Oscillation and Waves

4.
OSCILLATION AND WAVES

THEORY
1. INTRODUCTION 2S m m
Time period (T) = 2S as Z
(1) A motion which repeats itself over and over again after a Z k k
regular interval of time is called a periodic motion.
3. Frequency
(2) Oscillatory or vibratory motion is that motion in which a
The frequency of a particle executing S.H.M. is equal to
body moves to and fro or back and forth repeatedly about
the number of oscillations completed in one second.
a fixed point in a definite interval of time.
(3) Simple harmonic motion is a specific type of oscillatory Z 1 k
v
motion, in which 2S 2S m
(a) partical moves in one dimension, 4. Phase
(b) particle moves to and fro about a fixed mean position The phase of particle executing S.H.M. at any instant is its
(where Fnet = 0), state as regard to its position and direction of motion at
(c) net force on the particle is always directed towards that instant. it is measured as argument (angle) of sine in
means position, and the equation of S.H.M.
(d) magnitude of net force is always proportional to the Phase = (Zt + I)

displacement of particle from the mean position at that At t = 0, phase = I; the constant I is called initial phase of
instant. the particle or phase constant.
So, Fnet = kx 1.2 Important Relations
where, k is known as force constant
1. Position
ma = kx
k
a x or a Z2 x
m
where, Z is known as angular frequency.
d2 x
Z2 x
dt 2
This equation is called as the differential equation of If mean position is at origin the position (X coordinate)
S.H.M. depends on time in general as :
The general expression for x(t) satisfying the above x (t) = sin (Zt + I)
equation is :
At mean position, x = 0
x (t) = A sin (Zt + I)
At extremes, x = + A, A
1.1 Some Important terms
2. Velocity
1. Amplitude
The amplitude of particle executing S.H.M. is its maximum
displacement on either side of the mean position.
A is the amplitude of the particle.
2. Time Period
Time period of a particle executing S.H.M. is the time taken
to complete one cycle and is denoted by T. At any time instant t, v (t) = A Z cos (Zt + I)
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110 OSCILLATION AND WAVES
At any position x, v (x) = Z A2 x 2 1 2 1

U x kx mA 2 Z2 sin 2 Zt I
2 2
Velocity is minimum at extremes because the particles
is at rest.
i.e., v = 0 at extreme position.
Velocity has maximum magnitude at mean position.
|v|max = ZA at mean position.
3. Acceleration
1 2
U is maximum at extremes Umax = kA
2
U is minimum at mean position

Total Energy
At any instant t, a (t) = Z2 A sin (Zt + I)

At any position x, a (x) = Z2x
Acceleration is always directed towards mean position.
The magnitude of acceleration is minimum at mean
position and maximum at extremes. 1 2 1
T.E. kA mA 2 Z2
|a|min = 0 at mean position. 2 2
|a|max = Z2 A at extremes. and is constant at all time instant and at all positions.
4. Energy Energy position graph
Kinetic energy
1 1
K mv 2 K mZ2 A 2 x 2
2 2
1
mZ2 A 2 cos 2 Zt I
2
2. TIME PERIOD OF S.H.M.

To find whether a motion is S.H.M. or not and to find its
time period, follow these steps :
K is maximum at mean position and minimum at extremes. (a) Locate the mean (equilibrium) position mathematically by
balancing all the forces on it.
1 1
K max m Z2 A 2 kA 2 at mean position (b) Displace the particle by a displacement x from the mean
2 2
position in the probable direction of oscillation.
Kmin = 0 at extemes. (c) Find the net force on it and check if it is towards mean
Potential Energy position.
If potential energy is taken as zero at mean position, (d) Try to express net force as a proportional function of its
then at any position x, displacement x.
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OSCILLATION AND WAVES 111
If step (c) and step (d) are proved then it is a simple

m
harmonic motion. Time period : T 2S
k
(e) Find k from expression of net force (F = kx) and find time
(c) Combination of springs :
m
period using T 2S .
k 1. Springs in series
2.1 Oscillations of a Block Connected to a Spring When two springs of force constant K1 and K2 are
connected in series as shown, they are equivalent to a
(a) Horizontal spring :
single spring of force constant K which is given by
Let a block of mass m be placed on a smooth horizontal
surface and rigidly connected to spring of force constant 1 1 1

K whose other end is permanently fixed. K K1 K 2
K1 K 2
K
K1 K 2
Mean position : when spring is at its natural length.
m
Time period : T 2S 2. Springs in parallel
k
For a parallel combination as shown, the effective
(b) Vertical Spring : spring constant is K = K1 + K2
If the spring is suspended vertically from a fixed point
and carries the block at its other end as shown, the
block will oscillate along the vertical line.
mg
Mean position : spring in elongated by d
k
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2.2 Oscillation of a Cylinder Floating in a liquid R

Time period : T 2S = 84.6 minutes
Let a cylinder of mass m and density d be floating on g
the surface of a liquid of density U. The total length of where, R is radius of earth.
cylinder is L.
2.5 Angular Oscillations
Instead of straight line motion, if a particle or centre of

mass of a body is oscillating on a small arc of circular
path then it is called angular S.H.M.
For angular S.H.M.,W = kT
ID = kT
I
Time period, T 2S
k
Ld 2.5.1 Simple Pendulum
Mean position : cylinder is immersed upto A
U
Ld A A
Time period : T 2S 2S Time period : T 2S
Ug g g
Time period of a pendulum in a lift :

2.3 Liquid Oscillating in a UTube
Consider a liquid column of mass m and density U in a U- T 2S

A
(if acceleration of lift is upwards)
tube of area of cross section A. ga
A
T 2S (if acceleration of lift is downwards)
g a
Seconds pendulum
Time period of seconds pendulum is 2s.
Length of seconds pendulum on earth surface 1m.
2.5.2 Physical Pendulum
Mean position : when height of liquid is same in both I

Time period : T 2S
limbs. mgA
m L
Time period : T 2S 2S
2AUg 2g
where, L is length of liquid column.
2.4 Body Oscillation in tunnel along any chord of earth
Mean position : At the centre of the chord

where, I is moment of inertia of object about point of U is the density of the solid.
suspension, and Speed of longitudinal wave in fluid is given by
l is distance of centre of mass of object from point of
suspension. B
v
U
3. DAMPED AND FORCED OSCILLATIONS
where, B is the bulk modulus,
1. Damped Oscillation :
U is the density of the fluid.
(i) The oscillation of a body whose amplitude goes on
(b) Newtons formula
decreasing with time is defined as damped oscillation.
Newton assumed that propagation of sound wave in
(ii) In this oscillation the amplitude of oscillation gas is an isothermal process. Therefore, according to
decreases exponentially due to damping forces like
frictional force, viscous force etc. P
Newton, speed of sound in gas is given by v
U
where P is the pressure of the gas and U is the density
of the gas.
According to the Newtons formula, the speed of sound
in air at S.T.P. is 280 m/s. But the experimental value of
the speed of sound in air is 332 ms 1. Newton could not
explain this large difference. Newtons formula was
corrected by Laplace.
(iii) Due to decrease in amplitude the energy of the (c) Laplaces correction
oscillator also goes on decreasing exponentially. Laplace assumed that propagation of sound wave in
2. Forced Oscillation : gas in an adiabatic process. Therefore, according to
(i) The oscillation in which a body oscillates under the Laplace, speed of sound in a gas is given by
influence of an external periodic force are known as
JP
forced oscillation. v
U
(ii) Resonance : When the frequency of external force is
equal to the natural frequency of the oscillator, then According to Laplaces correction the speed of sound
this state is known as the state of resonance. And this in air at S.T.P. is 331.3 m/s. This value agrees farily well
frequency is known as resonant frequency. with the experimental values of the velocity of sound
in air at S.T.P.
4. WAVES
5. WAVES TRAVELLING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
(a) Speed of longitudinal wave
Speed of longitudinal wave in a medium is given by When two waves of same amplitude and frequency
travelling in opposite directions
E y1 = A sin (kx Zt)
v
U y2 = A sin (kx + Zt)
where, E is the modulus of elasticity, interfere, then a standing wave is produced which is
given by,
U is the density of the medium.
y = y1 + y2
Speed of longitudinal wave in a solid in the form of rod
is given by y = 2A sin kx cos Zt
Hence the particle at location x is oscillating in S.H.M.
v
Y with angular frequency Z and amplitude 2A sin kx. As
U the amplitude depends on location (x), particles are
oscillating with different amplitude.
where, Y is the Youngs modulus of the solid,
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Nodes : Amplitude = 0
2A sin kx = 0
x = 0, S/k, 2S/k.......
x = 0, O/2, O, 3O/2, 2O........
Antinodes : Amplitude is maximum.
sin kx = 1
x = S/2k, 3S/2k Fundamental frequency (x = 1)
x = O/4, 3O/4, 5O/4
v
Q0
Nodes are completely at rest. Antinodes are oscillating 2L
with maximum amplitude (2A). The points between a
It is also called first harmonic.
node and antinode have amplitude between 0 and 2 A.
Second harmonic or first overtone
Separation between two consecutive (or antinodes)
= O/2. 2v
Q
Separation between a node and the next antinode=O/4. 2L
Nodes and antinodes are alternately placed. The nth multiple of fundamental frequency is known
as nth harmonic or (n 1)th overtone.
2. Fixed at one end
Transverse standing waves with node at fixed end and
antinode at open end are formed.
O
So, length of string A 2n 1 if there are n nodes
4
and n antinodes.
Frequency of oscillations
v 2n 1 v
Q
O 4A
It is clear from the figure that since nodes are, at rest Fundamental frequency, (n = 1)
they dont transfer energy. In a stationary wave, energy
v
is not transferred from one point to the other. Q0
4L
5.1 Vibrations in a stretched string It is also called first harmonic.
1. Fixed at both ends. First overtone or third harmonic.
Transverse standing waves with nodes at both ends 3v
of the string are formed. Q 3 Q0
4A
nO Only odd harmonics are possible in this case.

So, length of string, A if there are (n + 1) nodes
2 5.2 Vibrations in an organ pipe
and n antinodes.
1. Open Organ pipe (both ends open)
Frequency of oscillations is
The open ends of the tube becomes antinodes because
v nv the particles at the open end can oscillate freely.
Q
O 2A If there are (n + 1) antinodes in all,

nO Let us consider net effect of two waves of frequencies

length of tube, A Q 1 and Q 2 and amplitude A at x = 0.
2
nv y1 A sin 2SQ1t
So, Frequency of oscillations is Q
2A y2 A sin 2SQ 2 t
y = y1 + y 2
y = A sin 2SQ1t sin 2SQ 2 t
y 2A cos S Q1 Q 2 t sin S Q1 Q 2 t
Thus the resultant wave can be represented as a
Q Q2
travelling wave whose frequency is 1 and
2
amplitude is 2A cos S (Q1 Q2) t.
As the amplitude term contains t, the amplitude varies
periodically with time.
2. Closed organ pipe (One end closed) For Loud Sounds : Net amplitude = 2A
The open end becomes antinode and closed end cos S (Q 1 Q 2) t = 1
become a node. S (Q 1 Q 2) t = 0, S, 2S, 3S .......
If there are n nodes and n antinodes,
1 2 ........
L = (2n 1) O/4 t 0, ,
Q1 Q 2 Q1 Q 2
So frequency of oscillations is
Hence the interval between two loud sounds is given as :
v 2n 1 v
Q 1
O 4L
Q1 Q 2
the number of loud sounds per second = Q 1 Q 2

beat per second = Q1 Q 2
Note that Q1 Q2 must be small (0 16 Hz) so that sound
variations can be distinguished.
Filling a tuning form increases its frequency of vibration.

Loading a tuning for k decreases its frequency of vibration.
6. DOPPLER EFFECT
There are only odd harmonics in a tube closed at one end.
According to Dopplers effect, whenever there is a relative
5.3 Waves having different frequencies motion between a source of sound and listener, the apparent
frequency of sound heard by the listener is different from
Beats are formed by the superposition of two waves of
the actual frequency of sound emitted by the source.
slightly different frequencies moving in the same
direction. The resultant effect heard in this case at any Apparent frequency,
fixed position will consist of alternate loud and weak v vL
Qc uQ
sounds. v vs
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Sing Convention. All velocities along the direction S

to L are taken as positve and all velocities along the v vL v vL
Qc Q Q i.e. v > Q
direction L to S are taken as negative. v v
When the motion is along some other direction the
(e) If the source and listener are approaching each other,
component of velocity of source and listener along the
then v s is positive and v L is negative (figure e).
line joining the source and listener is considered.
Therefore,
Special Cases :
(a) If the source is moving towards the listener but the v vL v vL
listener is at rest, then vs is positive and vL = 0 (figure Qc Q Q i.e. Q > Q
v vs v vs
a). Therefore,
(f) If the source and listener are moving away from each
v
Qc u Q i.e. Q > Q other, then vs is negative and vL is positive, (figure f).
v vs
Therefore,
(b) If the source is moving away from the listener, but the
v vL v vL
listener is at rest, then vs is negative and vL = 0 (figure Qc Q Q i.e. Q < Q
b). Therefore, v vs v vs
v v (g) If the source and listener are both in motion in the

Qc Q Q i.e. Q < Q same direction and with same velocity, then vs = vL = v
v vs v vs
(say) (figure g). Therefore,
(c) If the source is at rest and listener is moving away from
the source, the vs = 0 and vL is positive (figure c). v vc
Qc Q i.e. Q = Q
Therefore, v vc
It means, there is no change in the frequency of sound

heard by the listerner.
Appar ent wavelength heard by the observer is
Q Qs
Oc
Q
If case the medium is also moving, the speed of sound

G G
with respect to ground is considered. i.e. Q Q m
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
Loudness of sound is also called level of intensity of
sound.
In decibel the loudness of a sound of intensity I is
I
v vL given by L = 10 log10 . (I 0 = 10 12 w/m2)
Qc Q i.e. Q < Q I0
v
Pitch : It is pitch depends on frequency, higher the
(d) If the source is at rest and listener is moving towards frequency higher will be the pitch and shriller will be
the source, then vs = 0 and vL is negative (figure d). the sound.
Therefore,

SOLVED EXAMPLES
OSCILLATIONS A = 4.00 m , Z = S rad/s, I0 = S/4
Example - 1 (a) Displacement at t = 1.00 s i.e.,
Write the displacement equation representing the following x = (4.00 m)cos(S 1 + S/4) = (4.00) (cos S/4)
conditions obtained in a simple harmonic motion. Amplitude = (4.00) (0.707) = 2.83 m
= 0.01 m, frequency = 600 Hz, initial phase = S/6.
(b) Velocity at t = 1.00 s, i.e., v = ZA sin (Zt + I0)
Sol. Here A = 0.01 m, v = 600 Hz, I0 = S/6 or v = (S/s)(4.00 m)sin [S 1 + S/4]
The displacement equation of simple harmonic motion is = (4.00 S)(sin S/4) m/s
y = A sin (Zt + I0) = A sin(Svt + I0) = (4.00 3.14)(0.707) m/s
or y = (0.01 m) sin (1200 St + S/6) = 8.89 m/s
(c) Acceleration,
Example - 2 2
a = Z A cos (Zt + I0)
A particle executes SHM of amplitude 25 cm and time period
2
3 s. What is the minimum time required for the particle to = S 4.00 cos (S 1 + S/4)
2 2
move between two points 12.5 cm on either side of the = (4.00 S )(cos S/4)m/s
mean position ? 2 2
= 4.00 (3.14) 0.707 m/s
2
Sol. With usual notation, we are given that amplitude A = 25 cm, = 27.9 m/s
time period T = 3s
(d) Maximum velocity, vmax = ZA S 4.00
Displacement from the mean position, y = 12.5 cm
= 12.6 m/s
If t is the time taken by the particle to move from the mean 2 2
Maximum acceleration, amax = Z A = S 4.00
position to a point 12.5 cm on any side of the mean position, 2
= 39.5 m/s
2S 2S
y = A sin Zt = A sin t or 12.5 = 25 sin t S S 9S
T 3 (e) Phase, (Zt + I0) = (S/s) 2s + = 2S + = .
4 4 4
2S 1 S 2S S Example - 4
or sin t sin or t
3 2 6 3 6 A block is resting on a piston which is moving vertically
with a SHM of period 1.0 s. At what amplitude of vibration
or t = 0.25 s
will the block and the piston separate ? What is the
Obviously, time taken by the particle to move between two maximum velocity of the piston at this amplitude ?
points 12.5 cm on either side of the mean position.
= 2t = 2 0.25 = 0.5 s. Sol. We are given that T = 1.0 s
Further, the maximum acceleration in SHM, i.e.,
Example - 3 amax = Z A
2
A body oscillates with SHM along with X-axis. Its

