Matematicas para Ingenieria PDF

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414 Lqwurgxfflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
415 D{lrpdv gh Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <
41514 Hvwuxfwxud gh Juxsr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44
41515 D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47
41516 Srwhqfldv Hqwhudv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54
41517 Frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq | frqmxqwr vroxflq gh xqd hfxdflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55
41518 Uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv gh sodqwhr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57
416 D{lrpdv gh Rughq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67
41614 Ud} q0vlpd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
41615 s Vlvwhpdv gh Hfxdflrqhv qr Olqhdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78
41616 5 hv luudflrqdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 84
41617 Lqhfxdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8:
41618 Od hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 96
41619 Ydoru devroxwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :4
417 D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;5
418 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;<
41814 Hvwuxfwxudv gh Juxsr | Fxhusr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;<
41815 Sureohpdv gh Sodqwhr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <3
41816 Hmhuflflrv gh Vlvwhpdv gh Hfxdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <5
41817 Hmhuflflrv Dfhufd gh orv D{lrpdv gh Rughq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <5
5 Ixqflrqhv <:
514 Lqwurgxfflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <:
515 Grplqlr | Uhfruulgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <;
516 Uhsuhvhqwdflq Jufd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 437
51614 Udfhv phgldqwh jufdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44:
517 Dsolfdflrqhv gh Ixqflrqhv/ Prghodflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 455
51714 Surjudpdflq Olqhdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 466
518 Dojheud gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46;
51814 Frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 474
51815 Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 478
519 Odv ixqflrqhv H{srqhqfldohv | Orjduwplfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48:
51: Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:7
51:14 Hmhuflflrv gh Grplqlr | Uhfruulgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:7
51:15 Hmhuflflrv gh Jufd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:8
51:16 Hmhuflflrv gh Prghodflq Pdwhpwlfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:9
51:17 Hmhuflflrv gh Frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:<
51:18 Hmhuflflrv gh Orjdulwprv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;3
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614 Frqfhswrv Evlfrv | Hmhpsorv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;8
615 Vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;:
616 Oplwh gh xqd Vxfhvlq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<4
617 Fofxor gh oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<:
618 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 547
7 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 54:

714 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54:
71414 Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54:
71415 Ghqlflq gh oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54;
71416 Ghprvwudflq gh Oplwh % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54<
71417 Whruhpdv Evlfrv vreuh Oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 558
715 Oplwhv Odwhudohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55:
71514 Dojheud gh Oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 563
71515 Oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 0 vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56:
71516 Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 574
716 Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57<
71614 Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 584
71615 Frphqwdulrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 587
71616 Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 589
717 Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 599
8 Ghulydgd 5:8
814 Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:8
81414 Hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:9
81415 Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;5
81416 Uhjod gh od Fdghqd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5;9
81417 Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq Lqyhuvd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 634
815 Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 636
816 Ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv lpsoflwdphqwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 639
817 Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 64<
818 Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 659
81814 Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpwulfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 659
81815 Dsolfdflrqhv Ivlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65:
81816 Ud}q gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65<
819 P{lpr | Pqlpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 675
81914 Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67<
81915 Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 683
81: Frqfdylgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 693
81:14 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69:
81:15 Oplwh Lqqlwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69<
81:16 Dvqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:4
81:17 Rwudv dvqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6:9
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D14 Uhodflrqhv Evlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;:
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E1414 Frrughqdgdv Fduwhvldqdv r Uhfwdqjxoduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;<
E1415 Frrughqdgdv Sroduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;<
E15 Wudqvirupdflq gh Frrughqdgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<3
E1514 Wudvodflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<3
E1515 Urwdflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<3
E1516 Uhodflq hqwuh frrughqdgdv sroduhv | fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<4
E16 Uhfwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<5
E1614 Glvwdqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<6
E17 Fqlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<7
E1714 Flufxqihuhqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<7
E1715 Sduerod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<8
E1716 Holsvh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<9
E1717 Klsuerod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<;
E1718 Hfxdflrqhv Fxdguwlfdv | Fqlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<<
F Ixqflrqhv Uhdohv gh Grv Yduldeohv 734

F14 Jufd gh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 738
F15 Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 73:
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hqwrqfhv +J> , hv xq juxsr Deholdqr r vlpsohphqwh J hv xq juxsr Deholdqr/ vxehqwhqglhqgr txh kd|
xqd rshudflq +,1
4 Qrwhprv od lpsruwdqfld gho rughq gh orv fxdqwlfdgruhv / ! +frpsduh frq ll ,1
Hmhpsor 4 Vhd
d e
P5 +], @ = d> e> f> g 5 ]
f g
ho frqmxqwr gh pdwulfhv fxdgudgdv gh rughq 5 frq frhflhqwhv hq ] | +., od rshudflq ghqlgd sru
3
d e d e3 d . d3 e . e3
. @ >
f g f3 g3 f . f3 g . g3
hqwrqfhv P5 +], hv xq juxsr1
Vroxflq= Yhultxhprv txh P5 +], fxpsoh frq odv surslhgdghv gh juxsr
l, Dvrfldwlylgdg=
3 33
d e d e3 d e33
Vhdq > > shuwhqhflhqwhv d P5 +],1 Vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh=
f g f3 g3 f33 g33
33
d e d3 e3 d e33
@ . .
f g f3 g3 f33 g33

d . d3 e . e3 d33 e33
@ 3 3 . / sru ghqlflq gh .
f.f g.g f33 g33

+d . d3 , . d33 +e . e3 , . e33
@
+f . f3 , . f33 +g . g3 , . g33

d . +d3 . d33 e . +e3 . e33
@ / dvrfldwlylgdg hq ]
f . +f3 . f33 g . +g3 . g33
3
d e d . d33 e3 . e33
@ .
f g f3 . f33 g3 . g33
3 33
d e d e3 d e33
@ . .
f g f3 g3 f33 g33
ll, H{lvwhqfld gho qhxwur=

