the criteria whether the line drops or not.

Despite somewhat larger tors randomly picked from the production line as well as on specially
figures of the impulse ratio at the time of one insulator string broken, manufactured test capacitors. The results from these teste \is*\fy tte
i.e. 2.7 and 2.6 for the double-string and triple-string assemblies, superior performance of BNC-impregnated capacitors at equal
respectively, the result of no line drop confirmed the validity of power densities.
impact design on the assemblies. The service experience from 4 years of series produced BNC
capacitors is reviewed. It is found that the service reliability of these
Calibration Maximum capacitors is far better than the limits accepted by the utilities.
Bending stresses
(a) First unit 4.0 kg/mm2 peak-to-peak The results obtained indicate that BNC capacitors can be designed
from tower for higher power density than PCB capacitors and still have a higher
side
(b) Mid-string 4.0 kg/mm2 reliability.
unit
(c) First unit_
from line
side
Axial tensile stress
(First unit from
tower side) 82 WM 208-7
DATA ACQUISITION TIME November 1982, p.4392
( 120 seconds)
Start of wind-triggered *
Maximum peak-to-peak readings;
auto-data acquisition
(at wind velocity of 14.5 m/s)
Bending (a).3.95 kg/mm2
(b).4.63 kg/mm2
(c).4.92 kg/mm2
In Service Electrical Testing of Live
Axial tensile .7.96 kg/mm2
Line Tools.
Fig. 1. Oscillograms of Dynamic Stresses Imposed on Insulator
Ball-bolt at Vertical Two-loop Galloping Recognized in Test Pro A Status Report of the Guide IEEE Working Group*
gram, 54-ton (120-Kip) Insulator, of the "ESMOL" (Engineering Safety Maintenance
and Operation of Lines) Subcommittee, Transmission
Vertical Galloping Conductor Swing and Distribution Committee
(Pseudo-fundamental mode) under Strong Wind Blow
X Introduction
'Peak power at Peak power at the frequency Live line tools have had an excellent long term safety record. Many
the frequency corresponding to jumper wire users inspect their tools before each use and periodically test them
corresponding to swing (0.32 Hz) electrically, yet some users give little thought to the need for this
conductor pseudo-

fundamental periodic testing. Others recognize the need to inspect and test but
D oscillation they have no guide nor standard to which they should test.
cc
(0.24 Hz) It is from this latter group that a number expressed their need for a
fe Second peak at the frequency guide covering the In Service Electrical Testing of Live Line Tools.
corresponding to conductor A 1980 survey with a response from 314 users revealed that 25%
horizontal one-loop swing had no test facilities and 72.6% had no experience with leakage
(0.14 Hz) currents on tools to distinguish between a good, marginal or bad
O k_i_:_i_ tool. For these responders the ESMOL guide will serve a most useful
"0 0.5 0.5 1.0
reference.
FREQUENCY, Hz FREQUENCY, Hz
Fig. 2. Power Spectrum Density Distribution of Dynamic Torsional The Guide and Its Scope
Torque Induced on Support-end of Tower-side Hardware Yoke. The "Scope" of the guide is to: "provide recommendations based
on sound engineering testing and experience for the in-service in
spection, electrical testing and maintenance of live line tools.
Mechanical considerations are presently under study and will
become a part of the guide at a later date."
82 WM 209-5
November 1982, p. 4387 Job Site Inspection and Testing, Part I
Test and Service Experience of BNC An important section in Part I is how to clean a stick having
stubborn contaminants. It is recommended that tools be wiped
Impregnated Power Capacitors down before each use using a paper towel. If stains persist, use
alcohol or any other solvent recommended by the tool manu
facturer; it cautions against certain soap detergents that might leave
Bo Stenerhag, Member IEEE harmful residues that can cause a stick to become'fuzzy'especially if
ASEA KABEL, Stockholm, Sweden the stick becomes moist.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) have been almost universally
used in power capacitor industry for decades. During the last but one
decade it was observed that environmental problems were associ
ated with the use of PCB's although the main source of pollution was
not the capacitor industry. These findings led to regulations and
legislations in a number of countries. They also triggered a large
amount of research work performed in order to find technically and
environmentally acceptable substitutes. During the last decade a
number of promising substitutes were introduced in the market.
One of these promising fluids is benzylneocaprate (BNC) which
was introduced in high voltage power capacitor series production in
1977. Before introduction m production, several years of testing had
revealed that BNC impregnated capacitors performed better than
PCB impregnated.
Endurance tests comprising ageing tests at elevated electrical
stresses and temperatures, transient overvoltage tests at various
temperatures and combined tests have been performed on capaci
PER NOV
Shop or Laboratory Inspection and Test Procedures, Part II
The basic question and certainly the most controversial is: When
should the laboratory test be performed? This guide does not specify
a definite time interval. Instead it states: "Insulating tools should be
shop maintained and tested at an interval dependent on their ex
posure, manner of use, care they receive, individual company policy
and as field inspection dictates." Wood tools should be checked
more frequently during periods of high humidity or after exposure to
moisture.
A step by step method for performing the electrical high voltage
^Members of IEEE Working Group are:
W. T. Croker, A. A. Galindo, C W. Grose, D. C Hubbard, N. W.
Jackson, K. E. Lindsey, Vice Chairman; C. D. Morgan, F. D. Myers,
W. W. Norman (Retired), S. H. Osborn, Jr., J. L Price, Jr., and
W. W. Olive, Jr., Chairman.
35
test is given for primarily the benefit of those companies who have
had no previous experience in testing tools. This includes how the
pole is suspended and oriented, how the spring electrodes are ap
plied, and how the proper attachment of the test leads should be
made. Further, the procedure tells how to wet the pole with distilled
water from a simple spray applicator, the application of the H.V. at
10kV/second and how to evaluate the leakage or dielectric current.
The guide suggests that if one section of a pole shows a leakage
current 20% over an adjacent section then the tool should be re
jected. Also, if the used tool increases 10% over what it tested on a
previous inspection then the tool should be rejected. 0 OS tS 20 25
10 3.0 35 40 15
Comment Sought Ulm}
The 'ESMOL' working group solicits any comments that might be Fig. 1. 50% breakdown voltage of bundle-to-plane gap for optimum
constructive and useful while the guide is still in draft form. subconductor arrangement vs. average distance between sub-
conductors: 1 n 2, S 5m; 2 n 8, S 5m; 3 n 8,
= = = = =