For the block and the piston to separate,
displacement varies with time according to the equation : 2
amax t g or Z A t g
x = (4.00 m) cos(St + S/4)
Calculate at t = 1.00 s : (a) displacement (b) velocity 2 gT 2
or (2S/T) A t g or A t
(c) acceleration (d) Also calculate the maximum speed and 4S2
maximum acceleration and (e) phase at t = 2.00 s.
(9.8 m / s 2 )(1.0 s)2 2
Sol. By comparing the given equation with the general equation or At (as 4S = 39.48)
39.48
for SHM along X-axis, i.e.,
or A t 0.248 m
x = Acos (Zt + I0), we get
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Thus, the block and the piston separate, when

T'
A = 0.248 m or = (1 + 0.005) = 1.005
T
Clearly,
or T = (1.005)T = 1.005 2
2S 2 u 3.14 (as for a second pendulum, T = 2s)
vmax = ZA = A (0.248 m) = 1.56 m/s
T 1.0s or T = 2.01 s
Example - 5 Since the time period has increased, the pendulum will make
lesser number of vibrations per day. In other words, it will
A point particle of mass 0.1 kg is executing SHM of amplitude run slow.
0.1 m. When the particle passes through the mean position,
3
its kinetic energy is 8 10 J. Obtain the equation of motion Loss in time in 2 s = 0.01 s
o
of this particle if the initial phase of oscillations is 45 .
0.01s
Sol. Here, m = 0.1 kg, A = 0.1 m, Loss in 1 day (i.e., 86400 s) = 2 s 86400 s = 432 s
3
K0 (kinetic energy at mean position) = 8 10 J, Example - 7
o
I0 = 45 = S/4 A spring compressed by 10 cm develops a restoring force
of 10 N. A body of mass 9 kg is placed on it. What is the
1
1 2 2 2 2 3 force constant of the spring ? What is the depression in
Since K0 = mZ A , 2 (0.1 kg)Z (0.1 m) = 8 10 J
2 the spring under the weight of the body ? What is the
period of oscillation if the body is disturbed from its
or Z = 4 rad/s
equilibrium position ? [Take g = 10 N/kg]
The equation of motion of a particle executing SHM is given
by Sol. Here, F = 10 N, y = 10 cm = 0.1 m
y = Asin(Zt + I0)
F 10 N
or y = (0.1 m)sin [(4 rad/s) t + S/4] Force constant, k = y = 0.1m = 100 N/m
Example - 6
Further, when F = weight of the body = 9 kg wt = 90 N,
If the length of a second pendulum is increased by 1%,
how many seconds will it lose in a day ? F 90 N
y = k 100 N / m = 0.9 m
Sol. If l be the length of the second pendulum and T be its time
period, then m
Time period, T = 2S
k
l
T = 2S ...(i)
g 9 3
= 2S s = 2S s
When length is increased by 1%, i.e., by 1/100, 100 10
new length = l + (l/100) = l (1 + 1/100)
3S
If T be its changed time period, or T= s = 1.88 s.
5
l (1 1/100) Example - 8
T = 2S ...(ii) Write the values of amplitude and angular frequency in the
g
following simple harmonic motion :
From eqns. (i) and (ii),
x = 0.70 cos (180t + 0.23)
1/ 2
T' 1 1 where the various quantities are in SI units.
1 1
T 100 100
Sol. Comparing the given simple harmonic motion with the
T' 1 standard SHM equation
1
T 200

or (applying binomial theorem)
x = Acos(Zt + I0), we have A = 0.70 m, Z = 180 rad/s

Example - 9 Sol. We are given that time period of a simple pendulum on Earth,
i.e., TE = 3.5 s
Two simple harmonic motions are represented by the 2
equations y1 = 10 sin (3St + S/4) and Acceleration due to gravity on Earth, i.e., gE = 9.8 m/s
2
Acceleration due to gravity on Moon, i.e., gM = 1.7 m/s .
y2 = 5 (sin 3St + 3 cos 3St)
Let TM be the time period of the simple pendulum on Moon.
Find the ratio of their amplitudes. Clearly,
Sol. We are given that l l

y1 = 10 sin (3St + S/4) ...(i) TE = 2S and TM = 2S
gE gE
y2 = 5 (sin 3St + 3 cos 3St)
TM 2S l / g M gE 9.8
or 1.7 = 2.4
= 10[(1/2)sin 3St + ( 3 / 2) cos 3St] TE 2S l / g E gM
= 10 [cos (S/3) sin 3St + sin (S/3) cos 3St] Clearly, TM = 2.4 TE = 2.4 3.5 = 8.4 s
= 10 sin [3St + (S/3)] ...(ii) Example - 12
From eqns. (i) and (ii), it is clear that the amplitudes of both
A body of mass 1 kg is made to oscillate in turn on two
SHMs are equal i.e., these are in the ration of 1 : 1.
springs, one of force constant 1 N/m and another of 16 N/m.
Example - 10 Calculate the time period in each case.
How will the time period of a simple pendulum change if its
length is doubled ? Sol. For the first spring, m = 1 kg and k = 1 N/m
m 1
Sol. For a simple pendulum, Thus, T1 = 2S S = 2S s
k 1
l For the second spring, m = 1 kg, k = 16 N/m
T = 2S
g
m 1 S
Thus, T2 = 2S S s .
For two pendulums of lengths l1 and l2, let their time periods k 16 2
be T1 and T2. Example - 13
A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to 50 kg. The
l1
Clearly, T1 = 2S length of the scale is 20 cm. A body suspended from this
g
spring, when displaced and released, oscillates with a
period of 0.60 s. What is the weight of the body ?
l2
and T2 = 2S Sol. If k is the spring constant of the spring balance,
g
F 50 kg wt 50 u 9.8 N
T2 l2 k= = 0.2 m 0.20 m = 2450 N/m
Thus, T 2 (as l2/ l1 = 2) l
1
l1
Let Z be the angular frequency of the spring balance.
or T2 = 2 T1
2S 2S
Thus, the time period of the simple pendulum increases by Clearly, Z = = 10.47 rad/s
T 0.60
a factor of 2. If m is the mass of the body,
Example - 11
2 k k 2450
The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon Z = or m = Z2 (10.47)2 = 22.35 kg
2 m
is 1.7 m/s . What is the time-period of a simple pendulum
on the Moon if its time period on the Earth is 3.5 s ? Weight of the body = mg = 22.35 kg wt
2
(g on Earth = 9.8 m/s ) = 22.35 9.8 N = 219 N
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Example - 14 Sol. With usual notations, we are given that

A small trolley of mass 2.0 kg resting on a horizontal m = 3.0 kg, k = 1200 N/m, A = 2.0 cm = 0.02 m
turntable is connected by a light spring to the centre of (a) The frequency of oscillation of the mass m is given as
the table. When the turntable is set into rotation at a speed
of 300 rpm, the length of the stretched spring is 40 cm. If 1 k 1 1200 20 1 1
the original length of the spring is 35 cm, determine the v= or v = s = 3.2 s
2S m 2 u 3.14 3 6.28
force constant of the spring.
(b) The maximum acceleration of the mass, i.e.,
Sol. We are given that 2 2 2 2
amax = Z A = (2Sv) A = 4S v A
mass of the trolley, m = 2.0 kg 2 2 2
or amax = [(39.48)(3.2) (0.02)]m/s = 8.1 m/s
frequency of rotation of the turntable,
(c) The maximum speed of the mass, i.e.,
300 vmax = ZA = 2SvA
v= = 5 rps
60 or vmax = (2 3.14 3.2 0.02) m/s = 0.4 m/s
length of the stretched spring, Example - 16
r = 40 cm = 0.4 m In above problem, what is
original length of the spring, (a) the speed of the mass when the spring is compressed
L = 35 cm = 0.35 m by 1.0 cm ?
extension produced in the spring, (b) potential energy of the mass when it momentarily
l = r L = 0.05 m comes to rest ?
tension in the spring = centripetal force, (c) total energy of the oscillating mass ?
mv2 2 2 Sol. (a) Speed v = Z A 2 x 2 2Sv A 2 x 2

Fc = = 4S v mr
r
= 2 3.14 3.2 (0.02) 2 ( 0.01) 2
If k is the spring constant of the spring,
F = kl = 0.35 m/s (as v = 3.2, A = 0.02 m, x = 0.01 m)
F 4S 2 v 2 mr (b) PE of the mass when it momentarily comes to rest (at the

or k= extreme position), i.e.,
l l
4 u 9.87 u (5)2 u 2 u 0.4 1 1

U0 = mZ2 A 2 2 2 2 2 2
m(2Sv) A = 2S mv A
or k= 2 2
0.05
2 2
= 15792 N/m = 1.6 10 N/m
4 = 2 9.87 3 (3.2) (0.02) = 0.24 J
Example - 15 (c) Total energy of the oscillating mass (E) = its potential energy
at the extreme position (U0) = 0.24 J
A spring of force constant 1200 N/m is mounted on a
horizontal table as shown in Figure. A mass of 3.0 kg, Example - 17
attached to the free end of spring, is pulled sideways to a In above problem, let us take the position of the mass
distance of 2.0 cm and released. when the spring is unstretched as x = 0, and the direction
from left to right is the positive direction of X-axis. Give x
as a function of time t for the oscillating mass. If at the
moment we start the stop watch (t = 0) ; the mass is
(a) at the mean position
(b) at the maximum stretched position
Determine : (a) the frequency of oscillations,
(c) at the maximum compressed position.
(b) the maximum acceleration of the mass,
In what way do these different functions for SHM differ ?
(c) the maximum speed of the mass. Frequency ? Amplitude ? Or initial phase ?

Sol. For SHM along X-axis,

We know that, V = Z a 2 y 2
x = Acos(Zt + I0) ...(i)
(a) When at t = 0, x = 0, Case (I) 4 = Z a 2 32 ...(i)
0 = Acos(Z 0 + I0)
Case (II) 3 = Z a 2 42 ...(ii)
or cos I0 = 0 or I0 = S/2
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
From eqn. (i), x = A cos(Zt S/2) = A sin Zt
or x = 2 sin (20 t) 4 Z a 9
2
16 a 2 9
1
(as A = 2 cm, Z = 2Sv = 2 3.142 3.2 = 20 s ) 3 Z a 2 16 or 9 a 2 16
(b) When at t = 0, x = A, 2 2 2
or 16 a 256 = 9 a 81 or 7 a = 256 81 = 175
A = Acos(Z 0 + I0)
175
or cos I0 = 1 or I0 = 0 or
2
a = = 25 or a = 25 = 5
7
From eqn. (i) x = A cos Zt = 2cos (20t)
Substituting it in (i), we get
(c) When at t = 0, x = A,
A = Acos(Z 0 + I0) 4 = Z 5 2 32 Z 25 9 = Z 4
or cos I0 = 1 or I0 = S or w = 4/4 = 1 rad s
1
From eqn. (i), x = Acos(Zt + S) When the particle is at a distance 2.5 m from the extreme
= A cos Zt position, then its distance from the mean position,
or x = 2cos(20 t) x = 5 2.5 = 2.5 m
Example - 18 Since, the time is to be noted from the extreme postion for
A spring compressed by 0.1 m develops a restoring force SHM therefore, we shall use the relation
10 N. A body of mass 4 kg is placed on it. Deduce (i) the x = a cos Zt
force constant of the spring (ii) the depression of the spring
2.5 1 S
under the weight of the body (take g = 10 N/kg) and (iii) the or 2.5 = 5 cos 1 t = 5 cos t or cos t = cos
5 2 3
period of oscillation, if the body is disturbed.
S 22
Sol. Here, F = 10 N ; ' l = 0.1 m ; m = 4 kg or t = 3 7 u 3 = 1.048 s.
F 10 1 Example - 20
(i) k = = = 100 Nm
'l 0.1 A simple harmonic oscillation is represented by the
equation y = 0.40 sin (440 t + 0.61) here, y and t are in m
mg 4 u10 and s respectively. What are the values of (i) amplitude
(ii) y = = 0.4 m
k 100 (ii) angular frequency (iii) frequency of oscillations
(iv) time period of oscillations and (v) initial phase ?
m 22 4
(iii) T = 2S =2 = 1.26 s Sol. The given equation is y = 0.40 sin (440 t + 0.61)
k 7 100
Comparing it with the equation of SHM y = a sin (Zt + I0)
Example - 19
We have, (i) Amplitude, a = 0.40 m
A particle executing SHM along a st. line has a velocity of
1
4 ms , when at a distance of 3 m from its mean position (ii) Angular frequency, Z = 440 Hz
1
and 3 ms , when at a distance of 4 m from it. Find the time Z 440
it takes to travel 2.5 m from the positive extremity of its (iii) Frequency of oscillations, v = 2 S 2 u 22 / 7 = 70 Hz.
oscillation.
1 1
1
Sol. Here (case i), V1 = 4 ms ; y1 = 3m ; (iv) Time period of oscillations, T = = 0.0143
v 70
1
(case ii), V2 = 3 ms ; y2 = 4m. (v) Initial phase angle, I0 = 0.61 rad.
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Example - 21 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
A particle executes SHM of time period 10 s. The Sol. K.E. = mZ (a y ) and P.E. = mZ y
2 2
displacement of particle at any instant is given by the
relation x = 10 sin Zt (in cm). (i) Find the velocity of body 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
2 s after it passes through the mean position and (ii) the As, K.E. = P.E. ? mZ (a y ) = m Z y
2 2
acceleration 2 s after it passes the mean position.
2 2 2 2 2
or a y = y or y = a /2 or y = a/ 2 = 0.71 a
2S 2 S 1
Sol. Here ; T = 10 s ; Z = rad/s ; amplitude, r = 10 cm. Example - 24
T 10
A mass of 1 kg is executing SHM which is given by,
Velocity of the particle at any instant t is given by V = r Z cos Zt
x = 6.0 cos (100 t + S/4) cm. What is the maximum kinetic
2S 2S energy ?
(i) When t = 2 s, V = 10 cos u 2 = 2 S cos (0.4 S) =
10 10 Sol. Here, m = 1 kg.
1.942 cm/s.
The given equation of SHM is x = 6.0 cos (100 t + S/4)
(ii) Acceleration at any time t is given by
Comparing it with the equation of SHM x = a cos (Zt + I),
2S
2
2S we have, a = 6.0 cm = 6/100 m and Z = 100 rad s
1
A = Z r sin Zt = 10 sin u 2 = 3.754 cm/s

2 2
10 10
2
1 2
In fact, the acceleration is 3.754 cm/s and is directed towards Max. kinetic energy = m(Vmax)
2
the mean position.
2
Example - 22 1 1 6
2
= m(aZ) = 1 u100 = 18 J
A particle executes simple harmonic motion with a time 2 2 100
period of 16 s. At time t = 2 s, the particle crosses the mean
1 Example - 25
position while at t = 4 s, its velocity is 4 ms . Find its
amplitude of motion. An 8 kg body performs SHM of amplitude 30 cm. The
restoring force is 60 N, when the displacement is 30 cm.
Sol. Here, T = 16 s ; At t = 2 s, y = 0 and at t = 4 s ; Find (a) time period (b) the acceleration, P.E and K.E., when
1
displacement is 12 cm.
V = 4 ms ; a = ?
2S Sol. Here, m = 8 kg ; a = 30 cm = 0.30 m ;
For simple harmonic motion, y = a sin Zt = a sin t
T (a) F = 60 N ; y = 0.30 m
When t = 4 s, the time taken by particle to travel from the
F 60
mean position to a given position = 4 2 = 2 s. The F = ky or k = y 0.30 = 200 Nm
1
displacement,
2S S a
y = a sin u 2 = a sin 4 ...(i) As Z =
k 200
= 5 rad/s
1
16 2 m 8
Velocity, V = Z a 2 y 2
2 S 2 u 22 44
Time period, T = Z 7 u 5 35 = 1.256 s
2S 2 2 S a
? 4 = a a / 2 u
16 8 2 (b) Here, y = 12 cm = 0.12 m
2 2 2
32 2 ? Acceleration, A = Z y = (5) 0.12 = 3.0 ms
or a= = 14.4 m.
S 1 2 1 2
P.E. = ky = (200) (0.12) = 1.44 J
Example - 23 2 2
A particle executes SHM of amplitude a. At what distance
from the mean position is its K.E. equal to its P.E. ? 1 2 2 1 2 2
K.E. = k (a y ) = 200 [(0.30) (0.12) ] = 7.56 J
2 2

