Qa Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 2

Quality assurance of hydrogen for fuel
cell vehicles removing the roadblock

Arul Murugan and Andrew S. Brown
Overview of todays presentation
Hydrogen energy & recent progress
Why hydrogen energy?

Hydrogen has a high Can be generated from water
energy density using renewable energy
Used to power
fuel cell vehicles
No carbon-
containing products

142 MJ per
kg of H2!
Used to power
fuel cell vehicles
No carbon-
containing products

Water
Wind power
Electrolysis
Used to power
fuel cell vehicles
No carbon-
containing products

Water
Wind power
Electrolysis
Used to power
fuel cell vehicles
No carbon-
containing products

Water
Wind power
Electrolysis
Used to power
fuel cell vehicles
No carbon-
containing products
High efficiency
UK Hydrogen Economy in 2030

A report by UK H2Mobility (2013)
1.6 million fuel cell vehicles on 1,100 hydrogen refuelling 254,000 tonnes of hydrogen
the road in the UK stations in operation produced a year
Fuel cell degradation
Usually platinum can degrade in

the presence of impurities
(such as hydrogen sulphide or
carbon monoxide)
Hydrogen purity requirements
The proposed EC Directive on the deployment of an alternative fuels

infrastructure sets out that:
Hydrogen refuelling points shall comply with the relevant EN standard, to

be adopted by 2014, and, pending publication of this standard, with the
technical specifications included in the ISO 14687-2 standard.
Impurity Amount fraction limit (ppm)
Water 5
Total hydrocarbons 2
Oxygen 5
Helium 300
Fuel
Efficiency
storage Nitrogen 100
Argon 100
Carbon dioxide 2
Carbon monoxide 0.2
Total sulphur compounds 0.004
Formaldehyde 0.01
Fuel cell Formic acid 0.2
degradation
Ammonia 0.1
Total halogenated
0.05
compounds
NPL hydrogen purity analysis
NPLs analysers
Gas chromatography with thermal

Quartz crystal conductivity detector
microbalance Water Helium
Hydrocarbons
Formaldehyde Carbon dioxide
Under development
Gas chromatography with mass Formic acid Methane Gas chromatography with
spectrometer detector Ammonia Carbon monoxide methaniser and flame
(or cavity ringdown spectroscopy) ionisation detector
Sulphur (backflush capability for
Oxygen hydrocarbons)
Compounds
Nitrogen Argon
Gas chromatography with pulsed Gas chromatography with sulphur

discharge helium ionisation detector chemiluminescence detector
Island Hydrogen (TSB)
Powering the island using only renewable energy
NPL
Isle of Wight
NPL
Wind power
Wind power
Isle of Wight Power to homes


Water
NPL
Electrolysis
Excess wind
Wind power Hydrogen

storage


Water
NPL
Electrolysis
No wind
Wind power Hydrogen

storage


Water
NPL
Electrolysis
Fuel cell
Wind power vehicles Hydrogen
storage


Water
NPL
Electrolysis
Fuel cell
Sampling vehicles
Wind powerTransport Analysis
Hydrogen
storage

Unlocking the hydrogen energy

market (TSB)
Develop an online hydrogen purity analyser

using cascade laser based systems
Method validation using

traceable offline methods
Hydrogen refuelling station Sampling

Online analysis Transport Offline analysis
H2FC: Hydrogen to fuel cells
Reduce costs for full hydrogen purity analysis

by reducing number of analysers
Helium Water
Hydrocarbons
Formaldehyde
Carbon dioxide
Formic acid
Methane
Ammonia Carbon monoxide
Oxygen Sulphur
Limit of detection of GC-MS is too high to
Compounds
measure all impurities in one method
Nitrogen Argon
Halogenated compounds Gas chromatography
with mass spectrometer
Impurity enrichment

Hydrogen
Impurity
Hydrogen sample
Measure
Combine krypton
Krypton
(Tracer) Krypton
Enrichment Hydrogen Enrichment

factor removal factor
(through palladium
based membrane)
Measure
krypton
Measure impurities
using GC-MS Hydrogen Impurity Enrichment Device (HIED)
NPLs tracer enrichment method
Paper published in RSCs Analytical

