3 Shallow Foundations - F2017

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SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
Introduction
Foundation: the structural element through which the loads from

the superstructure are transmitted to the natural ground.
If the soil layer suitable for supporting the structural loads from the
superstructure is located at a relatively shallow depth, the
foundation is called shallow foundation.
If the upper soil layer is too weak to carry the structural loads, the
loads may be transferred to a more suitable deeper layer by means of
deep foundations.
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Shallow vs Deep Foundations
Shallow foundation: Df 2B
Deep foundation: Df 2B
Ground Surface
Foundation Level
B
The actual foundation configuration determines the

foundation classification.
Types of Shallow Foundations
Strip footing
Isolated footing
Combined footing
Strap foundation
Raft
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Strip Footing
Isolated Footing
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Combined Footing
Strap Foundation
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Raft Foundation
Deep Foundations
Piles
Caissons
Piers
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Pile Foundation
Pile Foundation
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Piers
Caissons
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Requirements for Design
Dimensions should be chosen such that the foundation

pressure on soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity.
The foundation pressure should result in settlements and

differential settlements within acceptable limits.
The foundation must be economical:

quantity quality - labor
The foundation must be safe against attack of harmful

materials:
Sulphate tend to attack concrete.

For high content of soluble sulphates: use Sulphate
resisting cement.
Chloride tend to attack steel reinforcement.

For high content of soluble chlorides: use a large concrete
cover and good foundation insulation.
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The foundation must be placed at an adequate depth:

Below the top organic soil, fill material, old abandoned
foundations, debris, or muck.
Blow surface layers of soil affected by seasonal
temperature, moisture changes, or by erosion.
The foundation must be placed sufficiently away from the

edge of a sloping ground (min 0.6 m 1.0 m).
The maximum difference between in level between two

foundations should be equal to or less than clear distance
between the footings:
To avoid overlapping of stresses in soil.
To prevent disturbance of soil under the higher footing due to
the excavation for the lower footing.
C
Ground Surface
L<C
L
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The foundation should be placed at a depth satisfying the

architectural and structural requirements: Basements,
garage, thickness of foundation.
The foundation depth should consider the presence of high

groundwater table.
Design of Shallow Foundations
Type of foundation:
Strip footing
Isolated footing
Combined footing
Strap foundation
Raft
Type of loading:
Concentric
Eccentric Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
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Design Steps
Design of plain concrete base
Design of reinforced concrete base

Check of shear/punching
Reinforcement details
Strip Footing
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b
Design of Strip Footing
Design of plain concrete base (PC) As(I) As(II)
B, t
t1
t
Design of reinforced concrete (RC)
B1
B1, t1, As(I), As(II) B
b
Check of shear

Design of plain concrete base (PC)
B x 1 = P/qallnet
or
B x 1 = Pt/qallgross (Pt = 1.15 P)
x B1 x
t = 20 cm 40 cm
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b I
Design of reinforced concrete base (RC)
B1 = B 2x (x = 0.8 t 1.0 t) t1
pnet
double cantilever MI
pnet = P/B1
I
B1
MI = pnet x 1.0 x [(B1 b)/2]2 x
d = k1SM/c = 0.4SM(kg.cm)/100 b
1.0 m
t= d + cover (cover = 5 7 cm)

Design of Strip Footing P

(B1-b)/2-d
Check of shear b
d
Qsh = pnet x 1.0 x [(B1-b)/2 d] d
pnet
Ash = d x 1.0 B1
sh = Qsh / Ash 60 t/m2

1.0 m
If sh is unsafe increase d
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Rft details
AsI = MI (kg.cm)/k2d (cm)
k2 = 1750 (HGS)
AsI (cm2/m)
No. of bars/m = 5 14
12, 16, 18, 22, 25, 32
AsII = Min 5 12/m

Isolated Footing
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Design of Isolated Footing axb

As(I) As(II)
Concentric Loading
t1
t
B, A, t
A
Design of reinforced concrete (RC) A1
B1, A1 t1, As(I), As(II)

Check of Punching
B B1
Design of Isolated Footing A

A1
A x B = P/qallnet or A x B = Pt/qallgross ------(1) L
B B1 L
b
L = (A-a)/2 = (B-b)/2
a x
x
ab=AB -----(2)
Solving equation (1) & (2) get A & B
P (t) < 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400

t (cm) 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 > 60
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Design of Isolated Footing a