1
Example - 26 Sol. (a) Here m = 200 g = 0.2 kg, k = 90 Nm
Two identical springs of spring constant k are attached to k 90 1 1
a block of mass m and to fixed supports as shown in Figure. ? = 450 Nm kg
m 0.2
Show that when the mass is displaced from its equilibrium
position on either side, it executes a simple harmonic
b2 (0.04) 2 2 2
motion. Find the period of oscillation.
4m 2 4 u (0.2)2 = 0.01 kg s
k b2 k b2 k
As, !! , therefore, Z = |
m 4m 2 m 4m 2 m
2S m 22 0.2
T= 2S 2u | 0.3 s.
Z' k 7 90
Sol. Let the mass m be displaced by a small distance x to the (b) If T is the time, when amplitude drops to half value then
right as shown in Figure. Due to it, the spring on the left amplitude of the damped oscillations at time t is
bt/2m
hand side gets stretched by length x and the spring on the a = x0 e
right hand side gets compressed by length x. The forces when t = T, a = x0/2
acting on the mass due to springs are
F1 = kx towards left hand side x0 bT/2m
? = x0 e
F2 = kx towards left hand side 2
bT/2m bT
or 2=e or log e 2 =
2m
2m 2.3026 u 2m
or T= loge2 = log102
b b
2.3026 u 2 u 0.2 u 0.3010

=
0.04
Therefore, total restoring force on mass m is
= 6.93 s.
F = F1 + F2 = kx + ( kx) = 2 kx ...(i)
(c) If T is the time, when mechanical energy drops to half its
Here ve sign shows that force F is directed towards the
mechanical energy E0, then mechanical energy E of the
equilibrium position O and F v x. Therefore, if the mass m is
damped oscillations at an instant t is given by
left free, it will execute linear SHM.
bt/m
E = E0 e
Comparing (i) with the relation, F = kx, we have Spring
factor, K = 2 k E0 bT/m
When t = T, E = E0/2 then = E0e
Here, interia factor = mass of the block = m 2
bT/m
or 2=e
inertia factor m
As time period, T = 2S 2S
spring factor 2k bT '
or loge2 =
Example - 27 m
For the damped oscillator shown in Figure, the mass m of m

1
the block is 200 g, k = 90 Nm and the damping constant b or T = 2.3026 log102
1
b
is 40 gs . Calculate (a) the period of oscillation, (b) time
taken for its amplitude of vibrations to drop to half of its 0.2
initial value and (c) the time taken for its mechanical energy or T = 2.3026 0.3010 = 3.46 s.
0.04
to drop to half its initial value.
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WAVES (a) The reflected sound is travelling in air.
Example - 28 Therefore if Oa is the wavelength of the reflected wave,
An observer standing at the sea coast observes 54 waves Xa 340 m / s

Oa 4
reaching the coast per minute. If the wavelength of the v 10 6 s 1 = 3.4 10 m
wave is 10m, find the speed. What types of waves did he
observe? Explain (b) Further, the transmitted wave is travelling through water
Sol. Since 54 waves reach the coast in 1 min (i.e., 60 s), and as such wavelength of the transmitted wave, i.e.,
54 Xw 1486 m / s
Ow 3
= 1.49 10 m
frequency of the waves, i.e., v = = 0.9 Hz v 106 s 1
60
As O = 10 m, speed of the waves Example - 31
2
v = Q O = (0.9 10) m/s = 9 m/s A travelling harmonic wave on a string is described by :
The waves are transverse. Strictly speaking, these waves y = 7.5 sin (0.0050 x + 12t + S/4)
are ripples, which are neither entirely transverse nor (a) What are the displacement and velocity of oscillation
longitudinal. This is due to the reason that the water particles of a point at x = 1 cm and t = 1 a ? Is this speed equal to
while moving up and down, also move back and forth the speed of wave propagation ?
horizontally. Thus, water waves are wrongly classified as (b) Locate the points of the string which have the same
transverse waves. transverse displacements and velocity as the x = 1 cm
Example - 29 point at t = 2 s, 5 s, 11 s.
How far does the sound travel in air when a tuning fork of
Sol. We are given that
frequency 560 Hz makes 30 vibrations ? Given speed of
sound in air = 336 m/s. y = 7.5 sin (0.0050 x + 12t + S/4) ...(i)
(a) At x = 1 cm and t = 1 s, displacement,
Sol. Here, speed of sound in air,
y = 7.5 sin (0.0050 1 + 12 1 + S/4)
v = 336 m/s
or y = 7.5 sin (12.7904 rad)
frequency of the tuning fork, v= 560 Hz
Time taken to complete 30 vibrations, i.e., 180q
or y = 7.5 sin 12.7904 u
S
30 3
t= s = 7.5 sin 732.83
560 56
y = 7.5 sin (720 + 12.83)
Distance travelled by sound,
= 7.5 sin 12.83
3 or y = (7.5 0.2215) cm = 1.666 cm
s = vt = (336 m/s) s = 18 m
56 Speed of oscillation at a point,
Example - 30
dy
A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency 1000 kHz in air. vp
dt
If this sound meets a water surface, what is the wavelength
of : (a) the reflected sound (b) the transmitted sound ? or v p = 7.5 12 cos (0.0050 x + 12t + S/4)
Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s and in water = 1486 m/s.
= 90 cos (0.0050 x + 12t + S/4)
Sol. We are given that frequency of the ultrasonic sound, When x = 1 cm and t = 1 s,
6
v = 1000 kHz = 10 Hz v p = (90 cos 12.83) cm/s
speed of sound in air, va = 340 m/s
= (90 0.9751) cm/s = 87.75 cm/s
speed of sound in water,
The general equation of the travelling harmonic wave
vw = 1486 m/s (travelling towards left) is

y = A sin [Zt + kx + I0] ...(ii) Sol. We are given that

Comparing eqns. (i) and (ii), we get frequency of the fundamental mode, v = 45 Hz
2
A = 7.5 cm, Z = 12 rad/s linear density of the wire, P = 4 10 kg/m
2
k = 0.0050 rad/cm mass of the wire, M = 3.5 10 kg
Speed of wave propagation, Clearly, length of the wire,
2 2
L = M/P = (3.5 10 kg)/ (4 10 kg/m) = 0.875 m
Z 12 rad / s
v = k 0.0050 rad / cm = 2400 cm/s = 24 m/s (a) When the string is vibrating in its fundamental mode,
L = O/2
(Negative sign has been taken as the wave travels towards left)
or O = 2L = (2 0.875) m = 1.75 m
We thus find that vp (particle speed) is not equal to v (wave-
If v is the speed of transverse wave on the string,
speed*).
X = vO = (45 1.75) m/s = 79 m/s
S 2S 2S
(b) As k = ,O = 12.6 m (b) If T is the tension in the string,
O k 0.0050
All points located at distances, x = nO (where n = + 1, +2, + 3, ...) T 2
X= or T = X P
from the point x = 1 cm have the same displacement and velocity. P
Example - 32 or
2 2
T = (79) (4 10 ) = 248 N
A uniform rope of length 12 m and mass 6 kg hangs
Example - 34
vertically from a rigid support. A block of mass 2 kg is
One end of a l ong stri ng of l inear mass d ensi ty
attached to the free end of the rope. A transverse pulse of 3
= 8.0 10 kg/m is connected to an electrically driven
wavelength 0.06 m is produced at the lower end of the
tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz. The other end passes
rope. What is the wavelength of the rope when it reaches
over a pulley and is tied to a pan containing a mass of
the top of the rope ?
90 kg. The pulley end absorbs all the incoming energy so
Sol. Tension at the lower end, T1 = 2 kg wt that reflected waves at this end have negligible amplitude.
Tension at the top end T2 = 2 kg wt + 6 kg wt = 8 kg wt At t = 0, the left end (fork end) of the string x = 0 has zero
transverse displacement (y = 0) and is moving along
Speed of the wave at the lower end,
positive y-direction. The amplitude of the wave is 5.0 cm.
X1 = T1 / P Write down the transverse displacement y as a function
of x and t that describes this wave on the string.
Speed of the wave at the top end,
Sol. We are given that,
X2 = T2 / P
tension in the string, T = (90 9.8) N = 882 N
mass per unit length of the string,
X1 T1 2 1 3
Thus, X P = 8.0 10 kg/m
2 T2 8 2
frequency of the wave, v = 256 Hz
or X2 = 2X1 or vO2 = 2 (vO1) or O2 = 2O1 amplitude of the wave, A = 5.0 cm = 0.05 m
(as frequency remains the same) Since the wave propagation along the string is a transverse
As O1 = 0.06 m, travelling wave, the velocity of the wave is given by
O2 = 2 (0.06 m) = 0.12 m
T 882 N 2
Example - 33 X= = 3.32 10 m/s
P 8 u103 kg / m
A wire stretched between two rigid supports vibrates in its
3
fundamental mode with a frequency of 45 Hz. The mass of Now, Z = 2Sv = (2 3.14 256) rad/s = 1.61 10 rad/s
2 2
the wire is 3.5 10 kg and its linear density is 4 10 kg/m.
What is : (a) speed of a transverse wave on the string and Z Z 1.61u10 3 rad / s
As v = k , k
(b) the tension in the string ? X 3.32 u10 2 m / s = 4.84 rad/m
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As the wave travels towards the positive direction of X- Example - 36

axis, the equation of the wave is : Calculate the speed of sound in a liquid of density
3 9 2
y = Asin(Zt kx) 8000 kg/m and bulk modulus 2 10 N/m .
where x, y and A are in metres. Thus, 3
3
Sol. Here, U = 8000 kg/m
y = 0.05 sin (1.61 10 t 4.84 x) 9 2
and B = 2 10 N/m
Example - 35
A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length 2.45 m hangs B 2 u109 N / m 2
Thus, X =
from a ceiling. U 8000 kg / m 3
(a) Find the speed of transverse wave in the rope at a point
= 500 m/s
0.5 m distant from the lower end.
Example - 37
(b) Calculate the time taken by a transverse wave to travel a 10
full length of the rope. For aluminium, the bulk modulus of elasticity is 7.5 10
2 3 3
N/m and density is 2.70 10 kg/m . Deduce the speed of
Sol. (a) If L is the length of the rope and m is its mass, then mass longitudinal waves in aluminium.
per unit length of the rope, i.e.,
Sol. We are given that
m 10 2
B = 7.5 10 N/m , U = 2.7 10 kg/m
3 3
P=
L
Tension at a point distant y from the lower end, i.e., B 7.5 u1010 N / m 2
Thus, X =
U 2.70 u103 kg / m3
T = weight of the rope of length y = Pyg
If X is the speed of the transverse wave set up in the rope,
3
= 5.3 10 m/s.
Example - 38
Pyg
X= T/P yg The prongs of a tuning fork A, originally in unison with
P
tuning fork B are filed. Now the tuning forks on being
When y = 0.5 m, sounded together produce 2 beats/s. What is frequency
of A after filing, if frequency of B is 250 Hz ?
X= (0.5 m)(9.8 m / s 2 ) = 2.2 m/s
Sol. On filing, the frequency of tuning fork A increases.
dy dy dy
(b) As X = , yg or dt = The new frequency of A after filing
dt dt gy
= (250 + 2) Hz = 252 Hz
Integrating both sides within proper limits, we get
Example - 39
t L L
1 dy 1 A sitar wire and a tabla when sounded together give four
dt y
1/ 2
dy
0 g 0 y g 0
beats/s. What do we conclude from this ? As the tabla
membrane is tightened, the beat rate may decrease or
L increase. Explain.
1 y1 / 2
or t=
g (1/ 2) 0 Sol. Let v1 and v2 be the frequencies of the sitar wire and the
tabla membrane respectively. Since in this case 4 beats/s are
2 L heard,
= [ L 0] 2
g g v1 = v2 + 4
On tightening the tabla membrane, its frequency increases.
2.45m Now there are two possibilities :
As L = 2.45 m, t = 2
9.8m / s2 (i) If v1 < v2, the number of beats increases on tightening the
membrane.
1
or t = 2 4 s = 1 s (ii) If v1 > v2, the number of beats decreases on tightening the
membrane.

Example - 40 Example - 42
A tuning fork of unknown frequency gives 4 beats/s. With Two travelling waves of equal amplitudes and equal
another fork of frequency 310 Hz, it gives the same number frequencies move in opposite directions along a string.
of beats/s when loaded with wax. Find the unknown They interfere to produce a standing wave having the
frequency. equation
y = A cos kx sin Zt
Sol. Let us name the tuning fork of unknown frequency as A and 1 1
where A = 1.0 mm, k = 1.57 cm and Z = 78.5 s
the tuning fork of known frequency i.e., 310 Hz as B. When
A and B are sounded together, 4 beats are heard per second. Find : (a) the velocity of the component waves (b) the
node closest to the origin (in the region x > 0) and (c) the
Thus, frequency of A, i.e.,v is either (310 + 4) Hz = 314 Hz
antinode closest to the origin (x > 0) and (d) the amplitude
or v = (310 4) Hz = 306 Hz of the particle at x = 2.33 cm.
In case, the frequency of A is 306 Hz, on loading it with wax,
Sol. (a) The standing wave is formed by the superposition of
its frequency decreases and may become 305 Hz, 304 Hz,
303 Hz etc. In that case, the number of beats given by it the waves y1 = (A/2) sin (Zt kx) and
per second when sounded with B will be (310 305) = 5, y2 = A/2 sin (Zt + kx) as y = y1 + y2
(310 304) = 6, (310 303) = 7 etc. i.e., the number of beats/ The wave velocity (magnitude) of either wave, i.e.,
s is more than 4. Thus, v = 306 Hz.If v = 314 Hz, on loading
Z 78.5s 1
A with wax, its frequency may decrease to 306 Hz and then X = k 1.57 cm 1 = 50 cm/s
it will give (310 306) = 4 beats/s with B. Thus, the unknown
frequency is 314 Hz. (b) For a node, y = 0, i.e., cos kx = 0
Example - 41 S
or kx = (for the smallest positive value of x)
Calculate the speed of sound in a gas in which two 2
wavelength 204 cm and 208 cm produce 20 beats in 6 second.
S / 2 3.14 / 2
Sol. Here, wavelength of one wave, O1 = 204 cm or x = k 1.57 cm 1 1cm
Wavelength of the second wave O2 = 208 cm (c) For an antinode, |cos kx| = 1
Let speed of sound in the gas = X cm/s or kx = S (for the smallest positive value of x)
Frequency of one wave = v0
S
Frequency of second wave = v2 or x = = 2 cm
k
Number of beats produced per second, (d) The amplitude of vibration of the particle at x is given by
|A cos kx|.
20
vb = For the given point (x = 2.33 cm),
6
amplitude = Acos kx = (1.0 mm)
As v1 v2 = vb, 1
cos [(1.57 cm )(233 cm)]
X X 20 X X = (1.00 mm) cos (3.658 rad) = 0.875 mm
as v1 and v2
204 208 6 O1 O2 [cos (3.658 rad) = cos (3.658 57)
= cos 209 = cos (180 + 29)
X (208 204) 20 = cos 29 = 0.875
or 204 u 208 6
= 0.875 in magnitude]
Example - 43
20 204 u 208
or X cm/s
6 4 A 3.6 g string of a sonometer is 64 cm long. What should
be the tension in the string in order that it may vibrate in
= 35360 cm/s = 353.6 m/s 2 segments with a frequency of 256 Hz ?
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Sol. Here, l = 64 cm = 0.64 m, (On shortening the length, the frequency of the wire
3 2
P = 3.6 10 kg/64 10 m = 5.6 10 kg/m,
3 increases)
v1 = 256 Hz According to the law of length,
Since the string vibrates in 2 segments, vL = vL
v1 = 2v or v 73 = (v + 3) (72.5) = 72.5 v + 217.5

or 73 v 72.5 v = 217.5 or 0.5 v = 217.5
1 T v = 435 Hz
or 256 = 2
2A P
Example - 46
A string vibrates with a frequency 200 Hz. Its length is
1 T doubled and its tension is altered until it begins to vibrate
or 256 =
0.64 (5.6 u103 ) with frequency 300 Hz. What is the ratio of the new tension
2 3 to the original tension ?
or T = (256 0.64) (5.6 10 ) N = 150 N
Example - 44 Sol. Let v1 and v2 be the frequencies in the two cases and L1, L2
A wire of length 1.5 m is stretched by a force of 44 N. The and T1, T2 be respectively the corresponding lengths of the
3
diameter of the wire is 2 mm and its density is 1.4 g/cm . string and tensions under which it is vibrating.
Calculate the frequency of the fundamental note emitted
by it. 1 T1
v1 = ,
2L1 P
Sol. With ususal notation, we are given that
L = 1.5 m, T = 44 N 1 T2
3 v2 =
D = 2 mm = 2 10 m 2L2 P
3 3
U = 1.4 g/cm = 1400 kg/m
(For the same string, P in both the cases remains same)
1 T
We know that v = v1 L2 T1
LD SU Thus, v
2
L1 T2
1 44
= Hz 200 T
1.5(2 u10 ) (22 / 7) u1400
3
or 2 1
300 T2
100
= Hz = 33.3 Hz. (as v1 = 200 Hz, v2 = 300 Hz and L2 = 2L1 or L2/L1 = 2)
3
Example - 45 2 T 4 T T
or 2 1 or 4 1 or 2 9
When the wire of a sonometer is 73 cm long, it is in 3 T2 9 T2 T1
resonance with a tuning fork. On shortening the wire by
Thus, the new tension is 9 times the original tension.
0.5 cm, it makes 3 beats with the same fork. Calculate the
frequency of the tuning fork. Example - 47
A wire of length 108 cm produces a fundamental note of
Sol. We are given that frequency 256 Hz, when stretched by a weight of 1 kg. By
L (original length of the wire) = 73 cm how much its length should be increased so that its pitch
L (shortened length of the wire) = (73 0.5) cm = 72.5 cm is raised by a major tone, if it is now stretched by a weight
of 4 kg ?
Let v be the frequency of the tuning fork.
This also is the frequency of the wire when its length is L as Sol. Case I. Frequency of the fundamental note, v = 256 Hz
it is then in resonance with the tuning fork. Let v be the length of the wire, L = 108 cm
frequency of the wire when its length is L. Since it then
stretching force, T = 1 kg f
produces 3 beats/s with the tuning fork, v = v + 3