3 3 d e
H{lvwh 5 P5 +], wdo txh sdud wrgr 5 P5 +], vh wlhqh
3 3 f g

3 3 d e d e 3 3 d e
. @ . @
3 3 f g f g 3 3 f g
lll, H{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv=

d e d e
Sdud wrgr 5 P5 +], h{lvwh 5 P5 +], wdo txh
f g f g

d e d e d e d e 3 3
. @ . @
f g f g f g f g 3 3
Revhuydflq= Pxfkdv yhfhv vh suhwhqgh ghprvwudu txh xq frqmxqwr hv juxsr prvwudqgr txh 5 6
hohphqwrv sduwlfxoduhv/ wrpdgrv do d}du/ vdwlvidfhq odv surslhgdghv gh fodxvxud/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ h{lvwhqfld
gh hohphqwr qhxwur | h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr lqyhuvr1 Wdo dfflq qr ghpxhvwud txh xq frqmxqwr hv juxsr>
wdpsrfr vhu xqd ghprvwudflq yolgd vl vh wrpd xq prqwq gh hohphqwrv gho frqmxqwr1 Od qlfd
irupd gh ghprvwudu hvwr hv wrpqgrorv wrgrv/ yhulfdqgr txh wrgrv hq frqmxqwr fxpsohq odv surslhgdghv
gh fodxvxud/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwr qhxwur | h{lvwhqfld gh hohphqwrv lqyhuvrv +Qrwh orv
fxdqwlfdgruhv xvdgrv hq odv surslhgdghv,1
Hq ho fdvr txh vh txlhud suredu txh xq frqmxqwr qr hv juxsr/ edvwd ghprvwudu txh h{lvwh do phqrv
dojxqd surslhgdg txh qr vh fxpsod1 Vhjq od uhjod lqglfd od qhjdflq gh od sursrvlflq=
Wrgrv orv hohphqwrv gh J fxpsohq wrgdv odv surslhgdghv
hv=
H{lvwh do phqrv xq hohphqwr gh J txh qr fxpsoh dojxqd surslhgdg
Sru hvr hv txh fxdqgr vh txlhuh suredu txh xq frqmxqwr J hv xq juxsr vh wrpdq xqrv hohphqwrv gh J
jhqulfrv txh uhsuhvhqwdq d fxdohvtxlhud gh orv hohphqwrv gh J1
Hmhpsor 5 Vhd
d 4
E@ = d> e 5 ]
e 3
frq od vxpd +., ghqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 41 Hqwrqfhv +E> ., qr hv xq juxsr/ sxhvwr txh qr vh yhulfd od
surslhgdg gh fodxvxud1 Hq hihfwr>

4 4 5 4
5E | 5E
4 3 3 3
shur
4 4 5 4 6 5
. @ 95 E
4 3 3 3 4 3
|d txh od hqwudgd vxshulru ghuhfkd gh od pdwul} uhvxowdqwh qr hv 4/ frqglflq qhfhvduld sdud hvwdu hq ho
frqmxqwr E1
Hmhpsor 6 Vhd F @ i+{> |, = { 5 ]> | 5 Qj | vhd od rshudflq ghqlgd sru
+{4 > |4 , +{5 > |5 , @ +{4 {5 > |4 . |5 ,
Hqwrqfhv +F> , qr hv juxsr1 Hq hihfwr> +4> 5,> +6> 8,> +4> 7, 5 F
++4> 5, +6> 8,, +4> 7, @ +4 6> 5 . 8, +4> 7,

@ +4> 44,
Sru rwud sduwh
+4> 5, ++6> 8, +4> 7,, @ +4> 5, +6 +4,> 8 . 7,

@ +6> 44,
Frpr +4> 44, 9@ +6> 44,/ hqwrqfhv qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg dvrfldwlyd1
Hmhpsor 7 Vhd qd r
T @ = d 5 ]> e 5 ] i3j >
e
oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv Qphurv Udflrqdohv1
Frqvlghuh odv rshudflrqhv vxpd | surgxfwr ghqlgdv sru=
d f dg . ef
. @
e g eg
d f df
@
e g eg
Qrwh txh dgeg
.ef
5 T | df
eg 5 T/ sxhvwr txh/ dg . ef 5 ]/ df 5 ] | eg 5 ] i3j1 +T> ., hv juxsr |
+T i3j> , hv juxsr1 Vh ghmd frpr hmhuflflr od yhulfdflq gh odv uhvshfwlydv surslhgdghv1
Hmhpsor 8 = Vhdq J @ i+{> |, = { 5 T > | 5 ]j | od rshudflq ghqlgd sru=

+{> |, +{3 > | 3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,
Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1

d, Ho hohphqwr qhxwur gh J hv +3> 3,1

e, H{lvwh xq hohphqwr qhxwur sdud J1
f, Ho lqyhuvr gh +4> 7, hv +3> 7,1
g, +J> , hv xq juxsr1
h, J fxpsoh od frqpxwdwlylgdg1
Vroxflq=
d, Idovr/ h{lvwh +5> 6, 5 J/ wdo txh

+5> 6, +3> 3, @ +3> 6, 9@ +5> 6,
e, Yhugdghur/ srutxh h{lvwh ho hohphqwr +4> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 J>
+{> |, +4> 3, @ +4> 3, +{> |, @ +{> |,
f, Idovr>
+4> 7, +3> 7, @ +3> 3, 9@ +4> 3,
g, Idovr/ srutxh h{lvwh +3> 3, 5 J wdo txh sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 J>
+3> 3, +{> |, @ +3> |, 9@ +4> 3,
hv ghflu/ +3/ 3, qr wlhqh lqyhuvr1

h, Yhugdghur/ sxhv sdud wrgr +{> |,> +{3 > | 3 , 5 J>
+{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{{3 > | . | 3 ,

@ +{3 {> | 3 . |,
@ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |,
oxhjr
+{> |, +{3 > |3 , @ +{3 > | 3 , +{> |,
41515 D{lrpdv gh U frpr Fxhusr

Dgplwluhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh xq frqmxqwr U fx|rv hohphqwrv vh oodpduq qphurv uhdohv1 Hq ho frqmxqwr
U vh wlhqhq odv rshudflrqhv ixqgdphqwdohv=
Od vxpd r dglflq= d . e
Ho surgxfwr r pxowlsolfdflq= d e
Frqvlguhqvh orv vljxlhqwhv d{lrpdv
l, 3 5 U / 4 5 U / 3 9@ 4
ll, +U > ., hv juxsr deholdqr
lll, ++U i3j,> , hv juxsr deholdqr
ly, Glvwulexwlylgdg=
;d> e> f 5 U = d+e . f, @ de . df
Vh glfh txh ho frqmxqwr U surylvwr gh wrgrv orv d{lrpdv gdgrv dqwhulruphqwh hv xq Fxhusr | vh hvfuleh>
+U> .> , hv xq fxhusr1
Orv hohphqwrv qhxwurv gh U vrq ho 3 | ho 4 +sdud od dglflq | pxowlsolfdflq uhvshfwlydphqwh, shur qxqfd
khprv sxhvwr hq gxgd txh hvwrv vrq orv qlfrv frq hvwd surslhgdg1
Hq hihfwr/ sru hmhpsor 4 hv ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr/ vhjq hvwdeohfh od sursrvlflq vljxlhqwh1
Sursrvlflq 416 Hq orv qphurv uhdohv whqhprv
l, Ho qhxwur dglwlyr hv qlfr