Methods journal
Selected as a HOT article by RSC
To be included in a special issue of

the journal: Emerging analytical
methods for global energy and
climate issues
Advancing the analysis of impurities in hydrogen

by use of a novel tracer enrichment method
A. Murugan & A. S. Brown (2014)
Avoid
adsorption of
One of many conclusions: impurities
Device works well, but further

work required with regards to To withstand
high pressures
the improvement of palladium- Required
based membranes membrane
improvements
(future work)
To withstand
evacuation
Improved
membrane
lifetime
NPL Innovation Research &

Development Project
Develop a suite of characterisation tools to

help improve palladium-based membranes
Palladium-based Surface analysis

Gas testing
membranes techniques
H2S and CO
adsorption Testing SAES
chamber membranes
Helium permeation NPL gas
tests
Evacuation testing
Feedback of results
rig
New membranes
Evacuation testing
Pressure testing Pressure rig SAES testing
Before After NPL

characterisation
Microscopy FIB-SEM XPS
Micro crack 3D layer Stress/ Impurities on Adsorbed layer Amount of

2D profiling Roughness
identification profiling damage surface thickness adsorption
The future
Fuel cell vehicles 2015

Hyundai ix35 Typical technical specifications for fuel cell vehicles to be available in 2015
Nissan X-Trail FCV SUV
Toyota FCV concept
UK H2 Mobility report (2013)

The future
UK refuelling stations 2015-2030
UK H2 Mobility report (2013)

The future
Hydrogen purity in the future?
HIED Offline analysis
Hydrogen purity
Sampling Transport
laboratory
Hydrogen refuelling station
Online analyser
Providing traceable measurements
Online analysis and primary reference gas standards
The future
Revision of ISO 14687-2
can this be
increased?
The future
Hydrogen purity in the future
Revised ISO
14687-2
standard
Further
development of
traceable offline
methods
The next steps
for hydrogen
purity
Hydrogen
impurity
enrichment
device
Develop the
online purity
analyser
Quality assurance of hydrogen for fuel
cell vehicles removing the roadblock
Arul Murugan and Andrew S. Brown
Please email:
arul.murugan@npl.co.uk

Qa Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 2

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Quality assurance of hydrogen for fuel

cell vehicles removing the roadblock

Why hydrogen energy?

Why hydrogen energy?

Why hydrogen energy?

Why hydrogen energy?

Why hydrogen energy?

UK Hydrogen Economy in 2030

Fuel cell degradation

Usually platinum can degrade in

Hydrogen purity requirements

The proposed EC Directive on the deployment of an alternative fuels

Hydrogen refuelling points shall comply with the relevant EN standard, to

Impurity Amount fraction limit (ppm)

Total sulphur compounds 0.004

Gas chromatography with thermal

Gas chromatography with pulsed Gas chromatography with sulphur

Island Hydrogen (TSB)

Powering the island using only renewable energy

Island Hydrogen (TSB)

Powering the island using only renewable energy

Isle of Wight Power to homes

Island Hydrogen (TSB)

Powering the island using only renewable energy

Wind power Hydrogen

Isle of Wight Power to homes

Island Hydrogen (TSB)

Powering the island using only renewable energy

Wind power Hydrogen

Isle of Wight Power to homes

Island Hydrogen (TSB)

Powering the island using only renewable energy

Isle of Wight Power to homes

Island Hydrogen (TSB)

Powering the island using only renewable energy

Isle of Wight Power to homes

Unlocking the hydrogen energy

Develop an online hydrogen purity analyser

Method validation using

Hydrogen refuelling station Sampling

H2FC: Hydrogen to fuel cells

Reduce costs for full hydrogen purity analysis

H2FC: Hydrogen to fuel cells

Enrichment Hydrogen Enrichment

H2FC: Hydrogen to fuel cells

Paper published in RSCs Analytical

Selected as a HOT article by RSC

To be included in a special issue of

Advancing the analysis of impurities in hydrogen

H2FC: Hydrogen to fuel cells

Device works well, but further

NPL Innovation Research &

Develop a suite of characterisation tools to

Palladium-based Surface analysis

Pressure testing Pressure rig SAES testing

Before After NPL

Microscopy FIB-SEM XPS

Micro crack 3D layer Stress/ Impurities on Adsorbed layer Amount of

Fuel cell vehicles 2015

Nissan X-Trail FCV SUV

Toyota FCV concept

UK H2 Mobility report (2013)

UK refuelling stations 2015-2030

UK H2 Mobility report (2013)