I
B1 = B 2x A1 = A 2x
t1
x = (0.8 1.2 t) pnet
double cantilever
MI
pnet = P/B1A1 I
A1
MI = pnet x 1.0 x [(A1-a)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/m)
1.0
MII = pnet x 1.0 x [(B1-b)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/m)
II II
or
B1 b 1.0
MI = pnet x B1 x [(A1-a)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/B1)
a
MII = pnet x A1 x [(B1-b)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/A1)

I
t1
pnet
double cantilever MI
dI = k1MI/c dII = k1MII/c I

A1
1.0
c = width along which moment is calculated
II II
B1 b 1.0
t1 = d(larger dI & dII) + cover = d + 5 cm
a
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Design of Isolated Footing P
a
Check of Punching d/2 d/2
d
Qp = P pnet (a+d)(b+d)
pnet
A1
Ap = 2d [(a+d) + (b+d)]
b+d
p = Qp / Ap 80 t/m2 b a
B1
If unsafe increase d a+d

p
Design of Isolated Footing
Rft details
AsI = MI/k2d
AsII = MII/k2d
If M (mt/m) As (cm2/m)

If M (mt/A1) As (cm2/A1)
If M (mt/B1) As (cm2/B1)
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P
Q M
Eccentric Loading As(I) axb As(II)
Design of plain concrete base (PC) h

t1
B, A, t t
Design of reinforced concrete (RC) A1

A
B1, A1 t1, As(I), As(II)
Check of Punching
B B1
P
Design of Isolated Footing Q M

axb
Pt = 1.15 P Mt = M + Qh
h
t1
Pt
Approximate dimensions t Q Mt
A x B = (1.2 - 1.4) Pt/qallgross ------(1)
A
due to moment
A = (1.5 2.0) B -----(2)
Solving equation (1) & (2) get A & B Mt
B Q
Choose t
P (t) < 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400
Pt
t (cm) 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 > 60
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Check if proposed dimensions are adequate:
axb
et = Mt/Pt (et < A/6)
h Pt
t1
fmax/min = Pt/AB (1 E 6et/A) t Q Mt
AxB
fmin fmax

fmax/min = Pt/AB (1 E 6et/A)

fmax
fmin
fmax
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axb
h Pt
t1
fmax/min = Pt/AB (1 E 6et/A)
t Q Mt
AxB
fmax 1.2 qallgross fmin fmax
fmin /fmax 0.25 (crane load)
If the required conditions are satisfied proceed with RC base design.

If not, choose larger dimensions (A or A&B) & recheck.
e P
Stresses underneath a footing
AxB
Case (1): e < A/6 e P
fmax/min = P/AB (1 E 6e/A)
Case (2): e = A/6 1.0 fmin fmax

fmax/min = P/AB (1 E 6e/A) P
e
fmax = 2P/AB fmin = zero
Case (3): e > A/6

fmax
P = area of stress distribution
P
P = fmax C B e x
fmax = 2P/(C B) A/2
c = 3x x = (A/2 e) fmax
c
c 0.75 A
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P
M1 = M + Q (h-t)
Q M
axb
P
h
t1 Q M1
t
A 1 x B1
AxB
P
I
t1 M1
B1 = B 2x A1 = A 2x f2 f1
e1 = M1/P f3
double cantilever
MI
(Case (1): e1 < A/6): f1/2 = P1/A1B1 (1 E 6e1/A1) I
A1
II II
f3 = f2 + (f1 - f2)[(A1 a)/2 + a]/A1
B1 b
Cases (2) & (3) should be calculated as previously explained a
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I
t1
f2 f1
f3
double cantilever
MI
MI = (f1 + f3)/2 x B1 x [(A1-a)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/B1) I
A1
B1 b
t1
MII = (f1 + f2)/2 x A1 x [(B1-b)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/A1)
f2 f1
double cantilever
A1
II II
f1 B1 b
MII II II
a
f2
f1
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I
t1
f2 f1
MI = (f1 + f3)/2 x B1 x [(A1-a)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/B1)

MII = (f1 + f2)/2 x A1 x [(B1-b)/2]2 x x 0.85 (mt/A1) I
A1
dI = k1MI/c dII = k1MII/c II II
B1 b
t1 = d(larger dI & dII) + cover = d + 5 cm a
Design of Isolated Footing P
a
Check of Punching d/2 d/2
d
Qp = P [(f1 + f2)/2] (a+d)(b+d)
f2 f1
Ap = 2d [(a+d) + (b+d)] A1
p = Qp / Ap 80 t/m2
b+d
B1
If unsafe increase d
p
a+d
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Rft details
AsI = MI/k2d (cm2/B1)
AsII = MII/k2d (cm2/A1)
Same details as concentric footing
Combined Footing
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Design of Combined Footing