ll, Ho qhxwur pxowlsolfdwlyr hv qlfr
lll, Ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gh xq qphur uhdo hv qlfr
ly, Ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh xq qphur uhdo qr qxor hv qlfr
Vlq gxgd/ sdud od pd|rud gh qrvrwurv hvwd vhu od sulphud ghprvwudflq gh xqlflgdg | vlhqgr dvhv
exhqr kdfhu qrwdu txh pxfkdv yhfhv ghehuhprv suredu txh dojq hqwh pdwhpwlfr hv qlfr1 Or xvxdo hq
hvwrv fdvrv hv xvdu ho pwrgr gho devxugr txh frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu +hq hvwrv sureohpdv, txh kd| grv
hohphqwrv +hv ghflu/ txh qr hv qlfr, txh fxpsohq od surslhgdg txh orv ghqh +sru hmhpsor vhu qhxwur, |
edmr hvwh vxsxhvwr oohjdu d xqd iudvh pdwhpwlfd txh vhd idovd1
Ghprvwudflq= +l, Vxsrqjdprv txh 3> 33 5 U vrq grv qhxwurv dglwlyrv glvwlqwrv +3 9@ 33 ,/ hv ghflu/ 3 |
3* fxpsohq
;d 5 U d @ 3 . d @ d . 3 +414,
;e 5 U e . 33 @ 33 . e @ e +415,
Frpr 33 5 U/ hq sduwlfxodu vh sxhgh wrpdu d @ 33 hq 414/ dvwhqhprv txh
33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 +416,
Dqorjdphqwh frqvlghudqgr e @ 3 hq 415 vh wlhqh
3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3 +417,
Frqhfwdqgr odv fdghqdv 416 | 417 vh wlhqh txh
33 @ 3 . 33 @ 33 . 3 @ 3
hv ghflu/
33 @ 3
or txh kdfh xqd frqwudglfflq frq 3 9@ 33
Vh ghmdq frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru odv ghprvwudflrqhv gh odv sduwhv +ll,/ +lll, | +ly, gh od sursrvlflq1
Revhuydflq= Hv lpsruwdqwh dfodudu txh ho pwrgr gho devxugr hv px| wlo sdud ghprvwudu sursrvlflrqhv
gho wlsr
s,t +418,
Ho pwrgr frqvlvwh hq vxsrqhu txh vh fxpsoh od qhjdflq gh 418
+s , t,>
hv ghflu/ vxsrqhu txh vh yhulfd

sa t +419,
| d sduwlu gh hood rewhqhu xqd frqwudglfflq/ od txh qrv shuplwh dupdu txh 419 hv idovr/ | sru or wdqwr
txh od sursrvlflq 418 hv yhugdghud1
Frpr hmhpsor/ surehprv xqd surslhgdg txh qrv vhu wlo pv dghodqwh1
Hmhpsor 9
Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu1 +41:,
Revhuyh txh od sursrvlflq hq 41: hv gho wlsr u , v grqgh u @= s hv sdu | od sursrvlflq v hv v @= s
5 5
hv sdu1
'G
5 Xvduhprv ho vperor % sdud lqglfdu txh od sursrvlflq d od l}txlhugd gh o hvw ghqlgd sru od h{suhvlq d vx ghuhfkd1
Dtx u 'Gs2 hv sdu vljqlfd txh od sursrvlflq u vh ghqh frpr od sursrvlflq s2 hv sdu1
Ghprvwudflq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ s5 hv sdu | s qr hv sdu1 Frpr s qr hv sdu s gheh vhu
lpsdu> oxhjr h{lvwh n 5 ] wdo txh
s @ 5n . 4
shur
s5 @ +5n . 4,+5n . 4,
@ +5n . 4,5n . +5n . 4, 4
@ 7n5 . 5n . 5n . 4
@ 7n5 . 7n . 4
@ 5+5n5 . 5n, . 4
oxhjr s5 @ 5n3 . 4 frq n3 @ 5n5 . 5n 5 ] gh grqgh s5 hv lpsdu> or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr txh s5 hv sdu1
Hq frqvhfxhqfld
Vl s5 hv sdu/ hqwrqfhv s hv sdu
Hmhpsor :
Qrwdflq=
d4 lqglfd ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho qphur uhdo qr qxor d1
Frq orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr ghprvwuduhprv dojxqdv surslhgdghv evlfdv gh U1
Sursrvlflq 417 Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv
l, +d . e, @ +d, . +e,

ll, +d, @ d
lll, +de,4 @ d4 e4 > d 9@ 3> e 9@ 3
ly, +d4 ,4 @ d> d 9@ 3
y, e 3 @ 3
yl, +de, @ +d,e @ d+e,
yll, +d,+e, @ de
Ghprvwudflq= l, Frpr d | e vrq qphurv uhdohv/ d . e wdpelq hv xq qphur uhdo1 Dv/ sru d{lrpd/
hvwh owlpr wlhqh vx lqyhuvr dglwlyr txh hv +d . e,/ sru or wdqwr
+d . e, . ++d . e,, @ 3
Sru rwud sduwh/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ dvrfldwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr | d{lrpd gho qhxwur whqhprv txh
+d . e, . +d, . +e, @ +d . +d,, . +e . +e,,

@ 3.3
@ 3
Sru or wdqwr
+d . e, . +d, . +e, @ 3
hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg qrv glfh txh wdpelq +d, . +e, hv lqyhuvr gh +d . e,1 Gh hvwd irupd/ sru xqlflgdg
gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr/ vh wlhqh txh
+d . e, @ +d, . +e,
ll, Sru d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr h{lvwh +d, 5 U | +d, 5 U | qrwhprv txh
+d, . d @ d . +d, @ 3
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 4:
|
++d,, . +d, @ +d, . ++d,, @ 3
ljxdogdghv txh qrv glfhq txh wdqwr d frpr +d, vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gh +d,> hq frqvhfxhqfld/ sru
xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr
d @ +d,
Dqorjdphqwh vh ghpxhvwudq +lll, | +ly, fdpeldqgr vxpd sru pxowlsolfdflq | qdwxudophqwh fdpeldqgr
od qrwdflq gh lqyhuvr dglwlyr d lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1
y, Sxhvwr txh sru d{lrpd gho qhxwur dglwlyr
3@3.3
hqwrqfhv whqhprv sru glvwulexwlylgdg
e 3 @ e +3 . 3, @ e 3 . e 3
oxhjr
e3@e3.e3
Vxpdqgr d dperv plhpeurv gh od hfxdflq BB ho lqyhuvr dglwlyr gho qphur uhdo e3/ dvrfldqgr ghelgdphqwh/
| sru od surslhgdg gho qhxwur h lqyhuvr dglwlyr vh wlhqh txh
e 3 . ++e 3,, @ e 3 . e 3 . ++e 3,,