Case II. Frequency of the major tone emitted harmonics are present whereas in the case of a closed organ
pipe only odd harmonics are present.
9 9
i.e., v = v 256 Hz = 288 Hz Example - 49
8 8
Find the ratio of length of a closed pipe to that of the open
stretching force, T = 4 kg f pipe in order that the second overtone of the former is in
Let the length be increased by x. unison with fourth overtone of the latter.
Increased length of the wire, i.e.,
Sol. Let v and v be the fundamental frequencies of the open and
L = L + x = (108 + x) cm the closed pipes respectively of lengths L and L.
1 T v v
Clearly, v = and v = ...(i)
As v = , 2L 4L '
2L P
where v is the speed of sound.
1 1kg f Second overtone of the closed pipe = 5v
for Case I, 256 =
2 u108 P Fourth overtone of the open pipe = 5v
and for Case II, Since the two notes are to be in unison,
5v = 5v or v = v
1 4 kg f
288 = Thus, from eqns. (i) and (ii),
2 u (108 x) P
v v
Dividing, we get 4L ' 2L
256 108 x L' 2 1
288 108 u 4 or 4L = 2L or or L : L :: 1 : 2
L 4 2
Example - 50
8 108 x 108 x
or or 972 + 9x = 1728 3
A brass rod (density 8.3 g/cm ), 3 m long is clamped at the
9 108 u 2 216
centre, It is excited to give longitudinal vibrations and the
frequency of the fundamental note is 600 Hz. Calculate the
756
or 9x = 1728 972 = 756 cm or x = = 84 cm velocity of sound in the rod and its Youngs modulus.
9
Thus, the length should be increased by 84 cm. Sol. Here, density of the brass rod,
3 3 3
Example - 48 U = 8.3 g/cm = 8.3 10 kg/m
length of the rod, L = 3 m
A pipe of length 2L open at both ends has the same
frequency as another pipe of length L closed at one end. frequency of the note produced, v = 600 Hz
Prove this. Also state if the sounds will be identical for the Let the wavelength of vibration in the rod = O
two pipes.
As the rod is clamped at its centre, the centre is a node and
free ends are antinodes.
Sol. Fundamental frequency of open pipe of length 2L, i.e.,
Thus, O = 2 L = 6m
v v
v = 2 u 2L 4L ...(i) If speed of sound in brass is X, then
Fundamental frequency of a closed pipe of length L, i.e., X = vO

3
or X= (600 Hz) (6 m) = 3.6 10 m/s
v
v = ...(ii) Let Youngs modulus of the material of the rod = Y
4L
From eqns. (i) and (ii), v = v As X= Y/U ,
The sound (i.e., its quality) which depends upon the number 2
of harmonics and their relative intensities will not be the Y=X U
3 2 3 3 11 2
same in the two cases. In case of an open organ pipe, all the = (3.6 10 m/s) (8.3 10 kg/m ) = 1.1 10 N/m .
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Example - 51 From eqns. (i) and (ii),

A steel rod 100 cm long is clamped at its middle. The 2 Xs v
fundamental frequency of longitudinal vibrations of the rod v v = (1 + Xs/X)v (1 Xs/X)v =
X
is given to be 2.53 kHz. What is the speed of sound in steel?
(v ' v '')v 3u 340 m / s
Sol. Here, length of the steel rod, L = 100 cm = 1m or Xs = 2v 2 u 340 = 1.5 m/s
fundamental frequency of the longitudinal vibrations,
3
(as v v = 3, X = 340 m/s and v = 340 Hz)
v = 2.53 kHz = 2.53 10 Hz
Example - 53
If Ois the wavelength of the wave generated,
Consider a source moving towards an observer at the speed
O/2 = L or O= 2L = 2m of Xs = 0.95X. Deduce the observed frequency if the original
Therefore, speed of sound in steel rod, i.e., is 500 Hz. (Think what would happen if Xs>X. Jet planes
3 moving faster than sound are now so common). Here, Xis
X = vO = (2.53 10 )(2 m)
3
the speed of sound.
= 5.06 10 m = 5.06 km/s
Aliter : For a rod vibrating longitudinally, Sol. We are given that v = 500 Hz, Xs = 0.95 v.
fundamental frequency, Since the observer is at rest and the source is moving towards
the observer, the apparent frequency,
v
v=
2L X X 500
or
3 1
X= 2vL = 2 (2.53 10 s )(1 m) v = X X v X 0.95 X 500 =
3
s 0.05
or X= 5.06 10 m/s = 5.06 km/s
or v = 10,000 Hz
Example - 52
If Xs >X(XXs) is negative and as such v is negative which
Two tuning forks with natural frequencies of 340 Hz each
has no meaning. Thus, Doppler formula is applicable so
move relative to a stationary observer. One fork moves
long as the velocity of the source does not exceed the
away from the observer while the other moves towards
velocity of the wave. In case of jet planes which move with
him at the same speed. The observer hears beats of
speed greater than the sound, a shock wave is formed whose
frequency 3 Hz. Find the speed of the tuning fork. Speed
wavefront is a cone with the plane at its apex. The semi-
of sound in air = 340 m/s. 1
vertical angle of the cone is sin (X/Xs)
Sol. Let Xs be the speed of source and X be that of the sound Example - 54
waves. Let v be the frequency of the tuning fork. If v is its What is the speed of the observer for whom a note is
apparent frequency when it moves towards the stationary 10 per cent lower than the emitted frequency ?
observer,
Sol. As the apparent frequency (v) is less than emitted frequency
X 1 (v), the observer must move away from the source.
v = (X X ) v (1 X / X) v = (1 XS/X) v
1
S S
If Xis the speed of sound and Xo that of the observer, then
Applying binomial theorem (as XS/X < 1), we get X Xo
v = v
Xs X
v = 1 v ...(i)
X As the apparent frequency is 10% lower than the emitted
frequency,
If v is the apparent frequency of the tuning fork when it
moves away from the stationary source, 10 90
v = v v v = 0.9 v
100 100
X 1
v = X X v v = (1 + X /X)1v X Xo X Xo
(1 XS / X)
s
or 0.9 v = v or 0.9 =
X X
s

Applying binomial theorem (since Xs/X< 1), we get or 0.9 X = XX0 or X0 = X 0.9 X= 0.1 X
v = (1 Xs/X)v ...(ii) Thus, speed of the observer is (1/10)th of the speed of sound.

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Derivation of equation of SHM 6. The kinetic energy of a particle executing S.H.M. is 16 J

1. Which of the following equations does not represent a simple when it is in its mean position. If the amplitude of oscillations
harmonic motion ? is 25 cm and the mass of the particle is 5.12 kg, the time
(a) y = a sin Z t period of its oscillation in second is
(b) y = b cos Z t (a) S/5 (b) 2 S

(c) y = a sin Z t + b cos Z t (c) 5 S (d) 20 S
(d) y = a tan Z t
7. Two pendulums of time period 3 s and 8 s respectively starts
2. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is executing SHM of amplitude 0.1 m. oscillating simultaneously from two opposite extreme
When the particle passes through the mean position, its positions. After how much time they will be in the same
3
K.E. is 8 10 J. The equation of motion of the particle, phase ?
o
when the initial phase of oscillation is 45 , is
24 12
(a) y = 0.1 cos (3 t + S/4) (b) y = 0.1 sin (3 t + S/4) (a) s (b) s
5 5
(c) y = 0.1 sin (4 t + S/4) (d) y = 0.1 cos (4 t + S/4)
3. The displacement of a particle is represented by the equation: 24 12
(c) s (d) s
11 11
S
y = 3 cos 2Zt 8. The force constant of a weightless spring is 16 N/m. A body
4
of mass 1.0 kg suspended from it is pulled down through
The motion of the particle is : 5 cm and then released. The maximum kinetic energy of the
system (spring + body) will be
(a) simple harmonic with period 2S/Z
2 2
(b) simple harmonic with period S/Z (a) 2 10 J (b) 4 10 J
2 2
(c) periodic but not simple harmonic (c) 8 10 J (d) 16 10 J
(d) non-periodic 9. The time taken by a particle executing S.H.M. of period T to

Phase, Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Kinetic, Potential move from the mean position to half the maximum
Energy as a time and positon displacement is
4. A particle is performing S.H.M. along X-axis with amplitude (a) T/2 (b) T/4
4 cm and time period 1.2 sec. The minimum time taken by the (c) T/8 (d) T/12
particle to move from x = + 2 cm to x = + 4 cm and back again
is given by 10. A particle is executing simple harmonic motion with
(a) 0.6 s (b) 0.4 s frequency f. The frequency at which its kinetic energy
changes into potential energy is
(c) 0.3 s (d) 0.2 s
5. The displacement of an oscillating particle varies with time (a) f/2 (b) f
(c) 2 f (d) 4 f
S t 1
(in seconds) according to the equation y = sin ,
2 2 3 11. A particle executes simple harmonic motion between x = A
wher y is in cm. The maximum acceleration of the particle is and x = + A. The time taken for it to go from 0 to A/2 is T1 and
approximately to go from A/2 to A is T2. Then
2 2
(a) 0.62 cm s (b) 1.81 cm s (a) T1 < T2 (b) T1 > T2
2 2
(c) 3.62 cm s (d) 5.2 cm s (c) T1 = T2 (d) T1 = 2 T2
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12. A simple pendulum is oscillating without damping, Figure.

When the displacement of the bob is less than maximum, its
G
acceleration vector a is correctly shown in
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
16. The relation between acceleration and displacement of four

particles are given below :
2
(a) ax = + 2x (b) ax = + 2x
2
(c) ax = 2x (d) ax = 2x
(c) (d) which one of the particles is executing simple harmonic

motion ?
17. A particle executing SHM has a maximum speed of 30 cm/s
2
and a maximum acceleration of 60 cm/s . The period of
13. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion, the oscillation is :
displacement x is given by x = A sin Zt. Identify the graph,
Figure which represents the variation of potential energy S
(a) S s (b) s
(PE) as a function of time t and displacement x 2
S
(c) 2S s (d) s
4
Spring Block Oscillation
18. A force of 6.4 N stretches a vertical spring by 0.1 m. The
mass that must be suspended from the spring so that it
oscillates with a period of (S/4) second is
(a) (S/4) kg (b) 1 kg
(c) (S) kg (d) 10 kg
19. A mass of 1 kg attached to the bottom of a spring has a
certain frequency of vibration. The following mass has to
be added to it in order to reduce the frequency by half.
(a) I, III (b) II, III (a) 1 kg (b) 2 kg
(c) I, IV (d) II, IV (c) 3 kg (d) 4 kg
14. The potential energy of a harmonic oscillation of mass 2 kg 20. Two bodies M and N of equal masses are suspended from
in its mean position is 5 J. If its total energy is 9 J and its two separate massless springs of spring constant k1 and k2
amplitude is 0.01 m, its time period of oscillation will be respectively. If the two bodies oscillate vertically such that
their maximum velocities are equal, the ratio of the amplitude
(a) (S/10) s (b) (S/20) s
of M to that of N is
(c) (S/50) s (d) (S/100) s
15. A mass m is performing linear simple harmonic motion, then (a) k1/ k2 (b) k1 / k 2
which of the following graph represents correctly the variation
of acceleration a corresponding to linear velocity v ? (c) k2 / k1 (d) k 2 / k1

21. The period of oscillation of a mass m suspended from a 27. A block of mass 1 kg hangs without vibrating at the end of
spring is 2 seconds. If along with it another mass of 2 kg is a spring whose force constant is 200 N/m and which is
also suspended, the period of oscillation increases by one attached to the ceiling of an elevator. The elevator is rising
second. The mass m will be with an upward acceleration of g/3 when the acceleration
(a) 2 kg (b) 1 kg suddenly ceases. The angular frequency of the block after
the aceceleration ceases is
(c) 1.6 kg (d) 2.6 kg
(a) 13 rad/s (b) 14 rad/s
Angular SHM
1
(c) 15 rad/s (d) None of these
22. A pendulum bob has a speed of 3 ms at its lowest position.
The pendulum is 0.5 m long. The speed of the bob, when the 28. A body is moving in a room with a velocity of 20 m/s
o
length makes an angle of 60 to the vertical will be perpendicular to the two walls separated by 5 m. There is no
2
frictrion and the collisions with the walls are elastic. The
(if g = 10 ms ) motion of the body is
1 1
(a) (1/3) ms (b) (1/2) ms (a) not periodic
1 1
(c) 2 ms (d) 3 ms (b) periodic but not simple harmonic
23. A man measures time period of a simple pendulum inside a (c) periodic and simple harmonic
stationary lift and find it to be T. If the lift starts accelerating (d) periodic with variable time period
upwards with an acceleration g/4, then the time period of 29. A particle of mass m moving along the x-axis has a potential
pendulum will be 2
energy U(x) = a + bx where a and b are positive constants.
2T 5T It will execute simple harmonic motion with a frequency
(a) (b) detemined by the value of
5 2
(a) b alone (b) b and a alone
5 2
(c) (d) (c) b and m alone (d) b, a and m alone
2T 5T
30. A metre stick swinging in vertical plane about a fixed
Miscellaneous SHM problems horizontal axis passing through its one end undergoes small
24. Four simple harmonic motions ; x 1 = 8 sin Zt ; x2 = 6 sin oscillation of frequency f0. If the bottom half of the stick
(Zt + S/2) ; x3 = 4 sin (Zt + S) and x4 = 2 sin (Zt + 3 S/2) are were cut off, then its new frequency of small oscillation
superimposed on each other. The resulting amplitude and would become.
its phase difference with x1 are respectively
1
(a) 20, tan (1/2) (b) 4 2 , S/2
1
(c) 20, tan (2) (d) 4 2 , S/4
25. The displacement equation of a particle is
x = 3 sin 2 t + 4 cos 2 t (a) f0 (b) 2 f0
The amplitude and maximum velocity will be respectively
(c) 2f0 (d) 2 2 f0
(a) 5, 10 (b) 3, 2
31. A physical pendulum is positioned so that its centre of
(c) 3, 4 (d) 4, 2
gravity is above the suspension point. When the pendulum
26. The displacement of a particle varies with time according to is released it passes the point of stable equilibrium with an
the relation : y = asin Zt + bcos Zt. angular velocity Z. The period of small oscillations of the
Choose the correct statement. pendulum is
(a) The motion is oscillatory but not SHM. 4S 2S
(a) (b)
(b) The motion is SHM with amplitude (a + b). Z Z
2 2
(c) The motion is SHM with amplitude (a + b )
S S
(c) (d)
(d) The motion is SHM with amplitude a b .
2 2 Z 2Z
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Waves Standing Wave in organ Pipe
Wave Parameter 38. A pipe closed at one end porudces a fundamental note of
412 Hz. It is cut into two equal length, the fundamental notes
32. A string of 5.5 m length has a mass 0.035 kg. If the tension in
produced by the two pieces are
the string is 77 N, then the speed of wave on the string is :
(a) 77 m/s (b) 102 m/s (a) 206 Hz, 412 Hz (b) 206 Hz, 824 Hz
(c) 110 m/s (d) 164 m/s (c) 412 Hz, 824 Hz (d) 824 Hz, 1648 Hz
Superposition (Interference) 39. An open pipe is suddenly closed at one end with the result
2 that the frequency of third harmonic of the closed pipe is
33. A string of length 0.4 m and mass 10 kg is tightly clamped
found to be higher by 100 Hz than fundamental frequency
at the ends. The tension in the string is 1.6 N. Identical wave
of the open pipe. The fundamental frequency of the open
pulses are produced at one end at equal intervals of time 't.
pipe is
The minimum value of 't which allows constructive
interference between successive pulses is : (a) 200 Hz (b) 300 Hz
(a) 0.05 s (b) 0.10 s (c) 240 Hz (d) 480 Hz
(c) 0.20 s (d) 0.40 s 40. A vehicle with a horn of frequency n is moving with a
Standing Wave velocity of 30 m/s in a direction perpendicular to the straight
line joining the observer and the vehicle. The observer
34. A standing wave having 3 nodes and 2 antinodes is formed
o perceives the sound to have a frequency (n + n1). If velocity
two atoms having a distance of 1.21 A between them. The
of sound in air is 300 m/s, n1 would be
wavelength of standing wave is
o o (a) n1 = 10 n (b) n1 = 0
(a) 1.21 A (b) 2.42 A
(c) 6.05 A
o
(d) 3.63 A
o (c) n1 = 0.1 n (d) n1 = 0.1 n
35. A standing wave consisting of 3 nodes and 2 antinodes is 41. An open pipe is in resonance in 2nd harmonic with frequency
formed between the two atoms having a distance of 1.21 f1. Now one end of the tube is closed and frequency is
between them. The wavelength of the standing wave is : increased to f2 such that the resonance again occurs in nth
harmonic. Choose the correct option.
(a) 1.21 (b) 2.42
(c) 6.05 (d) 3.63 3 5
(a) n = 3, f2 = f (b) n = 3, f2 = f
4 1 4 1
Standing Wave on Stretched string
36. A string is stretched between fixed points separated by 75.0 cm. 5 3
(c) n = 5, f2 = f (d) n = 5, f2 = f
It is observed to have resonant frequencies of 420 Hz and 4 1 4 1
315 Hz. There are no other resonant frequencies between
42. If the length of a closed organ pipe is 1 m and velocity of
these two. Then the lowest resonance frequency for this
sound is 330 m/s, then the frequency of 1st overtone is :
string is
(a) 4 (330/4) Hz (b) 3 (330/4) Hz
(a) 1.05 Hz (b) 1050 Hz
(c) 2 (330/4) Hz (d) none of these
(c) 10.5 Hz (d) 105 Hz
4 43. An open organ pipe of length l vibrates in its fundamental
37. A stretched string of length 1 m and mass 5 10 kg, fixed
mode. The pressure variation is maximum :
at both ends, is under a tension of 20 N. If it is plucked at
points situated at 25 cm from one end, it would vibrate with (a) at the two ends
a frequency : (b) at the distance l/2 inside the ends
(a) 400 Hz (b) 200 Hz (c) at the distance l/4 inside the ends
(c) 100 Hz (d) 256 Hz (d) at the distance l/8 inside the ends