P1 P2
t1 Df
t
A
A1
a1 a2
B B1 b1 b2
P1 P2
S
Design Steps
Design of plain concrete base
Design of reinforced concrete base
Check of punching
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R = P
A x B = R/qallnet or A x B = Rt/qallgross ------(1)
Rt = 1.15R
A
S1 S2
B
P1 R P2
S

P 2 x S = R x S1 S1
P1 < P2
S = S1 + S 2 S2 If S2 is used to calculate A/2 !!
A/2 = x + c + a1/2 + S1 A from eq. (1) get B

x = (0.8 1.2) t c = 75 cm 100cm
A
A/2 A/2
x c a1/2 S1 S2
B
P1 R P2

S
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Choose t using R
P (t) < 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400

t (cm) 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 > 60

P1 P2
t1 Df
t
A
A1
a1 a2
B B1 b1 b2
P1 P2
S
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P1 P2
In the longitudinal direction S
B1 = B 2x A1 = A 2x
A1
l = A1 (c + a1/2 + a2/2 + S)

= R/A1 (t/m) c S - a1/2 - a2/2 a2
a1 l
M1 = c2/2 (mt/B1) Pt. of zero shear
S.F.D.
M2 = l2/2 (mt/B)
x
M3 at point of zero shear M3
B.M.D.
x = P1/ M1
M2
M3 = P1[x (c + a1/2)] x2/2 (mt/B1) Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

In the longitudinal direction
d1 = k1Mmax/c c = B1
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In the transversal direction
There are two hidden beams P1 P2
underneath
the two columns d d d d
Hidden Beam 1
d + a1 d + a2
B1
Hidden Beam 2

P1 P2
d d d d
= P/B1
d + a1 d + a2
M b
B1
P
t1
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P1 or P2
Hidden Beam 1
1 = P1/B1 (t/m) b1 or b2
M4 = 1 x [(B1-b1)/2]2 x [mt/(a1+d)]
d2 = k1M4/c c = a1+d t1
1 or 2
Hidden Beam 2
2 = P2/B1 (t/m)
M4 or M5
M5 = 2 x [(B1-b2)/2]2 x [mt/(a2+d)] B1
d3 = k1M5/c c = a2+d
t1 = d (larger d1, d2, & d3) + cover = d + 5 cm Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Check of Punching
pnet = R/A1B1
P1 P2
For each column

Qp = P pnet (a+d)(b+d)
pnet
Ap = 2d [(a+d) + (b+d)]
d + a1 d + a2
p = Qp / Ap 80 t/m2 B1 d + b1 d + b2
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Rft details
As1 = ?? cm2/B1
As2 = ?? cm2/B1
As3 = ?? cm2/B1
As4 = ?? cm2/(a1 + 2d)
As5 = ?? cm2/(a2 + 2d)
Strap Foundation
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Design of Strap Foundation

Exterior footing Strap beam Interior footing
t1e ts t1i
te ti
Ae Ai
A1e A1i
Be Be1 bs Bi1 Bi

External footing
Assume Ae = Be
AeBe = 1.15P1/qallgross Ae (m)
e = (Ae a1)/2 P1 P2
S
R = P1 + P2 (t) Exterior footing Strap beam Interior footing

P1 x S = Re x (S e) a1
Re (t)
Ri = R Re (t)
AeBe = 1.15Re/qallgross Ae
Ae/2 Ai
Be (m) Ae/2 Ai/2 Ai/2
e Ri
Re
Choose te (m) from table using Re Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
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Internal footing
Assume Ai = Bi ti = te
AiBi = 1.15Ri/qallgross Bi (m), Ai (m), ti (m)
P1 P2
S
a1
Ae Ai
e
Re Ri

t1e ts t1i
te ti
Ae Ai
A1e x x A1i x
Be Be1 bs Bi1 Bi
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Design of Strap Beam
A1e = Ae x B1e = Be 2x
A1i = Ai 2x B1i = Bi 2x
bs = bmax + (5 cm - 10 cm) P1 P2
S
e1 = (A1e a1)/2 Exterior footing Strap beam Interior footing

R = P1 + P2 a1
P1 x S = R1e x (S e1)
A1e A1i
R1e A1e/2 A1e/2
R1i = R R1e
e1 R R1i
1e