3 @ e 3 . +e 3 . ++e 3,,,
3 @ e3.3
3 @ e3
oxhjr
e3@3
yl, Od ghprvwudflq frqvlvwh hq suredu txh +de, | +d,e vrq lqyhuvrv dglwlyrv gho plvpr qphur=
Fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh +de, hv ho lqyhuvr gh +de, oxhjr
de . ++de,, @ 3
Sru rwur odgr sru od surslhgdg gh glvwulexwlylgdg/ d{lrpd gho lqyhuvr dglwlyr | sru BB whqhprv txh
de . +d,e @ +d . +d,,e
@ 3e
@ 3
oxhjr
de . +d,e @ 3
ljxdogdg txh qrv glfh txh +d,e wdpelq hv lqyhuvr gh de/ dv/ sru xqlflgdg gho lqyhuvr gh de vh wlhqh txh
+de, @ +d,e
Dghpv/ sru frqpxwdwlylgdg/ BB vh wlhqh txh
+de, @ +ed,
@ +e,d
@ d+e,
sru or wdqwr
+de, @ d+e,
4; FKDSWHU 41 ORV QPHURV UHDOHV
txh hv od rwud ljxdogdg txh txhudprv suredu1

yll, Frqvlghuhprv
+d,+e, @ +d+e,, xvdqgr yl,
@ ++de,, xvdqgr yl,
@ de xvdqgr ll,
oxhjr
+d,+e, @ de
or txh suxhed qdophqwh od sursrvlflq1
Frurodulr 418
l, +4,+4, @ 4
ll, +e, @ +4e, @ +4,e
Ghprvwudflq= Wrpdqgr d @ 4 | e @ 4 hq yll, vh wlhqh txh
+4,+4, @ 4
| wrpdqgr d @ 4 hq yl, vh wlhqh

+e, @ +4e, @ +4,e

Qrwdflrqhv=
Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv hvfuleluhprv
d . +e, @ = d e
4
d4 @ > d 9@ 3
d
d
de4 @ > e 9@ 3 +41;,
e
Hmhpsor ; Fxdqgr dqrwdprv
4
{5 7
hvwdprv kdeodqgr gho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh {5 71 Gh hvwd irupd/ {547 vhud xq qphur uhdo vl | vor
vl {5 7 9@ 3> hv ghflu/ vl { 9@ 5 | { 9@ 5/ dvod ljxdogdg
4
@ +{5 7,4
{5 7
hvw ghqlgd hq U vl | vor vl { 5 U i5> 5j+hq rwur fdvr dpedv h{suhvlrqhv fduhfhq gh vhqwlgr,1
Revhuydflq= Vl d> e 5 U i3j/ hqwrqfhv>

d 4 e
@
e d
hq hihfwr/ xvdqgr od sursrvlflq 417 | od qrwdflq dqwhulru>
d 4 e
@ +de4 ,4 @ d4 +e4 ,4 @ d4 e @ ed4 @
e d
Pxfkdv hqwuh odv revhuydflrqhv dqwhulruhv | odv txh yhqguq/ vrq idplolduhv do ohfwru/ pv dq/ |d odv
kd xwlol}dgr> shur or txh ghehprv qrwdu hv txh vrq sursrvlflrqhv txh vh sxhghq ghprvwudu | txh wrgdv
surylhqhq gh orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr txh fxpsoh U1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 4<
Hmhpsor < Vhdq d> f 5 U> e> g 5 U i3j

Ghprvwuduhprv txh vh wlhqh odv vljxlhqwhv ljxdogdghv
d f dg . ef
. @ +41<,
d e f g df
eg
@ +4143,
e g eg
Xvdqgr od qrwdflq/ sursrvlflq 417 | orv d{lrpdv gh U vh wlhqh txh
dg.ef @ +dg . ef,+eg,4 qrwdflq
glvwulexwlylgdg
eg
@ dg+eg,4 . ef+eg,4
@ dge4 g4 . efe4 g4 417lll,
@ d+gg4 ,e4 . +ee4 ,fg4 frqpxwdwlylgdg | dvrfldwlylgdg
@ d4e4 . 4fg4 surslhgdg lqyhuvrv
@ de4 . fg4 surslhgdg qhxwur
@ d. f
e g qrwdflq
Dghpv= d f df
@ +de4 ,+fg4 , @ dfe4 g4 @ df+eg,4 @
e g eg
Odv surslhgdghv dqwhulruhv wlhqhq od yhqwdmd gh txh qrv shuplwhq wudedmdu frq h{suhvlrqhv pv vlpsol0
fdgdv
Vxefrqmxqwrv Qrwdeohv
Dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv qrwdeohv gh U txh phqflrqdprv do sulqflslr gho fdswxor vrq
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Qdwxudohv1
Q @ i4> 5> 6> 7> 8> = = =j
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Hqwhurv1
] @ i= = = > 6> 5> 4> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7> = = =j
Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Udflrqdohv1

qd r
T @ = d 5 ] a e 5 ] i3j
e
Rwurv frqmxqwrv qrwdeohv vrq
Q3 @ Q ^ i3j @ ].
3
] @ iq = q 5 Qj
L@ UT
hvwh owlpr oodpdgr ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Luudflrqdohv1
Qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh fdghqd gh ghvljxdogdghv
Q Q3 @ ].
3 ] T U
| dghpv6
T ^L
b @U
Qrwhprv txh orv vljxlhqwhv qphurv uhdohv
4> 5
4> 657> 3> 6>
3> 69
lqglfd xqlq glvmxqwd1
6
vrq qphurv udflrqdohv/ sxhv hoorv vh sxhghq h{suhvdu gh od irupd

d
> sdud dojq d 5 ]> e 5 ] i3j
e
Sru hmhpsor
4657 6 4> 5 45
453
4> 657 @ > 3> 6 @ @ 43
@
4333 < 3> 69 69
433
69
| vlpsolfdqgr fdgd xqd rewhqhprv h{suhvlrqhv udflrqdohv pv vlpsohv
4> 657 @ 664