Resonance Column Experiment (a) 200 Hz (b) 210 Hz

44. A pipe closed at one end and open at the other end resonates (c) 205 Hz (d) 215 Hz
with sound waves of frequencies 135 Hz and also 165 Hz 51. A source of frequency v gives 5 beats/s when sounded
but not with any wave of frequency intermediate between with a frequency 200 Hz. The second harmonic of source
these two. The frequency of the fundamental note is : gives 10 beats/s when sounded with a source of frequency
(a) 30 Hz (b) 15 Hz 420 Hz. The value of v is :
(c) 60 Hz (d) 7.5 Hz (a) 200 Hz (b) 210 Hz
Sonometer experiment and Tuning Fork (c) 205 Hz (d) 195 Hz
45. A pipe closed at one end and open at the other end resonates Dopplers Effect
with sound waves of frequency 135 Hz and also 165 Hz but 52. When a source is going away from a stationary observer
not with any wave of frequency intermediate between these
with a velocity equal to velocity of sound in air, then the
two. Then the frequency of the fundamental note is
frequency heard by the observer will be
(a) 30 Hz (b) 15 Hz
(a) same (b) double
(c) 60 Hz (d) 7.5 Hz
(c) half (d) one third
Beats
53. A car sounding its horn at 480 Hz moves towards a high wall
46. Two wires are fixed on a sonometer. Their tensions are in the 1
ratio 8 : 1, their lengths are in the ratio 36 : 35, the diameters at a speed of 20 ms , the frequency of the reflected sound
are in the ratio 4 :1 and densities are in the ratio 1 : 2. If the heard by the man sitting in the car will be nearest to ; (speed
1
note of the higher pitch has a frequency 360 s , the frequency of sound 330 m/s)
of beats produced is (a) 480 Hz (b) 510 Hz
1 1
(a) 5 s (b) 10 s (c) 540 Hz (d) 570 Hz
1 1
(c) 15 s (d) 20 s
54. A siren placed at a railway platform is emitting sound of
47. Two sources A and B are sounding notes of frequency frequency 5 k Hz. A passenger sitting in a moving train A
680 Hz. A listener moves from A to B with a constant velocity records a frequency of 5.5 k Hz, while the train approaches
1
u. If speed of sound is 340 ms , what should be the value of the siren. During his return journey in a different train B, he
u so that he hears 10 beats/s ? records a frequency of 6.0 k Hz, while approaching the same
1 1
(a) 2.0 ms (b) 3.0 ms siren. The ratio of the velocity of train B to that of train A is
1 1
(c) 2.5 ms (d) 3.5 ms (a) 242/252 (b) 2
48. Two sound waves with wavelength 5.0 m and 5.5 m (c) 5/6 (d) 11/6
respectively, each propagate in a gas with velocity 330 m/s.
55. A car is moving towards a high cliff. The driver sounds a
We expect the following number of beats/sec.
horn of frequency f. The reflected sound heard by the driver
(a) 6 (b) 12 has a frequency 2 f. If v be the velocity of sound, then the
(c) 0 (d) 1 velocity of the car, in the same velocity units would be
49. Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have frequencies (a) v/4 (b) v/2
(v 1), v and (v + 1). They superpose to give beats. The
number of beats per second will be : (c) V/ 2 (d) v/3
(a) 4 (b) 3 56. A police car with a siren of frequency 8 kHz is moving with
(c) 2 (d) 1 uniform velocity of 36 km/h towards a tall building which
reflects the sound waves. The speed of sound in air is 320 m/s.
50. A tuning fork vibrating with a sonometer having 20 cm wire
The frequency of the siren heard by the car driver is :
produces 5 beats/s. The beat frequency does not change if
the length of the wire is changed to 21 cm. The frequency of (a) 8.50 kHz (b) 8.25 kHz
the tuning fork must be : (c) 7.75 kHz (d) 7.50 kHz
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57. Two trains, each moving with a velocity of 30 m/s, cross 62. A transverse wave is described by the equation
each other. One of the trains gives a whistle whose frequency
x
is 600 Hz. If the speed of sound is 330 m/s, the apparent y y0 sin 2S ft
O
frequency for passengers sitting in the other train before
crossing would be : The maximum particle velocity is equal to four times the
(a) 600 Hz (b) 630 Hz wave velocity if
(c) 920 Hz (d) 720 Hz Sy0 Sy0

(a) O (b) O
58. A whistle producing sound waves of frequencies 9500 Hz 4 2
and above is approaching a stationary person with speed v
(c) O Sy 0 (d) O 2 Sy 0
m/s. The velocity of sound in air is 300 m/s. If the person
can hear frequencies upto a maximum of 10,000 Hz, the 63. Wave pulse on a string shown in figure is moving to the
maximum value of v upto which he can hear the whistle is : right without changing shape. Consider two particles at
positions x1 = 1.5 m and x2 = 2.5 m. Their transverse velocities
(a) 15 / 2 m/s (b) 15 m/s at the moment shown in figure are along directions
(c) 30 m/s (d) 15 2 m/s

59. A vehicle with a horn of frequency v is moving with a
velocity of 30 m/s in a direction perpendicular to the straight
line joining the observer and the vehicle. The observer
perceives the sould to have a frequency v + v1. If the velocity
of sound in air is 300 m/s, v1 would be :
(a) v1 = 10 v (b) v1 = 0 (a) positive y-axis and positive y-axis respectively
(c) v1 = 0.1 v (d) v1 = 0.1 v (b) negative y-axis and positive y-axis respectively
60. The path difference between the two waves (c) positive y-axis and negative y-axis respectively
(d) negative y-axis and negative y-axis respectively
2Sx
y1 a1 sin Zt
O 64. A progressive wave is given by
y = 3 sin 2S[(t/0.04) (x/0.01)]
2Sx
and y 2 a 2 cos Zt I is Where x, y are in cm and t in s. The frequency of wave and
O
maximum acceleration will be
O O S 3
(a) 100 Hz, 4.7 10 cm/s
2
(a) I (b) I
2S 2S 2 3 2
(b) 50 Hz, 7.5 10 cm/s
2S S 2S
4
(c) 25 Hz, 4.7 10 cm/s
2
(c) I (d) I
O 2 O 4
(d) 25 Hz, 7.5 10 cm/s
2
61. The equation of a wave travelling on a string is 65. Which of the following is not true for the progressive wave
S x t x
y 4sin 8t y 4sin 2S
2 8
0.02 100
if x and y are in centimetres, then velocity of wave is Where x and y are in cm and t in seconds.
(a) 64 cm/sec in ve x-direction (a) The amplitude is 4 cm
(b) 32 cm/sec in ve x-direction (b) The wavelength is 100 cm
(c) 32 cm/sec in +ve x-direction (c) The frequency is 50 Hz
(d) 64 cm/sec in +ve x-direction (d) The velocity of propagation is 2 cm/s

66. An increase in intensity level of 1 dB implies an increase in 68. A source of sound emits 200S W power which is uniformly
density of (given antilog10 0.1 = 1.2589) distributed over a sphere of radius 10 m. What is the
(a) 1 % (b) 3.01 % loudness of sound on the surface of the sphere?
(c) 26 % (d) 0.1 % (a) 70 dB (b) 74 dB
67. The intensity level of two sounds are 100 dB and 50 dB. (c) 80 dB (d) 84 dB
What is the ratio of their intensities?
1 3
(a) 10 (b) 10
5 10
(c) 10 (d) 10
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE/JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
OSCILLATIONS 5. Which one of the following statement is not correct for a

particle executive SHM ? (1999)
1. Two identical springs of spring contant k are connected
in series and parallel as shown in figure. A mass M is (a) Acceleration of the particle is maximum at the mean
suspended from them. The ratio of their frequencies of position
vertical oscillation will be : (1997) (b) Restoring force is always directed towards a fixed point
(c) Total energy of the particle always remains the same
(d) Restoring force is maximum at the extreme position.
6. A particle executes simple harmonic motion with an angular
2
velocity of 3.5 rad/s and maximum acceleration 7.5 m/s .
The amplitude of oscillation will be : (1999)
(a) 0.53 cm (b) 0.28 cm
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 0.61 cm (d) 0.36 cm
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 7. A spring is vibrating with frequency under same mass. If it
2. If the time period of oscillation of mass m suspended from is cut into two equal pieces and same mass is suspended
a spring is 2s, the time period of mass 4m will be :(1998) then the new frequency will be : (1999)
(a) 2s (b) 3s (a) n 2 (b) n/ 2

(c) 4s (d) 5s (c) n/2 (d) n
3. If a simple pendulum oscillates with an amplitude of 50 mm 8. In arangement given in figure, if the block of mass m is
and time period of 2 s then its maximum velocity is : displaced, the frequency is given by : (1999)
(a) 0.6 m/s (b) 0.16 m/s (1998)
(c) 0.4 m/s (d) 0.32 m/s
4. A horizontal platform with an object placed on it is
executing simple harmonic motion in the vertical direction. 1 k1 k 2 1 m
(a) n (b) n
The amplitude of oscillation is 3.92 10-3 m. What should 2S m 2S k1 k 2
be the least period of these oscillations, so that the object
is not detached from the platform ? (1999)
(a) 0.145 s (b) 0.1556 s 1 m 1 k1 k 2
(c) n (d) n
(c) 0.1256 s (d) 0.1356 s 2S k1 k 2 2S m
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9. Simple pendulum is executing simple harmonic motion with 12. Assertion: In SHM, the motion is to and fro and periodic.
time period T. If the length of the pendulum is increased
by 21%, then the increase in the time period of the Reason : Velocity of the particle, v Z a x2
pendulum of the increased length is : (2001)
(where x is displacement) (2002)
(a) 22% (b) 13%
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(c) 50% (d) 10%
(d) D (e) E
10. The frequency of oscillator of the springs as shown in
figure will be : (2001) 13. Assertion : The time period of pendulum on satellite
orbiting the earth is infinity.
Reason: Time period of a pendulum is inversely
proportional to g. (2002)
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E
14. Assertion : The amplitude of an oscillating pendulum

decreases gradually with time.
Reason : The frequency of the pendulum decreases with
k1 k 2 m time. (2003)
1
(a)
2S k1k 2 (a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E
1 k1k 2
(b) 2S k1 k 2 m 15. Assertion : Water in a U-tube executes SHM, the time
period for mercury filled up to the same height in the U-
1 k tube be greater than that in case of water.
(c)
2S m Reason : The amplitude of an oscillating pendulum goes
on increasing. (2007)
k
(d) 2S (a) A (b) B (c) C
m
(d) D (e) E
ASSERTION REASON
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is a correct 16. Two springs of force constants k and 2k are connected to
explanation of assertion. a mass as shown below. The frequency of oscillation of
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a the mass is :
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reasons is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
11. Assertion : In simple harmonic motion, the velocity is
maximum when the acceleration is minimum.
1 k 1 2k
Reason : Displacement and velocity of SHM differe in (a) (b)
2S m 2S m
phase by S/2. (1999)
(a) A (b) B (c) C
1 3k 1 m
(c) (d)
(d) D (e) E 2S m 2S k

17. Two springs are connected to a block of mass M placed motion is (2007)
on a frictionless surface as shown below. If both the springs (a) 0.5 S (b) S
have a spring constant k, the frequency of oscillation of
(c) 0.707 S (d) zero
block is : (2004)
22. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform which undergoes
vertical simple harmonic motion of angular frequency Z .
The amplitude of oscillation is gradually increased. The
coin will leave contact with the platform for the first time
(2008)
(a) at the mean position of the platform
(b) for an amplitude of g/Z2
1 k 1 k (c) for an amplitude of g2/Z2
(a) (b)
2S M 2S 2M
(d) at the highest position of the platform
1 2k 1 M 23. The function sin2 Z t represents (2008)

(c) (d)
2S M 2S k (a) a periodic, but not simple harmonic motion with a period
18. Which of the following functions represents a simple 2SZ
harmonic oscillation ? (2005) (b) a periodic, but not simple harmonic motion with a period
SZ
(a) sin Zt cos Zt (b) sin2 Zt (c) a simple harmonic motion with a period 2SZ
(c) sin Zt sin 2 Zt (d) sin Zt sin 2 Zt (d) a simple harmonic motion with a period SZ.
24. A particle of mass m is executing oscillations about the
19. The partcial executes simple harmonic oscillation with an origin on the x-axis. Its potential energy is U(x) = k [x]3,
amplitude a. The period of oscillation is T. The minimum where k is a positive constant. If the amplitude of oscillation
time taken by the particle of travel half of the amplitude is a, then its time period T is : (2008)
from the equilbrium position is (2007)
(a) proportional to 1/ a (b) independent of a
(a) T/4 (b) T/8
3/2
(c) T/12 (d) T/2 (c) proportional to a (d) proportional to a .
20. A mass of 2.0 kg is put on a flat pan attached to a vertical 25. Assertion : The periodic time of a hard spring is less as
spring fixed on the ground as shown in the figure. The compared to that of a soft spring. (2009)
mass of the spring and the pan is negligible. When pressed
Reason : The periodic time depends upon the spring
slightly and released the mass executes a simple harmonic
constant, and spring constant is large for hard spring.
motion. The spring constant is 200 N/m. What should be
the minimum amplitude of the motion, so that the mass (a) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and
gets detached from the pan ? reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(Take g = 10 m/s2) (2007) (b) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but reason
is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
(d) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
(e) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
(AFMC Questions)
(a) 8.0 cm (b) 10.0 cm
26. Energy of simple harmonic motion depends upon :(1997)
(c) Any value less than 12.0 (d) 4.0 cm
(a) 1/Z2 (b) Z
21. The phase difference between the instantaneous velocity
and acceleration of a particle executing simple harmonic (c) a2 (d) 1/a2
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27. A particle is executing simple harmonic motion with an (a) first increase then decrease
angular frequency of 2 rad/s. The velocity of the particle (b) remains constant
at 20 mm displacement, when the amplitude of the motion (c) decrease
is 60 mm is : (1998)
(d) increase
(a) 131 mm/s (b) 118 mm/s
33. Two springs of spring constant 1500 N/m and 3000 N/m
(c) 113 mm/s (d) 90 mm/s respectively are stretched with the same force. They will
28. A particle is executing a simple hormonic motion. Its have the potential energies in the ratio of : (2001)
maximum acceleration is D and maximum velocity is E , (a) 1 :2 (b) 1 : 4
then its time period of vibration will be : (1998) (c) 4 : 1 (d) 2 : 1

