EXAM 1 REVIEW

MR. SMITH/ 1302

Chapters 15-18

Chapter 15

1. Although the Freedmen's Bureau mostly dealt with labor relations, these often spilled over into
matters of ____________?

Civil rights

2. What prompted moderate Republicans to grow increasingly more radical during

Reconstruction?
The violence aimed at freed people

3. What labor system for former slaves developed soon after plantation owners reclaimed their
land after the Civil War?
Share crop system

4. President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction required 10 percent of what group to swear future
loyalty to the United States?
Voting population of a state in 1860

5. Those who advocated a harsh peace for the South and citizenship for former slaves were called
what?
Radical Republicans

6. How many voters would have had to swear allegiance to the Union under the WadeDavis Bill?
A majority

7. What group first organized educators to teach literacy skills to former slaves?
American missionary Association

8. Which amendment to the Constitution officially ended slavery, or involuntary servitude, in the
United States?
13TH Amendment

9. The Civil Rights bill of 1866

Marked the first time the federal government intervened in the due process of states

10. Northerners who came south in the aftermath of the Civil War to introduce reforms or capitalize
on opportunities were known as _________?

Carpet baggers
 Chapter 16

11. What country was the destination of most international migrants in the nineteenth century?
South and eastern Europe

12. What enabled Americans to learn of important events in Europe within 24 hours or less?
The transoceanic cable laid in1866

13. What motivated most nineteenth-century immigrants to leave their homes?

famine, land shortages, or religious or political persecution

14. From where did most immigrants to the United States come after the 1880s?
Northwestern Europe

15. Mining camps in the American West brought together what ethnic groups?
New England Yankees, mingles with Australians, Mexicans, Chinese and African Americans

16. What precipitated the massive immigration of European Jews to America?

Anti Jew pogroms in Russia following the assassination of Czar Alexander II

17. When did the modern downtown for shopping and business offices develop in cities?

18. What was the only enterprise in America that could be called big business before the Civil
War?
Railroads

19. Andrew Carnegie, America's most successful steel businessman late in the nineteenth century,
migrated to America from what country?

20. Women accounted for what percentage of the American workforce in 1900? 20%

Chapter 17

21. What were the first two American sports that became spectator activities featuring
professionals? Prizefighting and baseball
22. What was the first professional baseball team?
Cincinnati Red Stockings.

23. What was the significance of fraternal organizations and mutual aid societies in the early
twentieth century?
24. What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in the development of ethnic cultures?
Spain bowed to the wished of the church and established the requirement that Catholicism be
the only religion of new territories

25. Why did Irish immigrants generally become more devout than they had been in Ireland?
The church helped them resist America's overwhelming Protestant culture.

26. By 1900 what percent of manufacturing workers were either immigrants or children of
immigrants? 75%

27. Late in the nineteenth century, what typically characterized the middle class in America?

28. How did intellectuals define high culture in the second half of the nineteenth century?
through principles of social, cultural, and political hierarchy installed in museums, libraries, and
universities

29. According to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, art and science

30. What do John Philip Sousa, Scott Joplin, and George M. Cohan have in common?
They did not imitate European composers, each wrote popular American music, their music was
available on records.

Chapter 18

31. A combination of what kept most farmers in debt during the latter part of the nineteenth
century?
declining prices and high interest rates
32. What percentage of eligible Americans usually voted in presidential elections during the last
quarter of the nineteenth century?
33. In the late nineteenth century, American newspapers had what relationship with political
parties?

34. Except for a few western states, women could not vote in the nineteenth century. How did they
participate in politics?

35. What political issues were considered most appropriate for women's interest and participation?

36. Most American women who participated in voluntary reform movements were ________?
members of the educated middle class
37. How had Frances Willard and her Woman's Christian Temperance Union come to view
alcoholism by the end of the nineteenth century?
as a public health problem
38. Why were so many women attracted to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union?

39. How did most Americans feel about the nation's natural resources by the end of the nineteenth
century?

40. What were greenbacks?

commodity money used by the Union during the Civil War

41. To what does the term specie refer?

Gold and silver
42. What motivated the assassin who shot President James A. Garfield in 1881?

43. Why did Grover Cleveland think the federal government should allow southern whites to control
their states?
He was committed to the authority of local government.
44. Secretary of State William Henry Seward's view of American foreign affairs was linked to?
expanding American trade.

45. How did the writer of Progress and Poverty want to finance government?
Through a single tax on rising rents