583
> 3> 6 @ 46 > 4>5
3>69
@ 43
6
Dojxqrv hmhpsorv gh qphurv luudflrqdohv vrq

s
> 5> h
grqgh vh dsur{lpd do udflrqdo 6> 47 | h vh dsur{lpd do udflrqdo 5> :41 Hvwdv dsur{lpdflrqhv vrq xvdgdv
sdud kdfhu dojxqrv fofxorv phqruhv
s pv vlpsohv/ shur hoorv wlhqhq lqqlwrv ghflpdohv | qr vrq shulglfrv1
Sureduhprv pv dghodqwh txh 5 hv xq qphur luudflrqdo1
Uhfrughprv txh ho udglr gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld hvw frqwhqlgr 5 yhfhv hq vx flufxqihuhqfld1
Dkrud yhdprv dojxqrv hmhpsorv txh pxhvwudq dojxqdv gh odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv txh fxpsohq orv
vxefrqmxqwrv gh U dqwhulruphqwh phqflrqdgrv1
Hmhpsor 43 Ghwhuplqhprv vl vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv
41 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv luudflrqdohv fxpsoh frq ho d{lrpd gh fodxvxud sdud od vxpd r ho surgxfwr
ghqlgrv hq U
51 +L> ., hv xq juxsr
61 +]> .> , hv xq fxhusr
71 +T > .> , hv xq fxhusr
Vroxflq=
s s
41 Idovr1 Orv qphurv d @ 5 | e @ 5 vrq luudflrqdohv shur
d.e@3
txh hv xq qphur udflrqdo +3 @ 34 / sru hmhpsor,> sru or wdqwr qr fxpsoh frq od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud
s s s
sdud od vxpd1 Sru rwud sduwh vl wrpdprv dkrud d @ e @ 5/ hqwrqfhv de @ 5 5 @ 5 txh hv xq
qphur udflrqdo> sru or wdqwr qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh fodxvxud sdud ho surgxfwr ghqlgr hq U1
51 Idovr1 Sru or dqwhulru hv fodur txh +L> ., qr hv juxsr
61 Idovr1 Vl +]> .> , ixhud fxhusr/ hqwrqfhv +] i3j> , vhud juxsr> shur ] qr fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh
lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr1
71 Yhugdghur1 +T > ., hv juxsr/ +T i3j> , hv juxsr | vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg glvwulexwlyd hq T1

41516 Srwhqfldv Hqwhudv

Ghqlflq 419 Vhd d 5 U / q 5 ]. 1 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru=
d d~} d d
dq @ d
q yhfhv
Xqd ghqlflq pv suhflvd gh srwhqfld hv od vljxlhqwh

Vhd d 5 U 1 Vh ghqh sru uhfxuuhqfld>
l, d3 @ 4/ d 9@ 3
ll, dq.4 @ dq d/ ;q 5 Q3
Vhd q 5 ] / d 9@ 31 Vh ghqh od srwhqfld uhdo gh edvh d | h{srqhqwh q sru=
4 4
dq @ @ +4144,
d d d~} d d
d
q
q yhfhv
Hmhpsor 44
4 4 4
56 @ 5 5 5 @ ;> 56 @ @ @
56 555 ;
Whruhpd 41: Vhd d> e 5 U i3j/ q 5 ] / p 5 ] / hqwrqfhv
l, dq dp @ dq.p
ll, dq eq @ +de,q
p
lll,q @d
d
d
p q
q
ly, q @ d d q
e e
y, +dq ,p @ dqp
Wrgdv hvwdv surslhgdghv vh suxhedq xvdqgr lqgxfflq/ wfqlfd gh ghprvwudflq txh frqvlvwh hq hvwh
fdvr hq= sulphur yhu txh od ljxdogdg vh fxpsoh sdud q @ 3> srvwhulruphqwh/ vh vxsrqh txh vh fxpsoh od
ljxdogdg sdud xq qdwxudo +jhqulfr, n | xwlol}dqgr hvwd lqirupdflq vh pxhvwud txh od ljxdogdg hv yolgd
sdud ho qdwxudo vljxlhqwh n . 41 Xqd ghprvwudflq wdo qrv jdudqwl}d txh odv ljxdogdghv vrq vor yolgdv hq
Q3 shur xvdqgr od ghqlflq vh sxhgh rewhqhu od surslhgdg hq ]1
Surgxfwrv Qrwdeohv
Xvdqgr odv surslhgdghv gh srwhqfldv | orv d{lrpdv gh U vh wlhqhq orv vljxlhqwhv surgxfwrv qrwdeohv=
4, d5 e5 @ +d . e,+d e,
5, +d . e,5 @ d5 . 5de . e5
6, d6 . e6 @ +d . e,+d5 de . e5 ,
7, d6 e6 @ +d e,+d5 . de . e5 ,
8, +d . e,6 @ d6 . 6d5 e . 6de5 . e6
9, +d e,6 @ d6 6d5 e . 6de5 e6
:, dp ep @ +d e,+dp4 . dp5 e . dp6 e5 . .
dep5 . ep4 , ;p 5 ].
Hmhpsor 45 Vhdq d> e hq U/ wdohv txh od h{suhvlq vljxlhqwh hvw ghqlgd hq U=

# $
d4 . e4 f+de,4 4
L @ d5 .e5 f5
d5 e5
. 5d4 e4 4
d.e.f
Vlpsoltxh L1
Vroxflq= Surfhglhqgr hq hwdsdv/ whqhprv
d5 e5 +d4 . e4 f+de,4 ,
L @ +d . e . f,
d5 . e5 f5 . 5d4 e4 d5 e5
+de5 . d5 e fde,+d . e . f,
@
d5 . e5 f5 . 5de
de+e . d f,+d . e . f,
@
+d . e,5 f5
de+e . d f,+d . e . f,
@
+d . e f,+d . e . f,
@ de
Ghwhuplqh sdud tx ydoruhv gh { 5 U od h{suhvlq hvw ghqlgd hq U/ | vlpsoltxh1