Design of Strap Beam
P1 P2
1e = R1e/A1e (t/m)
1i = R1i/A1i (t/m)
1i

Mi = 1i x [(A1i a2)/2]2 x (mt) 1e A1e-a1 (A1i-a2)/2
a1 S - a1/2 - a2/2 a2
(A1i-a2)/2
Pt. of zero shear
- Point of zero shear at: S.F.D.
x = P1/ 1e
x
M-ve
M-ve = P1[x a1/2] 1ex2/2 (mt)
B.M.D.
ds = k1SMmax/bs (cm)
ts= ds + cover Mi
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P1 or P2

bs
Design of RC Base
External footing
e = R1e/B1e (t/m) t1e or t1i

Me = e x [(B1ebs)/2]2 x (mt)
de = k1SMe/A1e M
B1e or B1i
t1e = de + cover
A1e A1i
Be1 bs Bi1
P1 or P2

bs
Design of RC Base
Internal footing
i = R1i/B1i (t/m) t1e or t1i

Mi = i x [(B1bs)/2]2 x (mt)
di = k1SMi/A1i M
B1e or B1i
t1i = di + cover
A1e A1i
Be1 bs Bi1
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Rft Details
Strap beam Rft.
Shrinkage bars
Asi = Mi/k2d (cm2/bs)
As-ve = M-ve/k2d (cm2/bs)
R.C. baseRft.
Ase = Me/k2d (cm2/A1e)
Asi = Mi/k2d (cm2/A1i)
Raft Foundation
Raft or Mat foundation is a combined footing that covers
the entire area beneath a structure and supports all walls
and columns.
The raft normally rests directly, but can also be supported
on piles as well.
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Raft Foundation
Raft foundation is generally suggested in the following
situations:
Building loads are so heavy or the allowable pressure on
soil so small that individual footings would cover more
than floor area.
When structure and equipment to be supported are very
sensitive to different settlement.
Special structures such as silos, chimneys, water tower,
etc.
Raft Foundation
Raft foundation is generally suggested in the following
situations:
Floating foundation cases wherein soil is having a very
poor capacity and the weight of the superstructure is
proposed to be balanced by the weight of the soil
removed.
Buildings where basements are to be provided below
ground water table.
Buildings subjected to large widely varying bending
moments which may results in differential settlement.
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Types of Raft Foundation

Based on method of support:
Raft supported on soil
Raft supported on piles
Buoyancy raft.

Based on structural system:
Plain slab rafts which are flat concrete slabs having
uniform thickness throughout.
Beams and slab raft.
Cellular raft or framed raft with foundation slab, walls,
columns, and one of the floor slabs.
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Plain slab raft:
Most popular due to its simplicity
of design and construction.
Suitable where the column loads
are moderate and the column
spacing is small and uniform.
Pedestals are utilized to distribute
the load on a bigger area in case of
heavy column loads.

Slab and beam raft:
Used for heavy buildings where
stiffness is the principal
requirement to avoid excessive
distortion of the super structure as a
result of variation in the load
distribution over raft or the
compressibility of the supporting
soil.
Water proofing and basement
height problems. Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
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Framed raft:
Design of Raft Foundation

Modulus of subgrade reaction:
Modulus of subgrade reaction, ks, is the intensity of soil
pressure required to create a unit deflection.

Where
p = soil pressure
S = settlement
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Modulus of subgrade reaction
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ks depends on:
Compressibility of soil
Foundation dimensions

.

.
Where
B = foundation width
Es = soil compression modulus
I = factor depends on (L/B) & (d/B)
d = soil layer thickness
42

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23/02/1439

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Foundation: the structural element through which the loads from

Shallow vs Deep Foundations

The actual foundation configuration determines the

Types of Shallow Foundations

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Requirements for Design

Dimensions should be chosen such that the foundation

The foundation pressure should result in settlements and

The foundation must be economical:

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Requirements for Design

The foundation must be safe against attack of harmful

Sulphate tend to attack concrete.

Chloride tend to attack steel reinforcement.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Requirements for Design

The foundation must be placed at an adequate depth:

The foundation must be placed sufficiently away from the

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Requirements for Design

The maximum difference between in level between two

Requirements for Design

The foundation should be placed at a depth satisfying the

The foundation depth should consider the presence of high

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Shallow Foundations

Design of plain concrete base

Design of reinforced concrete base

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Strip Footing

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Strip Footing

t= d + cover (cover = 5 7 cm)

Design of Strip Footing P

Qsh = pnet x 1.0 x [(B1-b)/2 d] d

sh = Qsh / Ash 60 t/m2

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Strip Footing

AsII = Min 5 12/m

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Isolated Footing axb

B1, A1 t1, As(I), As(II)

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Isolated Footing A

Solving equation (1) & (2) get A & B

P (t) < 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Design of Isolated Footing a

Design of Isolated Footing a

dI = k1MI/c dII = k1MII/c I