34. A simple pendulum is executing simple harmonic motion
2SE E2 with a time period T. If the length of the pendulum is
(a) (b) 2
D D increased by 21% the increase in the time period of the
pendulum of increased length is : (2001)
D E2 (a) 50% (b) 30%
(c) (d)
E D
(c) 21% (d) 10%
29. A point mass m is suspended at the end of a massless wire 35. Two light springs of force constants k1 and k2 and a block
of length L and cross-sectional area A. If Y is the Youngs
of mass m are in one line. AB on a smooth horizontal table
modulus of the wire, then the frequency of the oscillation
such that one end of each spring is fixed to a required support
for the simple harmonic oscillation along vertical direction:
and other end is attached to block of mass m kg as shown in
figure. The frequency of vibration is : (2002)
1 LA 1 LAm
(a) (b) (1998)
2S mY 2S Y
1 YA 1 mY
(c) (d)
2S mL 2S AL 1 k1 k2 1 k1 k2
(a) n (b) n
2S m 2S m
30. A body is vibrating in simple harmonic motion with an
amplitude of 0.06 m and frequency of 15 Hz. The maximum 1 k1k 2
velocity and acceleration of the body is : (1999) (c) n (d) None of these
2S m
(a) 9.80 m/s and 9.03 102 m/s2
36. A simple pendulum of length has a maximum angular
(b) 8.90 m/s and 8.21 102 m/s2 displacement T . The maximum kinetic energy of the bob
(c) 6.82 m/s and 7.62 102 m/s2 of mass m will be : (2002)
(d) 5.65 m/s and 5.32 102 m/s2 (a) mgl (1 cos T ) (b) mgl cos T
31. A particle executes simple harmonic motion of amplitude (c) 2 mgl (d) mgl
A. At what distance from the mean position its kinetic
37. The amplitude of the vibrating particle due to super
energy is equal to its potential energy ? (2000) position of two simple harmonic motions of
(a) 0.81 A (b) 0.71 A
S
(c) 0.61 A (d) 0.51 A y1 sin Zt and y2 sin Zt will be : (2002)
3
32. A hollow sphere filled with water forms the bob of a simple
pendulum. A small hole at the bottom of the bob allows the (a) 2 (b) 3
water to slowly flow out as it is set into small oscillation and its
(c) 2 (d) 1
period of oscillation is measured. The time period will :(2000)

38. Work done by a simple pendulum in one complete 45. In case of a forced vibration, the resonance wave becomes
oscillation is : (2002) very sharp when the (2007)
T (a) applied periodic force is small

1 1
(a) (b) v sin
2S 8 2 (b) quality factor is small
(c) damping force is small
(c) mg (d) zero
(d) restoring force is small
39. Pendulum after some time becomes slow in motion and 46. The equation of a simple harmonic wave is given by
finally stops due to : (2003)
S
y = 5 sin 100t x , where x and y are in metre and time
(a) air friction (b) earths gravity 2
(c) mass of pendulum (d) none of the above is in second. The period of the wave in second will be
(a) 0.04 (b) 0.01 (2008)
40. A period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is T in a
stationary lift. If the lift moves upwards with acceleration (c) 1 (d) 5
of 8g, the period will : (2004) 47. A body executes simple harmonic motion under the action
4
(a) remain the same (b) decreases by T/2 of force F1 with a time periods. If the force is changed to
5
(c) increase by T/3 (d) none of the above F2 it executes simple harmonic motion with time period
41. The length of seconds pendulum is 1m on earth. If mass 3

s. If both forces F1 and F2 act simultaneously in the
5
and diameter of a planet is doubled than that of earth, then
same direction on the body, its time period will be (2009)
its length becomes : (2005)
12 24
(a) 1m (b) 2 m (a) s (b) s
25 25
(c) 0.5 m (d) 4m
35 15
(c) s (d) s
42. What effect occurs on the frequency of a pendulum if it is 24 12
taken from the earths surface to deep into a mine ? CBSE-PMT Questions
(a) Increases (2005)
48. Two simple pendulums of length 0.5 m and 2.0 m
(b) Decreases respectively are given small linear displacement in one
(c) First increase then decreases direction at the same time. They will again be in the same
phase when the pendulum of shorter length has completed
(d) No effect
oscillations : (1998)
43. A simple pendulum is made of a body which is a hollow
(a) 5 (b) 1
sphere containing mercury suspended by means of a wire.
If a little mercury is drained off, the period of pendulum (c) 2 (d) 3
will : (2006) 49. A mass m is vertically suspended from a spring of negligible
(a) remain unchanged (b) increase mass; the system oscillates with a frequency n. What will
be the frequency of the system, if a mass 4 m is suspended
(c) decrease (d) become erratic
from the same spring ? (1998)
44. The time period of a simple pendulum in a stationary train
(a) n/4 (b) 4 n
is T. The time period of a mass attached to a spring is also
T. The train accelerates at the rate 5m/s2. If the new time (c) n/2 (d) 2 n
periods of the pendulum and spring by T p and T s 50. The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s. If its length is
respectively, then (2007) increased by 4 times, then its period becomes : (1999)
(a) Tp = Ts (b) Tp > Ts (a) 16 s (b) 12 s
(c) Tp < Ts (d) cannot be predicted (c) 8 s (d) 4 s
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51. Two simple harmonic motions given by

a
S (a) r (b) a
x A sin Zt G and y A sin Zt G act 2
2
on a particle simultaneously; then the motion of particle (c) 2a (d) 1
will be : (2000) 57. A particle of mass m oscillates with simple harmonic motion
(a) circular anti-clockwise (b) circular clockwise between points x1 and x2, the equilibrium position being O.
(c) elliptical anti-clcokwise (d) elliptical clcokwise Its potential energy is plotted. It will be as given below in
the graph : (2003)
52. In SHM restoring force is F = kx, where k is force
constant, x is displacement and A is amplitude of motion,
then total energy depends upon : (2001)
(a) (b)
(a) k, A and M (b) k, x, M
(c) k, A (d) k, x
53. Two springs A and B have force constant k A and kB
such that k B = 2 k A . The four ends of the springs are (c) (d)
stretched by the same force. If energy stored in spring A is
58. The potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator when
E, then energy stroed in spring B is : (2001)
the particle is half way to its end point is : (2003)
(a) E/2 (b) 2E
1 1
(c) E (d) 4 E (a) E (b) E
4 2
54. A mass is suspended separately by two springs of spring 2 1
constant k1 and k2 in successive order. The time periods of (c) E (d) E
3 8
oscillations in the two cases are T1 and T2 respectively. If
59. Two springs of spring constants k1 and k2 are joined in
the same mass be suspended by connecting the two
series. The effective spring constant of the combination
springs in parallel, (as shown in figure) then the time period
is given by : (2004)
of oscillations is T. The correct relations is (2002)
(a) k1k 2 (b) (k1 + k2)/2
(c) k1 + k2 (d) k1k2/(k1 + k2)

60. The circular motion of a particle with constant speed is :
(a) simple harmonic but not periodic (2005)
(b) periodic and simple harmonic
(c) neither periodic nor simple harmonic
(a) T 2 T12 T22 (b) T 2 T12 T22 (d) periodic but not simple harmonic
(c) T 1 T11 T21 (d) T T1 T 61. A particle executing simple harmonic motion of amplitude
2
5 cm has maximum speed of 31.4 cm/s. The frequency of
55. When a damped harmonic oscillator completes 100 its oscillation is : (2005)
oscillations, its amplitude is reduced to 1/3 of its initial
(a) 3 Hz (b) 2 Hz
value. What will be its amplitude when it completes 200
oscillations ? (2002) (c) 4 Hz (d) 1 Hz
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/3 62. A particle executes simple harmonic oscillation with an
amplitude a. The period of oscillation is T. The minimum
(c) 1/6 (d) 1/9
time taken by the particle to travel half of the amplitude
56. The displacement of particle between maximum potential from the equilibrium position is : (2007)
energy position and maximum kinetic energy position in
(a) T/4 (b) T/8
simple harmonic motion is : (2002)
(c) T/12 (d) T/2

63. A mass of 2.0 kg is put on a flat pan attached to a vertical 68. A block is resting on a piston which is moving vertically
spring fixed on the ground asshown in the figure. The with SHM of period 1 s. At what amplitude of motion will
mass of the spring and the pan is negligible. When pressed the block and piston separate ? (2009)
slightly and released the mass executes a simple harmonic
(a) 0.2 m (b) 0.25 m
motion. The spring constant is 200 N/m. What should be
the minimum amplitude of the motion, so that the mass gets (c) 0.3 m (d) 0.35 m
detached from the pan ? (Take g = 10 m/s2) (2007) 69. Two simple harmonic motions are given by x = Asin (Zt+G)
S
and y Asin Zt G act on a particle simultaneously,,
2
then the motion of particle will be (2009)

(a) circular anti-clockwise (b) elliptical anti-clockwise
(c) elliptical clockwise (d) circular clockwise
70. The phase difference between the instantaneous velocity
(a) 8.0 cm (b) 10.0 cm and acceleration of a particle executing simple harmonic
(c) Any value less than 12.0 cm
motion is
(d) 4.0 cm
(a) 0.5 S (b) S
64. Two simple harmonic motions of angular frequency 100
(c) 0.707 S (d) zero
and 1000 rad s 1 have the same displacement amplitude.
71. If ks and kp respectively are effective spring constant in
The ratio of their maximum acceleration is (2008)
series and parallel combination of spring as shown in figure,
(a) 1 : 10 (b) 1 : 102
ks
(c) 1 : 103 (d) 1 : 104 find (2010)
kp
65. A point performs simple harmonic oscillation of period T
and the equation of motion is given by
x a sin Zt S /6 . After the elapse of what fraction
of the time period the velocity of the point will be equal to
half of its maximum velocity ? (2008)
(a) T/8 (b) T/6
(c) T/3 (d) T/12
(a) 9/2 (b) 3/7
66. A simple pendulum performs simple harmonic motion about
x = 0 with an amplitude a and time period T. The speed of (c) 2/9 (d) 7/3
a 72. Two particles are oscillating along two close parallel straight
the pendulum at x = will be (2009) lines side by side, with the same frequency and amplitudes.
2
They pass each other, moving in opposite directions when
Sa 3 Sa
(a) (b) their displacement is half of the amplitude. The mean
2T T
positions of the two particles lie on a straight line
3S2 a Sa 3 perpendicular to the paths of the two particles. The phase
(c) (d)
T T difference is : (CBSE, 2011)
67. Which one of the following equations of motion
represents simple harmonic motion ? (2009) S
(a) S (b)
6
(a)Acceleration = k0x + k1x2 (b) Acceleration = k (x + a)
(c) Acceleration = k (x + a) (d) Acceleration = kx 2S
(c) 0 (d)
where k, k0, k1 and a are all positive 3
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WAVES 79. Two strings A and B have lengths lA and lB and carry
masses MA and MB at their lower ends, the upper ends
73. A hospital has an ultrasonic scanner to locate the tumours in
being supported by rigid supports. If nA and nB are their
a tissue. The operating frequency of the scanner is 4.2 MHz.
The speed of sound in a tissue is 1.7 km/s. The wavelength frequencies of their vibrations and n A 2n B , then
of sound in the tissue is close to (CBSE-1995) (a) lA = 4lB, regardless of masses (CBSE-2000)
(a) 8 mm (b) 4 mm (b) lB = 4lA, regardless of masses
(c) 0.8 mm (d) 0.4 mm (c) MA = 2MB, lA = 2lB
74. A pulse of a wavetrain travels along a stretched string and (d) MB = 2MA, lB = 2lA
reaches the fixed end of the string. It will be reflected back
with (CBSE-1997) 80. Equations of two progressive waves are given by y1=a sin
(Zt + I1) and y2 = a sin (Zt + I2). If amplitude and time
(a) a phase change of 180 with velocity reversed
period of resultant wave is same as that of both the waves,
(b) the same phase as the incident pulse with no reversal then (I1 I2) is (CBSE-2001)
of velocity
S 2S
(c) a phase change of 180 with no reversal of velocity (a) (b)
3 3
(d) the same phase as the incident pulse but with velocity
reversed S S
(c) (d)
6 4
75. A vehicle, with a horn of frequency n is moving with a
velocity of 30 m/s in a direction perpendicular to the straight 81. A wave enters water from air. In air frequency, wavelength,
line joining the observer and the vehicle. The observer intensity and velocity are n1, O1, l1 and v1 respectively. In
perceives the sound to have a frequency n+n1. Then (if water the corresponding quantities are n2, O2, l2 and v2
the sound velocity in air is 300 m/s) (CBSE-1998) respectively; then (CBSE-2001)
(a) n1 = 10n (b) n1 = 0 (a) l1 = l2 (b) n1 = n2
(c) n1 = 0.1n (d) n1 = 0.1n (c) v1 = v2 (d) O1 = O2
76. A standing wave having 3 nodes and 2 antinodes is formed 82. The equation of a wave is given by
between two atoms having a distance 1.21 between
them. The wavelength of the standing wave is x
y a sin 100t , where x and y are in metre and t is
(a) 1.21 (b) 1.42 (CBSE-1998) 10
(c) 6.05 (d) 3.63 in second; then velocity of wave is (CBSE-2001)
77. Two sources are at a finite distance apart. They emit (a) 0.1 m/s (b) 10 m/s
sounds of wavelength O. An observer situated between (c) 100 m/s (d) 1000 m/s
them on line joining the sources approaches one source
83. The frequency of a vibrating wire is n. If tension doubled,
with speed u. Then the number of beats heard/sec by
density is halved and diameter is doubled, then new
observer will be (CBSE-2000)
frequency will be (CBSE-2001)
2u u
(a) (b) n
O O (a) n (b)
2
u O
(c) (d)
2O u (c) 2 n (d) 4n
78. A sonometer wire when vibrated in full length has 84. A wave of amplitude A = 0.2 m, velocity v = 360 m/s and
frequency n. Now it is divided by the help of bridges into wavelenght 60 m is travelling along positive x-axis, then
a number of segments of lengths l1, l2, l3 ... When vibrated the correct expression for the wave is : (CBSE-2002)
these segments have frequencies n1, n2, n3... Then the
x
(a) y 0.2sin 2S 6t (b) y
correct relation is (CBSE-2000) x 0.2sin S 6t
60 60
(a) n = n1 + n2 + n3 +... (b) n 2 n12 n 22 n 32 ...
x x
1 1 1