{5 5{ . 4
H@ +{4,6
{5 4
Vroxflq= Od h{suhvlq hvw ghqlgd hq U vl
+{ 4,6
9@ 3 a {5 4 9@ 3
{5 4
hv ghflu/
+{ 4, 9@ 3 a {5 4 9@ 3
Sru or wdqwr H 5 U vl { 5 U i4> 4j1
Whqhprv
{5 5{ . 4
H @
+{ 4,6
{ 9@ 4 > { 9@ 4

{5 4
{5 5{ . 4 5
@ +{ 4,
+{ 4,6
4
@ +{ 4,+{ . 4,
+{ 4,
@ {.4
Qrwh txh { . 4 wlhqh vhqwlgr7 sdud wrgr { 5 U / qr dvH |d txh do phqrv sdud 4 | 4 qr wlhqh vhqwlgr1
41517 Frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq | frqmxqwr vroxflq gh xqd hfxdflq

Oodpduhprv frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq8 gh xqd h{suhvlq txh lqyroxfud d orv wuplqrv S +{, | T+{,9 +sru
hmhpsor/ S +{, @ T+{,, do frqmxqwr U gh orv { hq U sdud orv fxdohv fdgd wuplqr gh od h{suhvlq hvw
ghqlgd hq U1
Oodpduhprv frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od hfxdflq S +{, @ T+{, do vxefrqmxqwr V gh orv { hq U txh
vdwlvidfhq od hfxdflq/ hv ghflu/
V @ i{ 5 U _ U = S +{, @ T+{,j
7 Txh { n whqjd vhqwlgr sdud wrgr { hq U vljqlfd txh { n hvw ghqlgr hq wrgr { M U/ hv ghflu/ { M U> { n M U1
8 Vxhoh oodpuvhoh grplqlr gh xqd h{suhvlq1
9 S E{ | TE{ vrq h{suhvlrqhv wdohv txh do phqrv xqd gh hoodv lqyroxfud od yduldeoh {1
Wdpelq hvfuleluhprv
V @ i{ 5 U = S +{, @ T+{,j
vxehqwhqglhqgr txh { gheh hvwdu hq U1
Revhuyhprv txh ho frqmxqwr vroxflq vlhpsuh gheh hvwdu lqfoxlgr hq ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq V U1
Sru hmhpsor/ ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U = {4 @ {j hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv uhdohv wdohv txh fxpsohq od hfxdflq
{ @ {/ hv ghflu/
4
4
i{ 5 U = @ {j @ i4> 4j
{
Uhvroyhu xqd hfxdflq vljqlfd hqfrqwudu vx frqmxqwr vroxflq1
Uhvroydprv od hfxdflq
{5 5{ . 4
+{4,6
@6
{5 4
Vroxflq= Sru ho hmhpsor 41516 hv fodur txh ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq hv U4 @ U i4> 4j/ Dghpv
vlpsolfdqgr od h{suhvlq l}txlhugd gh od ljxdogdg/ rewhqhprv
{
5
5{.4 @ 6

+{ 4,6
{5 4
/ {.4 @ 6
/ { @ 5
Sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od hfxdflq hv=

+ ,
{5 5{ . 4
V @ {5U=
+{ 4,6
@6

{5 4
@ i5j _ U4
@ i5j _ +U i4> 4j,
@ i5j
Sursrvlflq 41; Vhdq d> e hq U1
l, Od hfxdflq
{.d@e
wlhqh sru qlfd vroxflq ho uhdo e d1
ll, Vl d 9@ 3 od hfxdflq
d{ @ e
wlhqh frpr qlfd vroxflq ho uhdo de 1
Od ghprvwudflq vh ghmdu frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru> gheh xvduvh odv surslhgdghv gh lqyhuvr dglwlyr
| pxowlsolfdwlyr uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Hmhuflflr 46 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh1

q r
41 { 5 U = {{.6
.6
@ 4 @U
q r
51 {5U = +{.6,+{.7,
{.6 @4 @!
61 +;d> e 5 U,+de @ 4 , +d @ 4 b e @ 4,,

71 +;{> | 5 U,+{5 @ | 5 , { @ |,
Vroxflq=
41 Idovr1 Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq gh od hfxdflq

{.6
@4
{.6
hv U @ U i6j1
Oxhjr/ vlpsolfdqgr od h{suhvlq
{.6
@4
{.6
rewhqhprv txh 4 @ 4 or fxdo hv yhugdghur1 Sru or wdqwr ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od hfxdflq hv

{.6
V@ {5U = @ 4 @ U _ U @ U i6j
{.6
51 Yhugdghur1 Ho frqmxqwr uhvwulfflq gh od hfxdflq
+{ . 6,+{ . 7,
@4
{.6
hv U4 @ U i6j1 Vlq hpedujr do vlpsolfdu od h{suhvlq
+{ . 6,+{ . 7,
@4
{.6
rewhqhprv od hfxdflq
{.7@4
gh grqgh whqhprv txh { @ 61 Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od hfxdflq hv

{.6
V @ { 5 U4 = @4 @ i6j _ U4
{.6
@ i6j _ +U i6j,
@ !
61 Idovr1 Frqvlghuhprv d @ 5@6/ e @ 6@5 hq U
5 6 5 6
@ 4 shur 9@ 4 | 9@ 4
6 5 6 5
71 Idovr1 Vhdq { @ 5/ | @ 5

+5,5 @ 55 shur 5 9@ 5
41518 Uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv gh sodqwhr

