA ?

TORR ?

TODR ?

ASDR ?
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 ASDR :- Acceleration Stop Distance Required on a Dry runway is
greater of the following distances i.e.
ASDR dry = Max. of (ASDR n-1 dry , ASDR n dry)
ASDR n-1 dry

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ASDR n dry

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 ASDR wet :- Acceleration Stop Distance Required on a Wet
runway is greater of the following distances i.e.

ASDR wet = Max. of (ASDR dry, ASDR n-1 wet , ASDR n wet)

ASDR dry :- Same definition as above .

ASDR n-1 wet :-Same definition as ASDR n-1 dry except the rwy is wet
ASDR n wet :- Same definition as ASDR n dry except the rwy is wet.

Note :- ASD Determination on a Wet runway may include the use of

reverse thrust provided it is safe and reliable.

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 33
 Vmcg ( Min. Control Speed on Ground )

Vmcg is a minimum calibrated speed on the ground at which if an engine failure

occurs , the aircraft can be controlled by Primary aerodynamic controls alone i.e
rudder , applying not more than 150 lbs ( pounds ) of rudder pedal force and the
aircraft should not divert beyond 30 ft laterally from the centre line at any stage .

( Min. Vmcg at MSL with Conf. 1+f is 110.5Kts and as PA increases Vmcg reduces {
due to thrust reduction } . On narrow runway { < 40 m } Vmcg has to be increased
by appropriate value i.e if Rwy width is 35 m Vmcg increased by 1.5 Kts ).

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 35
 V1 ( Decision speed or Critical Eng. Failure Recognition Speed )

V1 is a decision speed during take-off at which if an engine failure

occurs , the distance to continue take-off , to achieve V2 speed at 35
ft , will not exceed TODA and incase of abandon take-off , will not
exceed ASDA.

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Range of V1 :- Vmcg < V1 < Vr & .84 Vr < V1 < Vr & V1 < Vmbe

An Increase in V1 will result ?

Min. V1 at MSL with Conf. 1+f ?

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 An Increase in V1 will result

Shorter Take-off Distance.

Longer Stopping Distance.
Improvement in Obstacle Clearance.

Min. V1 at MSL with Conf. 1+f is

116 Kts.

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 39
STALL SPEED ( Vs )
 Vs ( Stalling speed ) :- Vs corresponds to the conventional stall, (where the
lift suddenly drops ). At that moment load factor is always less than one.
Vs1g :- Vs1g corresponds to the max. lift coefficient ( Just before the lift starts
decreasing ) At that moment load factor is still equal to one.

Vs is 6 % lower than Vs1g i.e Vs = .94 Vs1g

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 42
 Vmca ( Min. Control Speed In Air )
Vmca is a minimum calibrated air speed at which if an engine failure
occurs , the aircraft can be controlled by Primary aerodynamic control
i.e rudder and by bank angle ( not exceeding 5O ) . Directional change
of the aircraft should not exceed 20O .

( Min. Vmca at MSL is 111.5 Kts and as PA increases Vmca reduces

{ due to thrust reduction } )

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 44
VMU: Minimum Unstick Speed

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VMU: Minimum Unstick Speed

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VMU: Minimum Unstick Speed

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 48
 Vr ( Rotation Speed ):- The speed at which rotation is initiated
for lift-off to attain V2 speed at 35 ft height.

Limitation for Vr

Vr > 1.05 Vmca

Vr > 1.10 Vs
Vr > 1.05 VMU for Single Engine
Vr > 1.10 VMU for both Engine

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 50
 VLOF ( Lift-off speed ) :- It is a calibrated air speed at
which airplane first becomes airborne .

Therefore it is the speed at which the lift overcomes the

weight.
Limitation for VLOF

VLOF > 1.05 VMU for Single Engine

VLOF > 1.10 VMU for both Engine
VLOF < Tyre Speed Limit

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 Vmcg ?

V1 ?

Vs ?

Vmca ?

VMU ?

Vr ?

VLOF ?

V2 ? 52
 V2 (Take-off Climb Speed )
V2 is a scheduled target speed to be attained at 35 ft height
during Take-off , which ensures

1 ) 15O angle of bank maneuver capability and

2 ) Specified safety margin in relation to stall and control of
aeroplane during the take-off climb on single engine.

Range of V2 :- 1.13 Vs1g < V2 < 1.35 Vs1g

What will be the effect on FLW and CLW if V2 is increased ?

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V2 (Take-off Climb Speed )

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 EFFECT OF V1 , V2 , WEIGHT & FLAPS ON T/OFF PERF.

T/O Distance ASDA Climb Gradient

V1 Increases

V2 Increases

WT. Increases

Higher Flaps
Selection

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 EFFECT OF V1 , V2 , WEIGHT & FLAPS ON T/OFF PERF.

T/O Distance ASDA Climb Gradient

V1 Increases Decreases Increases No Effect

V2 Increases

WT. Increases

Higher Flaps
Selection

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 EFFECT OF V1 , V2 , WEIGHT & FLAPS ON T/OFF PERF.

T/O Distance ASDA Climb Gradient

V1 Increases Decreases Increases No Effect

V2 Increases Increases No Effect Increases

WT. Increases

Higher Flaps
Selection

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 EFFECT OF V1 , V2 , WEIGHT & FLAPS ON T/OFF PERF.

T/O Distance ASDA Climb Gradient

V1 Increases Decreases Increases No Effect

V2 Increases Increases No Effect Increases

WT. Increases Increases Increases Decreases

Higher Flaps
Selection

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 EFFECT OF V1 , V2 , WEIGHT & FLAPS ON T/OFF PERF.

T/O Distance ASDA Climb Gradient

V1 Increases Decreases Increases No Effect

V2 Increases Increases No Effect Increases

WT. Increases Increases Increases Decreases

Higher Flaps Decreases Decreases Decreases

Selection

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HAPPY LANDINGs

BEST OF LUCK
Yogender Narula 60