1
...
1 1

1

1
... (c) y 0.2sin2S 6t (d) y 0.2sin S 6t
(c) n n1 n 2 n 3 (d) n n1 n2 n3 60 60

85. A whistle revolves in a circle with an angular velocity 90. An engine blowing whistle is moving towards a stationary
observer with a speed of 110 m/s. What will be the ratio of
(Z = 20 rad/s) using a string of length 50 cm. If the actual
the frequencies of whistle when engine is approaching
minimum frequency heard by the observer far away from and receding from the observer? (Speed of sound, v = 330
the centre is : (velocity of sound v = 340 m/s) m/s) : (CPMT-1998)
(CBSE-2002) (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
(a) 385 Hz (b) 374 Hz (c) 1 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
(c) 394 Hz (d) 333 Hz 91. A number of tuning forks are arranged in order of increasing
in order of increasing frequency and any two successive
86. An observer moves towards a stationary source of sound
tuning forks produce 4 beats/s when sounded together. If
with a speed 1/5th of the speed of sound. The wavelength
the last tuning fork has a frequency octave higher than
and frequency of the source emitted are O and f that of the first tuning fork and the frequency of the first
respectively. The apparent frequency and wavelength tuning fork is 256 Hz. Then the number of tuning forks is :
recorded by the obsever are respectivley : (CBSE-2003) (CPMT-1998)
(a) f, 1.2 O (b) 0.8f, 0.8 O (a) 63 (b) 64
(c) 65 (d) 66
O
(c) 1.2f, (d) 1.2f, O 92. In a travelling wave
1.2
2
87. A source emitting a note of frequency 240 Hz is moving y 0.1sin S x 330t
3
towards an observer with a speed of 20 m/s. If the observer
also moves with a speed of 20 m/s towards the source, the The phase difference between x1 = 3 m and x 2 = 3.5 m is :
apparent frequency heard by observer is : (velocity of (CPMT-2000)
sound = 340 m/s) (CPMT-1995) (a) S/2 (b) S
(a) 270 Hz (b) 240 Hz (c) 3S/2 (d) 2 S
(c) 268 Hz (d) 360 Hz 93. Consider transverse waves in a stretched string light waves
88. A tube closed at one end produces a note of frequency and sound waves in air. The polarisation can be observed
for : (CPMT-2000)
512 Hz. If the tube is opened at both ends, the frequency
will become : (CPMT-1995) (a) light and sound waves in air
(a) 512 Hz (b) 256 Hz (b) sound waves in air and string waves
(c) light waves and string waves
(c) 128 Hz (d) 1024 Hz
(d) all of them
89. Two vibrating tuning forks produce waves given by
94. The equation of a progressive wave is
y1 4sin 500 St , y2 2sin 506St
y = 0.3 sin (314t - 1.57x)
If they are held near the ear of a person, the person will the velocity of the wave : (CPMT-2001)
hear : (CPMT-1995) (a) 100 m/s (b) 200 m/s
(a) 3 beats/s with intensity ratio of maxima to minima equal (c) 300 m/s (d) 400 m/s
to 9
95. The equation of a stationary wave is given by
(b) 3 beats/s with intensity ratio of maxima to minima equal
S
to 2 y = 0.4 sin 160 St cos x
16
(c) 6 beats/s with intensity ratio of maxima to minima equal
Where t is in second, x and y in cm, separation between
to 2 successive nodes is : (CPMT-2001)
(d) 6 beats/s with intensity ratio of maxima to minima equal (a) 32 cm (b) 16 cm
to 9 (c) 8 cm (d) 4 cm
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96. An air column of closed pipe of length 20 cm resonates 103. Equations of motion in the same direction are given by :
with a tuning fork of frequency 500 Hz, the speed of sound
is : (CPMT-2001) y1 = 2a sin (Zt kx)
(a) 100 m/s (b) 200 m/s y 2 = 2a sin (Zt kx T)

(c) 400 m/s (d) 1000 m/s
The amplitude of the medium particle will be :
97. The frequency of vibrating air column in closed organ
(CBSE-2004)
pipe is n. If its length be doubled and radius halved, its
frequency will be nearly : (CPMT-2002) (a) 2a cos T (b) 2a cos T
(a) n (b) n/2
T T
(c) 2n (d) 4n (c) 4a cos (d) 2a cos
2 2
98. A source is approaching a stationary observer with
th 104. A train approaches a stationary observer, the velocity of
1
velocity that of sound. Ratio of observed and real 1
10
train being of the velocity of sound. A sharp blast is
frequencies will be : (CPMT-2003) 20
(a) 9/11 (b) 11/10 blown with the whistle of the engine at equal intervals of
a second. The interval between the successive blasts as
(c) 10/11 (d) 10/9
heard by the observer is : (CBSE-2005)
99. A source and observe are approaching each other with 50
1 1
ms 1 velocity. What will be original frequency if the (a) s (b) min
20 20
observer receives 400 cycle/s ? (v = 350 m/s) (CPMT-2003)
(a) 300 cycle/s (b) 320 cycle/s 19 19
(c) s (d) min
(c) 340 cycle/s (d) 330 cycle/s 20 20
100. Distance between successive compression and 105. Which of the following expressions is that of a simple
harmonic progressive wave? (CBSE-2006)
rarefactions is 1 m and velocity of sound is 360 ms 1 .
Find frequency. (CPMT-2003) (a) a sin Zt (b) a sin ( Zt ) cos k x
(a) 180 Hz (b) 45 Hz (c) a sin ( Zt kx ) (d) a cos k x
(c) 120 Hz (d) 90 Hz
106. Two viberating running forks produce progressive waves
101. A car is moving towards a high cliff. The car driver sounds
given by y1 = 4 sin 500 St and y 2 = 2 sin 506 St . Number
a horn of frequency f. The reflected sound heard by the
driver has a frequency 2f. If v be the velocity of sound, of beats produced per minute is : (CBSE-2005)
then the velocity of the car, in the same velocity units, will (a) 360 (b) 180
be : (CBSE-2004) (c) 3 (d) 60
(a) v / 2 (b) v/3 107. Two sound waves with wavelengths 5.0 m and 5.5 m
(c) v/4 (d) v/2 respectivley, each propagate in a gas with velocity 330
m/s. We expect the following number of beats/second :
102. The phase difference between two waves, represented by
(CBSE-2006)
6 x (a) 12 (b) zero
y1 10 sin 100t 0.5 m

50 (c) 1 (d) 6
x 108. Each of the two strings of length 51.6 cm and 49.1 cm are
y 2 106 cos 100t m tensioned separately by 20 N force. Mass per unit length
50
of both the strings is same and equal to 1 g 1 . When both
where x is expressed in metres and t is expressed in
seconds, is aproximately : (CBSE-2004) the strings vibrate simultaneoulsy the number of beats is
(a) 1.07 rad (b) 2.07 rad (a) 5 (b) 7 (CBSE-2009)
(c) 0.5 rad (d) 1.5 rad (c) 8 (d) 3

109. The driver of a car travelling with speed 30 ms 1 towards (c) v = v1 + v2 + v3
a hill sounds a horn of frequency 600 Hz. If the velocity of 1 1 1 1

(d) v
1 v1 v 2 v3
sound in air is 330 ms , the frequency of reflected sound
as heard by driver is (CBSE-2009)
114. Two sources of sound placed close to each other, are
(a) 550 Hz (b) 5505 Hz emitting progressive waves given by
(c) 720 Hz (d) 500 Hz y1 = 4 sin 600 St and y2 = 5 sin 608 St. An observer located
110. A wave in a string has an amplitude of 2 cm. The wave near these two sources of sound will hear :
travels in the +ve direction of x axis with a speed of (CBSE, 2012)
128 ms 1 and it is noted that 5 complete waves fit in 4 m (a) 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 81 : 1 between
length of the string. The equation describing the wave is waxing and waning.
(CBSE-2009) (b) 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 25 : 16 between

waxing and waning
(a) y = (0.02) m sin (7.85x + 1005t)
(c) 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 25 : 16 between
(b) y = (0.02) m sin (15.7x - 2010t) waxing and waning
(c) y = (0.02) m sin (15.7x + 2010t) (d) 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 8 : 1 between
(d) y = (0.02) m sin (7.85x - 1005t) waxing and waning
111. The equation of a simple harmonic wave is given by 115. A train is moving with a constant speed along a circular
track. The engine of the train emits a sound of frequency
S f. The frequency heard by the guard at rear end of the train
y = 3 sin (50t x)
2 is (CPMT-2009)
where x and y are in metres and t is in seconds. The ratio of (a) less than f (b) equal to f
maximum particle velocity to the wave velocity is : (2012)
(c) is greater than f
2 (d) may be greater than, less or equal to f depending on
(a) S (b) 2S
3 the factors like speed of train, length of train and radius of
circular track
3
(c) S (d) 3 S 116. If O1 , O 2 and O3 are the wavelengths of the waves giving
2
1 resonance with the fundamental, first and second
112. A train moving at a speed of 220 ms towards a stationary
overtones respectivley of a closed organ pipe. Then the
object, emits a sound of frequency 1000 Hz. Some of the
sound reaching the object gets reflected black to the train ratio of wavelengths O1 : O 2 : O3 is (CPMT-2009)
as echo. The frequency of the echo as detected by the driver (a) 1 : 3 : 5 (b) 1 : 2 : 3
1
of the train is : (Speed of sound in air is 330 ms ) (2012)
(a) 3000 Hz (b) 3500 Hz 1 1
(c) 5 : 3 : 1 (d) 1: :
3 5
(c) 4000 Hz (d) 5000 Hz
113. When a string is divided into three segments of length l1, l2 117. Two sources are at a finite distance apart. They emit sound
and l3, the fundamental frequencies of these three segments of wavelength O . An observer situated between them on
are v1, v2 and v3 respectively. The original fundamental line joining the sources, approaches towards one source
frequency (v) of the string is : (CBSE, 2012) with speed u, then the number of beats heard per second
by observer will be
1 1 1 1
(a) 2u u
v v1 v2 v3 (a) (b)
O O
(b) v v1 v 2 v3 u O
(c) (d)
2O u
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118. Two points are located at a distance of 10 m and 15 m from

S S
the source of oscillation. The period of oscillation is 0.05 s (c) B leads by and C lags by
2 2
and the velocity of the wave is 300 ms 1 . What is the
(d) B leads by S and C lags by S
phase difference between the oscillations of two points?
124. A source of unknown frequency produces 12 beats with a
S 2S
(a) (b) (CBSE-2008) source of frequency 240 Hz and 8 beats with another
3 3
source of frequency 260 Hz. The unknown frequency will
S be : (AIIMS-1994)
(c) S (d)
6
(a) 292 Hz (b) 272 Hz
119. The wave discribed by y = 0.25 sin (10Sx 2St) , where x (c) 268 Hz (d) 252 Hz
and y are in metre and t in second, is a wave travelling
125. A tube closed at one end contianing air produces
along the (CBSE-2009)
fundamental note of frequency 512 Hz. If the tube is opened
(a) ve x direction with frequency 1 Hz at both the ends, the fundamental note will be :
(b) +ve x direction with frequency S Hz and wavelength (a) 1280 Hz (b) 1024 Hz (AIIMS-1995)
O = 0.2 m (c) 768 Hz (d) 512 Hz
(c) ve x direction with frequency 1 Hz and wavelength 126. A star emitting radiation at a wavelength of 5000 is
O = 0.2 m
approaching earth with a velocity of 1.5 u 106 m / s . The
(d) ve x directon with amplitude 0.25 m and wavelength change in wavelength on the earth will be : (AIIMS-1995)
O = 0.2 m
(a) 2.5 (b) 100
120. An observer moves towards a stationary source of sound,
with a velocity one-fifth of the velocity of sound. What is (c) Zero (d) 25
the percentage increase in the apparent frequency? 127. A sources of sound is moving with a velocity 50 m/s
(a) Zero (b) 0.5% (CPMT-2008) towards a stationary observer. The observer measures the
(c) 5% (d) 20% frequency of the source as 1000 Hz. What will be the
apparent frequency of the source when it is moving away
121. A sound absorber attenuates the sound level by 20 dB.
The intensity decreases by a factor of (CPMT-2008) from the observer after crossing him? The velocity of sound
in the medium is 350 m/s : (AIIMS-1995)
(a) 1000 (b) 10000
(a) 1330 Hz (b) 1140 Hz
(c) 10 (d) 100
122. Reverberation time does not depend upon (CPMT-2007) (c) 750 Hz (d) 850 Hz
(a) temperature (b) volume of room 128. If tension in the string is increased from 1 kN to 4 kN, other
factors remaining unchanged the frequency of second
(c) size of window (d) carpet and curtain
harmonic will : (AIIMS-1996)
123. Three progressive waves A, B and C are shown in the
figure. (a) become four time (b) be doubled
(c) remain unchanged (d) be halved
129. A which temperature velocity of sound (at 270qC ) double:
(a) 327C (b) 927C (AIIMS-1997)

(c) 54C (d) 1899C
130. An objective producing a pitch of 1200 Hz is moving with
With respect to A, the progressive wave (CPMT-2007)
a velocity of 50 m/s towards a stationary person. The
S S velocity of sound is 350 m/s. The frequencey of sound
(a) B lags by and C leads by
2 2 heard by the stationary person is : (AIIMS-1997)
S (a) 1250 Hz (b) 1050 Hz
(b) B lags by S and leads by S
2 (c) 700 Hz (d) 1400 Hz

131. The air column in a pipe which is closed at one end will be 139. A string in a musical instrument is 50 cm long and its
in resonance with a vibrating tuning fork at a frequency fundamental frequency is 800 Hz. If the frequency of 1000
260 Hz. The length of the air column is : (AIIMS-1997) Hz is to be produced, then required length of string is :
(Speed of sound wave = 330 m/s) (a) 37.5 cm (b) 40 cm (AIIMS-2002)
(a) 12.5 cm (b) 35.75 cm (c) 50 cm (d) 62.5 cm
(c) 31.73 cm (d) 62.5 cm ASSERTION REASON
132. Standing waves are produced in 10 m long stretched string. (A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and
If the string vibrates in 5 segments and wave velocity is 20 reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
m/s, then its frequency will be : (AIIMS-1998)
(B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but reason
(a) 5 Hz (b) 2 Hz is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) 10 Hz (d) 2 Hz (C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
133. Newtons formula for the velocity of sound in gas is : (D) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
P 2 P (E) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.

(a) v (b) v (AIIMS-1998)
U 3 U
140. Assertion : Resonance is a special case of forced vibration
in which the natural frequency of vibration of the body is
U 2P
(c) v (d) v the same as the impressed frequency and the amplitude of
P P forced vibration is maximum.
134. Energy is not carried by which of the following wave? Reason : The amplitude of forced vibration of a body
(AIIMS-1999) increases with an increase in the frequency of the externally
(a) Progressive (b) Electromagnetic impressed periodic force. (AIIMS-1994)
(c) Transverse (d) Stationary (a) A (b) B (c) C
135. If the vibrations of a string are to be increased by a factor (d) D (e) E
of two, then tension in the string should be made :
141. Assertion : In a stationary wave three is no transfer of
(a) twice (b) four times (AIIMS-1999) energy.
(c) eight times (d) half Reason : The distance between two consecutive nodes or
136. A transverse wave passes through a string with the antinodes is O / 2 . (AIIMS-1994)
equation
(a) A (b) B (c) C
y = 10 sin S (0.02 x - 2.00t)
(d) D (e) E
where x is in metre and t in second. The maximum velocity
of the particle in wave motion is : (AIIMS-2000) 142. Assertion : In everyday life the Dopplers effect is
(a) 100 m/s (b) 63 m/s observed readily for sound waves than light waves.
(c) 120 m/s (d) 161 m/s Reason : Velocity of light is greater than that of sound.
137. The tension in a piano wire is 10 N. The tension in a piano (AIIMS-1995)

wire to produce a node of double frequency is : (a) A (b) B (c) C
(a) 20 N (b) 40 N (AIIMS-2001) (d) D (e) E
(c) 10 N (d) 120 N 143. Assertion : Intensity of sound wave does not change when
the listener moves towards or away from the stationary
138. Two sound waves have phase difference of 60q , then
source.
they will have the path difference of : (AIIMS-2001)
Reason : The motion of listener causes the apparent change
O
(a) 3 O (b) in wavelength. (AIIMS-1995)
3
(a) A (b) B (c) C
O
(c) (d) O (d) D (e) E
6
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144. Assertion : Ratio waves can be polarised. 152. A stationary boat is rocked by waves whose crests are
Reason : Sound waves in air are longitudinal in nature. 100 m apart velocity is 25 m/s. The boat bounces up once
in every : (AIIMS-2006)
(AIIMS-1996)
(a) A (b) B (c) C (a) 2500 s (b) 75 s
(d) D (e) E (c) 4 s (d) 0.25 s
145. Assertion : Sound travels faster in solids than gases. 153. The equation y = 4 + 2 sin (6t - 3x) represents a wave
Reason : Solids posses greater density than gases. motion. Then wave speed and amplitude, respectivley are
(AIIMS-2000) (a) wave speed 1 unit, amplitude 6 unit (AIIMS-2009)
(a) A (b) B (c) C (b) wave speed 2 unit, amplitude 2 unit
(d) D (e) E
(c) wave speed 4 unit, amplitude 1/2 unit
wavelength (d) wave speed 1/2 unit, amplitude 5 unit
146. Assertion : Speed of wave = time period
154. A closed organ pipe of length 1.2 m vibrates in its first
Reason : Wavelength is the distance between two nearest overtone mode. The pressure variation is maximum at
particles in phase. (AIIMS-2002) (a) 0.4 m from the open end (AIIMS-2009)
(a) A (b) B (c) C (b) 0.4 m from the closed end
(d) D (e) E
(c) Both (a) and (b)
147. Assertion : The change in air pressure effects the speed
(d) 0.8 m from the open end
of sound.
155. A resonance in an air column of length 40 cm resonates
Reason : The speed of sound in gases is proportional to
with a tuning fork of frequency 450 Hz. Ignoring end
the square of pressure. (AIIMS-2008)
correction, the velocity of sound in air is (AIIMS-2009)
(a) A (b) B (c) C -1 -1
(a) 102 ms (b)720 ms
(d) D (e) E
-1 -1
(c) 620 ms (d) 820 ms
148. Assertion : Ocean waves hitting a beach are always found
to be nearly normal to the shore. 156. A vehicle with a horn of frequency n, is moving with a
Reason : Ocean waves hitting a beach are assumed as velocity of 30 ms 1 in a direction perpendicular to the
plane waves. (AIIMS-2008) straight line joining the observer and the vehicle. The
(a) A (b) B (c) C observer receives the sound to have a frequency n n1 .
(d) D (e) E
Then (if the sound velocity in air is 300 ms 1 )
149. An organ pipe closed at one end has fundamental
frequency of 1500 Hz. The maximum number of tones (a) n1 10n (b) n1 0 (AIIMS-2009)
generated by this pipe which a normal person can hear is?
(a) 4 (b) 13 (AIIMS-2000) (c) n1 0.1n (d) n1 0.1n
(c) 6 (d) 9 157. Assertion : To distinct beats, difference in frequencies of
150. Two tuning forks P and Q when set viberating, given 4 two sources should be less than 10.
beats/s. If a prong of the fork P is filed, the beats are Reason : More the number of beats per second more difficult
reduced to 2 beats/s. What is frequency of P, if that of Q is to hear them. (AIIMS-2009)
250 Hz ? (AIIMS-2006) (a) A (b) B (c) C
(a) 246 Hz (b) 250 Hz (d) D (e) E
(c) 254 Hz (d) 252 Hz 158. A string is stretched between fixed pionts separated by
151. A point source emits sound equally in all directions in a 75.0 cm. It is observed to have resonant frequencies of
non-absorbing medium. Two points P and Q are at distance 420 Hz and 315 Hz. There are no other resonant frequencies
of 2 m and 3 m respectively from the source. The ratio of between these two. Then, the lowest resonant frequency
the intensities of the waves at P and Q is : for this string is (AIIMS-2008)
(a) 9 : 4 (b) 2 : 3 (AIIMS-2006) (a) 105 Hz (b) 1.05 Hz
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 9 (c) 1050 Hz (d) 10.5 Hz