Od lpsruwdqfld gh od sursrvlflq 41; hvw hq od uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv1 Sru hmhpsor/ hq orv vljxlhqwhv
sureohpdv ghehprv oohydu ho hqxqfldgr d xq sodqwhdplhqwr pdwhpwlfr txh oxhjr vh uhgxfh d od uhvroxflq
gh xqd hfxdflq hq xqd yduldeoh +r d od uhvroxflq gh xq vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv,1
Hmhuflflr 47 Xqd erped txh wudedmd vrod/ oohqd xq hvwdqtxh hq : krudv/ rwud or kdud hq ; krudv1BcHq
fxqwr wlhpsr vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vl wudedmdq dpedv erpedv d od yh}B
Vroxflq= Vhd { ho qphur gh krudv txh wdugd ho hvwdqtxh hq oohqduvh +vl wudedmdq dpedv erpedv d od
yh}, | vhd Y ho yroxphq wrwdo gho hvwdqtxh1
Vl xqd erped oohqd ho hvwdqtxh hq : krudv +hqwrqfhv hq xqd krud oohqdu 4: gho hvwdqtxh,/ oxhjr hq {
krudv oohqdu {: gho hvwdqtxh/ hv ghflu/ oohqdu {Y
:
+xqlgdghv gh yroxphq,1 Od rwud erped oohqd ho hvwdqtxh
hq ; krudv/ hqwrqfhv hq { krudv oohqdu {; gho hvwdqtxh/ hv ghflu/ {Y +xqlgdghv gh yroxphq,1 Frpr hq {
krudv/ odv grv erpedv mxqwdv oohqdq do hvwdqtxh hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh
;
{Y {Y
. @Y
: ;
or txh htxlydoh d
{ {
. @4
: ;
gh grqgh 48{ @ 891 Oxhjr/ wudedmdqgr odv grv erpedv d od yh}/ ho hvwdqtxh vh oohqd hq 89248 krudv1
Hmhuflflr 48 Fxdwur hvwxgldqwhv ghflghq ylylu vrorv hq xq ghsduwdphqwr | uhsduwlu hq sduwhv ljxdohv ho
duulhqgr phqvxdo1 Vlq hpedujr/ hqfxhqwudq txh vl dxphqwd hq grv ho qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv/ vx fxrwd
phqvxdo vh uhgxfh hq ' 8=3331 BcFxo hv ho frvwr gho duulhqgrB
Vroxflq= Vhd { ho frvwr gho duulhqgr1 Vl kd| fxdwur hvwxgldqwhv hqwrqfhv od fxrwd phqvxdo gh fdgd xqr
hv gh {7 1 Vl dxphqwdq hq grv/ hqwrqfhv od fxrwd phqvxdo vhu gh {9 1 Gdgdv odv klswhvlv gho sureohpd vh
wlhqh txh
{ 8=333 @ {
, 6{ 45 8=333 @ 5{
7 9
, { @ 93=333
Oxhjr ho frvwr gho duulhqgr hv gh ' 93=3331
Sdud uhvroyhu sureohpdv frpr orv dqwhulruhv vh uhtxlhuh= uhfrqrfhu orv gdwrv lpsruwdqwhv +| ghvsuh0
fldu lqirupdflq lqqhfhvduld,> lghqwlfdu od r odv lqfjqlwdv h lqwurgxflu xqd r pv yduldeohv sdud
uhsuhvhqwduodv> sodqwhdu | uhvroyhu odv hfxdflrqhv txh uhodflrqdq orv gdwrv/ whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd odv uhvwulf0
flrqhv qhfhvduldv lqyroxfudgdv hq ho sureohpd1 Hq dojxqrv fdvrv hv qhfhvdulr dsolfdu frqfhswrv wdohv frpr
srufhqwdmh/ ud}q | sursruflq/ yhorflgdg +@ glvwdqfld2wlhpsr,/ hwf1
Revhuydflq= Uhfrughprv txh>
41 s hv ho t sru flhqwr +vh hvfuleh t(, gh {/ vl | vor vl>

t
s@ {
433
51 Od ud}q gh grv qphurv d = e +vh ohh d hv d e, hv ho fxrflhqwh

d
e
+Od h{suhvlq d = e ghvhd ghvwdfdu ho dvshfwr gh frpsdudflq hqwuh d | e,1
Xqd sursruflq hv xqd ljxdogdg hqwuh grv ud}rqhv/ sru hmhpsor>
5=6@9=<
txh vh ohh 5 hv d 6 frpr 9 hv d <

61 Vh glfh txh d hv gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d e vl | vor vl h{lvwh xqd frqvwdqwh t wdo txh
d @ te
Vh glfh txh d hv lqyhuvdpdqwh sursruflrqdo d e vl h{lvwh xqd frqvwdqwh t wdo txh

4
d@t
e
Hq dperv fdvrv t vh oodpd idfwru gh sursruflrqdolgdg | jhqhudophqwh vh wlhqh t A 31
71 Gduhprv ho yroxphq | uhd gh dojxqrv fxhusrv jhrpwulfrv txh xwlol}duhprv
41 +d, Sdudohohsshgr gh dulvwdv {/ |/ }1

Yroxphq= Y @ {|}
Duhd= D @ 5{| . 5{} . 5|}
+e, Flolqgur gh udglr u | dowxud k1
Yroxphq= Y @ u5 k
Duhd= D @ 5u5 . 5uk
+f, Frqr uhfwr gh udglr edvdo u | dowxud k1
Yroxphq= Y @ 46 u5 k
s
Duhd= D @ u u5 . k5
+g, Hvihud gh udglr u1
Yroxphq= Y @ 76 u6
Duhd= D @ 7u5
Hmhuflflr 49 Vl ho udglr gho flolqgur glvplqx|h hq xq 43( plhqwudv txh vx dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45( hq
tx wdqwr sruflhqwr ydudq
d, Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur
e, Ho duh odwhudo gho flolqgur
Vroxflq= Vhd u = udglr lqlfldo gho flolqgur/ k = dowxud lqlfldo gho flolqgur
d, Vl ho udglr glvplqx|h hq xq 43( hqwrqfhv ho qxhyr udglr uq vhu
uq @ u +3> 4,u @ 3> 45k @ 4> 45k
oxhjr ho qxhyr yroxphq vhu Yq
Yq @ uq 5 kq @ +3> <u,5 +4> 45k, @ 3> <3:5u5 k @ u5 k 3> 3<5;u5 k
hvwr hv/ ho yroxphq glvplqx|h hq 3> 3<5;u5 k xqlgdghv> hv ghflu/ glvplqx|h hq <> 5;(
e, Ho uhd gho flolqgur vhu
Dq @ 5uq kq @ 5+3> <u,+4> 45k, @ 4> 33; 5uk @ 5uk . 3> 33; 5uk
oxhjr ho uhd odwhudo dxphqwd hq 3> ;(1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 5:
Hmhuflflr 4: Hq xqd suxhed gh pdwhpwlfdv/ ho 45( gh orv hvwxgldqwhv gh xqd fodvh qr uhvroyl xq sure0
ohpd/ ho 65( or uhvroyl frq dojxqrv huuruhv | orv 47 hvwxgldqwhv uhvwdqwhv rewxylhurq od vroxflq fruuhfwd1
Fxqwrv hvwxgldqwhv kded hq od fodvhB
Vroxflq= Vhd { ho qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv/ hqwrqfhv