S 9.5 m.
=

82 WM 207-9
November 1982, p. 4395

Control of the Electric Strength of

Long Air Gaps
G. N. Alexandrov, Senior Member IEEE, and
G. V. Podporkyn
Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, USSR
A method for optimization of a conductor's bundle structure is
presented based on the criterion ofthe maximum electric strength of
the conductor bundle-to-ground plane air gap.
It was shown that a streamer zone for bundle-to-plane gaps cor
responding to the 50% breakdown voltage (the critical streamer
zone) is about 1 m long and the average value of the field strength
over this zone is 5 kV/cm. For symmetric arrangement of subcon-
ductors, a critical streamer zone develops only near lower sub-
conductors. The streamer zones of upper subconductors are much
smaller as are their total charges (space charges plus surface
charges). The 50% breakdown voltage
^50% =Qcr/Ceq ID
(qcr = critical charge, Ceq equivalent capacitance taking into ac
=
count space charge) is then significantly lower than the maximum
possible value.
To raise the C/50./o, we may increase qcr. This would involve a
relatively small increase in Ceq. It is possible to increase i7crto its
limit by increasing the distances between subconductors. This can
be achieved by arranging subconductors. This can be achieved by
arranging subconductors along an open smooth surface so that
the conditions of discharge development from each subconductor
are equal and as close to the critical condition as possible.
Therefore, we may use the following criteria for conductor bundle
optimization: the length of streamer zopes near all subconductors is
the same and equal to the critical streamer length for the average
field strength over a streamer zone, Estr= 5 kV/cm, i.e.,
>str, strcr Const (/ 1, -, n) (2)
= = =
the 50% breakdown voltage is maximum, i.e.,
4o% Qcr/Ceq max (3)
= =
Many versions of bundle structures corresponding to criterion (2)
may be suggested with different average distances between sub-
conductors, d. With increasing d, the critical charge also increases
due to a decrease in the interaction of streamer zones. However, in
this case Ceqincreases, too. So criterion (3) enables us to select an
optimum version corresponding to the maximum t/50%. Principal
calculation results are presented in Fig. 1.
Theoretical results are experimentally confirmed for two struc
tures of conductor bundles (see Fig. 2).
36
Fig. 2. Experimental line.
82 WM 206-1
November 1982, p. 4399
Lightning Insulation Coordination for
a 600-kV DC Gas Insulated Cable
A. R. Hileman, Fellow IEEE
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, PA
R. W. Flugum, Fellow IEEE and T. F. Garrity,
Member IEEE,
Chas. T. Main, Inc., Boston, MA
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study to
estimate the required BIL of a 30 kmgas insulated cable, as depicted
in Fig. 1. Metal oxide in-gas arresters are located at each end of the
cable and one end of the cable is connected to a 600 kV de overhead
line.
The probabilistic method employed consisted of (1) estimating
and distribution of surge voltage magnitudes and shapes which
arrive at the line-cable junction, (2) determining the voltage profiles
along the cable for these incoming surges, (3) calculating the proba
bility of cable flashover for these voltage profiles, and (4) combining
these previous calculations to determine the mean number of cable
flashovers per year. Final results are presented in terms of the mean
time to failure in years, MTBF, which is the reciprocal of the number
of flashovers per year.
Incoming surges resulting from shielding failures and backflashes
are considered and parameters were varied to determine their effect
on the required BIL. Three degrees of shielding, two backflash rates,
and two voltage-current characteristics of the metal oxide arrester
are considered.
Typical voltage profiles along the cable for a lightning surge volt
age resulting from a shielding failure indicate that the maximum
PER NOV