159. A person speaking normally produces a sound intensity 167. A cylindrical resonance tube, open at both ends, has a
of 40 dB at a distance of 1 m. If the threshold intensity for fundamental frequency f in air. If half of the length is
reasonable audibility is 20 dB, the maximum distance at
dipped vertically in water. The fundamental frequency of
which he can be heard clearly is (AIIMS-2008)
the air column will be : (AFMC-1997)
(a) 4 m (b) 5 m
3f
(c) 10 m (d) 20 m (a) (b) 2 f
2
160. A sings with a frequency n and B sings with a frequency
1/8 that of A. If the energy remains the same and the f
(c) f (d)
amplitude of A is a then amplitude of B is : (AFMC-1994) 2
(a) 16 a (b) 8 a 168. A wave frequency 100 Hz is sent along a string towards a
fixed end. When this wave travels back, after reflecton, a
(c) 2 a (d) a
node is formed at a distance of 10 cm from the fixed end of
161. A steel rod 100 cm long is clamped at its middle. The the string. The speeds of incident (and reflected) waves
fundamental frequency of longitudinal vibration of the are : (AFMC-1997)
rod is 2.53 kHz. The speed of sound in steel will be :
(a) 48 m/s (b) 20 m/s
(AFMC-1994)
(c) 10 m/s (d) 15 m/s
(a) 8.06 km/s (b) 7.06 km/s
169. A source of sound is travelling with a velocity 40 km/h
(c) 6.06 km/s (d) 5.06 km/s towards an observer and emits sound of frequency 2000
162. Two open in organ pipes of length 25 cm and 25.5 cm Hz. If velocity of sound is 1220 km/h. Then the apparent
produce 10 beat/s their fundamental mode. The velocity frequency heard by an observer is : (AFMC-1997)
of sound is : (AFMC-1995) (a) 1980 Hz (b) 1950 Hz
(a)255 m/s (b) 303 m/s (c) 2068 Hz (d) 2080 Hz
(c) 375.5 m/s (d) 350 m/s 170. A glass rod of 20 cm long is clamped at the middle. It is set
163. The frequency of a radar is 780 MHz. The frequency of the into the longitudinal vibration. If the emitted sound
reflected wave from aeroplane is increased by 2.6 kHz. frequency is 4000 Hz, the velocity of sound in glass will
The velocity of aeroplane is : (AFMC-1996) be: (AFMC-1997)
(a) 0.25 km/s (b) 0.5 km/s (a) 2800 m/s (b) 3200 m/s
(c) 1 km/s (d) 2 km/s (c) 1600 m/s (d) 2000 m/s
164. Resonance is a special case of : (AFMC-1996) 171. The ratio of speed of sound in helium and hydrogen gases
at the same temperautre is : (AFMC-1998)
(a) undamped vibration (b) damped vibration
(c) forced vibration (d) natural vibration (a) 42 : 25 (b) 25 : 42
165. The effect of a sound pulse lasts on the ear for 0.1 s. Thus, (c) 42 : 25 (d) 25 : 42
for a person to hear the echo of a sharp sound the minimum 172. The driver of a car travelling with speed 30 m/s towards a
distance of the reflector in terms of speed of sound v is : hill sounds a horn of frequency 600 Hz. If the velocity of
(AFMC-1996) sound in air is 330 m/s. The frequency of reflected sound
v v as heard by the driver is : (AFMC-1998)
(a) (b)
40 5 (a) 500 Hz (b) 550 Hz
v v (c) 720 Hz (d) 555 Hz
(c) (d)
20 10 173. On producing the waves of frequency 1000 Hz in a Kundts
166. A whistle giving out 450 Hz approaches a stationary tube, the total distance between 6 successive nodes is 85
observer at a speed of 33 m/s, the frequency heard by the cm. Speed of sound in the gas filled in the tube is :
observer is : (Speed of sound = 330m/s) (AFMC-1996) (AFMC-1999)
(a) 500 Hz (b) 517 Hz (a) 300 m/s (b) 350 m/s
(c) 429 Hz (d) 409 Hz (c) 340 m/s (d) 330 m/s
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174. Which of the following are not the transverse wave? 182. Which one proves transverse nature of waves :
(AFMC-1999) (AFMC-2003)
(a) sound waves in the air (b) visible light waves (a) Polarisation (b) Diffraction
(c) X-rays (d) J - rays (c) Interference (d) All of these
175. A man fires a bullet standing between two cliffs. First echo 183. Dopplers efffect in sound is due to : (AFMC-2003)
is heard after 3 s and second echo is heard after 5 s. If the (a) motion of source
velocity of sound is 330 m/s. Then the distance between
(b) motion of observer
cliffs is : (AFMC-2000)
(c) relative motion of source and observer
(a) 660 m (b) 990 m
(d) none of the above
(c) 1320 m (d) 1950 m 184. Two similar waves are propagating in x-axis and another
176. The speed of a wave in a medium is 650 m/s. If 4000 waves one in y-axis. When they colloide to superimpose, the
are passing through a point in the medium in 1.67 min, resultant wave will be : (AFMC-2003)
then its wavelength will be : (AFMC-2000) (a) elliptical (b) hyperbolic
(a) 25.16 m (b) 16.28 m (c) straight line (d) parabolic
(c) 32.50 m (d) 8.25 m 185. Two closed organ pipes of length 100 cm and 101 cm long
177. A 5.5 m length of string has a mass of 0.035 kg. If the give 16 beats in 20 s when each pipe is sounded in its
tension in the string is 77 N. Then the speed of a wave on fundamental mode, calculate the velocity of sound :
the string will be : (AFMC-2000) (AFMC-2003)
(a) 102 m/s (b) 77 m/s
(a) 303 ms 1 (b) 332 ms 1
(c) 110 m/s (d) 150 m/s
(c) 323 ms 1 (d) 300 ms 1
178. Two waves, whose intensities are 9 : 16 are made to
interfere. The ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in 186. Apparatus used to find out velocity of sound in gas is :
the interference pattern is : (AFMC-2001) (AFMC-2004)
(a) 49 : 1 (b) 25 : 7 (a) Meldes experiment (b) Kundts tube
(c) 10 : 9 (d) 4 : 3 (c) Quinckes tube (d) none of these
179. A standing wave is represented by 187. If the temperature of atmosphere is increased, the following
y = a sin (100 t) cos (0.01x) character of sound waves is effected : (AFMC-2004)
where t is in seconds and x is in metres. Then the velocity (a) phase (b) frequency
of the wave is : (AFMC-2002) (c) speed (d) none of these
(a) 10 2 m/s (b) 104 m / s 188. A string of length 0.4 m and mass 102 kg is tightly clamped
at its ends. The tension in the string is 1.6 N. Identical
(c) 1 m/s (d) 10 4 m / s
wave pulses are produced at one end in equal intervals of
180. If the equation of a sound wave is given as time 't . The minimum value of 't , which allows
y = 0.00155 sin (62.8 x + 316t) constructive interference between successive pulses, is :
Then wavelength of this wave is : (AFMC-2002) (a) 0.05 s (b) 0.40 s (AFMC-2004)
(a) 0.1 unit (b) 0.2 unit (c) 0.20 s (d) 0.10 s
(c) 0.4 unit (d) 0.5 unit 189. The time of reverberation of a room A is 1 s. What will be
181. Which of the following waves have the maximum the time (in seconds) of reverberation of a room, having all
wavelength ? (AFMC-2002) the dimensions double of those of room A?
(a) Infrared rays (b) UV-rays (a) 2 (b) 4 (AFMC-2006)
(c) Radio waves (d) X-rays (c) 1/2 (d) 1

190. A band playing music at a frequency f is moving towards 193. The loudness and pitch of a sound note depends on
a wall at a speed vb . A motorist is following the band with (a) intensity and frequency (AFMC-2008)
a speed vm . If v be the speed of the sound, the expression (b) frequency and number of harmonics
for beat frequency heard by motorist is (AFMC-2009) (c) intensity and velocity
v vm v vm (d) frequency and velocity
(a) v v f (b) v v f
b b 194. The fundamental frequency of a closed pipe is 220 Hz. If
1
2vb ( v v m ) 2vm ( v vb ) of the pipe is filled with water, the frequency of the first
f f 4
(c) v 2 vb2 (d) v 2 v m2
overtone of the pipe now is (AFMC-2007)
191. A tuning fork A produces 4 beats s 1 with another tuning (a) 220 Hz (b) 440 Hz
fork B of frequency 320 Hz. On filing one of the prongs of
(c) 880 Hz (d) 1760 Hz
A, 4 beats s1 are again heard when sounded with the
195. The intensity of sound increases at night due to
same fork B. Then, the frequency of the form A before
(a) increase in density of air (AFMC-2007)
filing is (AFMC-2008)
(a) 328 Hz (b) 316 Hz (b) decrease in density of air
(c) 324 Hz (d) 320 Hz (c) low temperature
192. The equation of a simple harmonic wave is given by y = 5 (d) None of these
S 196. In case of a forced vibration, the resonance wave becomes

sin (100t x) , where x and y are in metre and time is in very sharp when the (AFMC-2007)
2
second. The period of the wave in second will be (a) applied periodic force is small
(AFMC-2008) (b) quality factor is small
(a) 0.04 (b) 0.01 (c) damping force is small
(c) 1 (d) 5 (d) restoring force is small
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d)

10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (b)
28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (d)
37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (b)
46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (b)
55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (b) 61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (b)
64. (d) 65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (d)
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE/JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d)

10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a)
19. (c) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c)
28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a)
37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (c) 41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (b)
55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (b)
64. (b) 65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (a) 71. (c) 72. (d)
73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (b) 81. (b)
82. (d) 83. (a) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (d) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (b) 98. (d) 99. (a)
100. (a) 101. (b) 102. (a) 103. (c) 104. (c) 105. (a) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (b)
109. (c) 110. (d) 111. (c) 112. (d) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (b) 116. (d) 117. (a)
118. (b) 119. (c) 120. (d) 121. (d) 122. (a) 123. (c) 124. (d) 125. (b) 126. (d)
127. (c) 128. (b) 129. (d) 130. (d) 131. (c) 132. (a) 133. (a) 134. (d) 135. (b)
136. (b) 137. (b) 138. (c) 139. (b) 140. (c) 141. (b) 142. (a) 143. (e) 144. (a)
145. (b) 146. (a) 147. (d) 148. (a) 149. (c) 150. (a) 151. (c) 152. (c) 153. (b)
154. (a) 155. (b) 156. (b) 157. (c) 158. (a) 159. (c) 160. (b) 161. (d) 162. (a)
163. (b) 164. (c) 165. (c) 166. (a) 167. (c) 168. (b) 169. (c) 170. (c) 171. (b)
172. (c) 173. (c) 174. (a) 175. (c) 176. (b) 177. (a) 178. (a) 179. (d) 180. (a)
181. (c) 182. (a) 183. (c) 184. (c) 185. (c) 186. (b) 187. (c) 188. (d) 189. (a)
190. (c) 191. (b) 192. (a) 193. (a) 194. (c) 195. (a) 196. (c)
Dream on !!
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Oscillation and Waves

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4.

OSCILLATION AND WAVES

(d) magnitude of net force is always proportional to the Phase = (Zt + I)

At any position x, v (x) = Z A2  x 2 1 2 1

U is minimum at mean position

At any instant t, a (t) = Z2 A sin (Zt + I)

2. TIME PERIOD OF S.H.M.

Mahesh Tutorials Science

If step (c) and step (d) are proved then it is a simple

Mean position : when spring is at its natural length.

2.2 Oscillation of a Cylinder Floating in a liquid R

Instead of straight line motion, if a particle or centre of

Time period of a pendulum in a lift :

Consider a liquid column of mass m and density U in a U- T 2S

2.5.2 Physical Pendulum

Mean position : when height of liquid is same in both I

where, L is length of liquid column.

2.4 Body Oscillation in tunnel along any chord of earth

Mean position : At the centre of the chord

Mahesh Tutorials Science

nO Only odd harmonics are possible in this case.

Mahesh Tutorials Science

nO Let us consider net effect of two waves of frequencies

y = A sin 2SQ1t  sin 2SQ 2 t

Thus the resultant wave can be represented as a

the number of loud sounds per second = Q 1 Q 2

Filling a tuning form increases its frequency of vibration.

Sing Convention. All velocities along the direction S

v v (g) If the source and listener are both in motion in the

It means, there is no change in the frequency of sound

If case the medium is also moving, the speed of sound

Mahesh Tutorials Science

A body oscillates with SHM along with X-axis. Its

Thus, the block and the piston separate, when

Mahesh Tutorials Science

Sol. We are given that l l

Example - 14 Sol. With usual notations, we are given that

mv2 2 2 Sol. (a) Speed v = Z A 2  x 2 2Sv A 2  x 2

F 4S 2 v 2 mr (b) PE of the mass when it momentarily comes to rest (at the

4 u 9.87 u (5)2 u 2 u 0.4 1 1

Mahesh Tutorials Science

Sol. For SHM along X-axis,

A = Z r sin Zt = 10 sin u 2 = 3.754 cm/s

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2.3026 u 2 u 0.2 u 0.3010

For the damped oscillator shown in Figure, the mass m of m

WAVES (a) The reflected sound is travelling in air.

Example - 28 Therefore if Oa is the wavelength of the reflected wave,

An observer standing at the sea coast observes 54 waves Xa 340 m / s

Mahesh Tutorials Science

y = A sin [Zt + kx + I0] ...(ii) Sol. We are given that

As the wave travels towards the positive direction of X- Example - 36

Mahesh Tutorials Science

v1 = 256 Hz According to the law of length,

Since the string vibrates in 2 segments, vL = vL

v1 = 2v or v 73 = (v + 3) (72.5) = 72.5 v + 217.5

Mahesh Tutorials Science

Fundamental frequency of a closed pipe of length L, i.e., X = vO

Example - 51 From eqns. (i) and (ii),

Mahesh Tutorials Science

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Derivation of equation of SHM 6. The kinetic energy of a particle executing S.H.M. is 16 J

(b) y = b cos Z t (a) S/5 (b) 2 S

(d) non-periodic 9. The time taken by a particle executing S.H.M. of period T to

At any position x, v (x) = Z A2 x 2 1 2 1

y = A sin 2SQ1t sin 2SQ 2 t

mv2 2 2 Sol. (a) Speed v = Z A 2 x 2 2Sv A 2 x 2

(a) 100 m/s (b) 200 m/s y 2 = 2a sin (Zt kx T)

109. The driver of a car travelling with speed 30 ms 1 towards (c) v = v1 + v2 + v3