45
{ qr uhvroylhurq ho sureohpd
433
65
{ uhvroylhurq frq dojxqrv huuruhv ho sureohpd
433
47 = uhvroylhurq ho sureohpd fruuhfwdphqwh
Oxhjr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh hfxdflq
45 65
{. { . 47 @ {
433 433
gh grqgh
89{ @ 4733>
hv ghflu/
4733
{@ @ 58
89
oxhjr kded 58 hvwxgldqwhv hq od fodvh1
Hmhuflflr 4; Xqd wlhqgd gh dqwlj hgdghv frpsu grv pxheohv hq ' 558=333 | ghvsxv orv yhqgl | rewxyr
xq ehqhflr gho 73(1 Fxqwr sdj sru fdgd pxheoh vl ho sulphur ghm xq ehqhflr gho 58( | ho vhjxqgr
xq ehqhflr gho 83(B
Vroxflq= Vhd { shvrv +hq plohv, or txh oh kd frvwdgr ho sulphu pxheoh hqwrqfhv ho vhjxqgr or frpsu hq
+558 {, plo shvrv
Ho sulphur glr xq ehqhflr gho 58(/ oxhjr vh yhqgl hq
+{ . 3> 58{, plo shvrv>
hv ghflu/ 4> 58{ plo shvrv1

Ho vhjxqgr glr xq ehqhflr gho 83(/ oxhjr vh yhqgl hq
4> 83+558 {, plo shvrv
Sru klswhvlv/ od wlhqgd frpsu orv grv pxheohv hq 558 plo shvrv | rewxyr xq ehqhflr wrwdo gho 73(/
oxhjr orv grv pxheohv vh yhqglhurq hq
4> 73 558 @ 648 plo shvrv1
Dv/ rewhqhprv od hfxdflq

4> 58{ . 4> 83+558 {, @ 648
gh grqgh
3> 58{ @ 55> 8
oxhjr
{ @ <3
Ho sulphu pxheoh vh yhqgl hq ' <3=333 | ho vhjxqgr hq ' 468=3331
Revhuydflq= Ho wdqwr sru flhqwr gh ehqhflr vh fdofxod hq uhodflq frq ho suhflr gh frvwr +wrpdgr frpr
433(,1
Hmhuflflr 4< Orv glphwurv gh grv flolqgurv vrq hqwuh vfrpr 6 = 7 | vxv dowxudv frpr 8 = 91 BcTx wdqwr
sru flhqwr gho yroxphq gho pd|ru gh hoorv hv ho yroxphq gho phqruB
Vroxflq= Vhdq g4 > g5 orv glphwurv gh orv flolqgurv | k4 > k5 vxv uhvshfwlydv dowxudv1 Sru klswhvlv gho
sureohpd whqhprv odv vljxlhqwhv uhodflrqhv>
g4 6 k4 8
@ > @ +4145,
g5 7 k5 9
Dghpv od iupxod gho yroxphq gh xq flolqgur hv
Y @ u5 k
grqgh u hv ho udglr gho flolqgur | k od dowxud> dghpv
g @ 5u
grqgh g hv ho glphwur gho flolqgur1

Frq wrgr or dqwhulru whqhprv txh
5
Y @ g k
7
| sdud fdgd flolqgur
Y4 @ 7 g54 k4 Y5 @ 7 g55 k5
Shur gh 4145 whqhprv
g4 @ 67 g5 | k4 @ 89 k5
oxhjr
< 58 78 5 78
Y4 @ g5 k5 @ g5 k5 @ Y5
7 49 9 <9 7 <9
dv/
78
Y4 @ Y5
<9
Oxhjr Y4 hv ho 79> ;:8( gh Y5 1
Xqd surslhgdg txh qrv vhu px| wlo hq od uhvroxflq gh hfxdflrqhv hv od vljxlhqwh1
Sursrvlflq 41< Vhdq d> e 5 U
de @ 3 +, d @ 3 b e @ 3 +4146,
Ghprvwudflq= +,,: Vxsrqjdprv d 9@ 3> hqwrqfhv h{lvwh d4 5 U wdo txh
de @ 3 , d4 de @ d4 3
, 4e @ 3
, e @ 3
+ + , Hv fodur txh vl d @ 3 b e @ 3 hqwrqfhv de @ 3> oxhjr
+;d> e 5 U,+de @ 3 / d @ 3 b e @ 3,

Revhuyhprv txh od surslhgdg dqwhulru qr hv yolgd hq fxdotxlhu frqmxqwr frq rshudflrqhv gh vxpd |
pxowlsolfdflq1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuhprv ho frqmxqwr gh pdwulfhv

d e
P5 +U, @ = d> e> f> g 5 U
f g
: Sru htxlydohqfld ojlfd hvwd lpsolfdqfld hq 4146 vh sxhgh hvfulelu Es i t j v/ txh hv htxlydohqwh Es2 ; t i v | hvwr
owlpr hv or txh xvduhprv hq hvwd sduwh gh od ghprvwudflq1
4151 D[LRPDV GH FXHUSR 5<
edmr od rshudflq gh surgxfwr ghqlgd sru

3
d e d e3 dd3 . ef3 de3 . eg3
@
f g f3 g3 fd3 . gf3 fe3 . gg3
Vhdq
4 3 3 3
D@ | E@
3 3 3 4
Hv fodur txh
3 3
DE @
3 3
shur D 9@ 3 | E 9@ 31 Or txh vvh fxpsoh hv txh
D @ 3 b E @ 3 , DE @ 3
Od surslhgdg 4146 qrv shuplwh uhvroyhu dojxqdv hfxdflrqhv1 Sru hmhpsor uhvroydprv hq U od vljxlhqwh
hfxdflq
+{ . 4,+{ 4, @ 3
Hv fodur txh
+{ . 4,+{ 4, @ 3 / +{ 4 @ 3, b +{ . 4 @ 3,
gh grqgh ho frqmxqwr vroxflq V hv
V @ i{ 5 U = +{ . 4,+{ 4, @ 3j @ i4> 4j
Dqorjdphqwh vh sxhgh uhvroyhu ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd
Hmhpsor 53 Od vroxflq gh od hfxdflq

{5 @ 58
hv i8> 8j
Vroxflq=
Hq hihfwr>
{5 @ 58 / {5 58 @ 3
/ +{ 8,+{ . 8, @ 3
/ {8@3 b {.8@3
/ { @ 8 b { @ 8
Hmhuflflr 54 Grv shuvrqdv vdohq vlpxowqhdphqwh gh grv flxgdghv D | E | ydq xqd hq gluhfflq gh od
rwud1 Od sulphud shuvrqd fdplqd 5 np2ku pv gh sulvd txh od vhjxqgd | oohjd d E xqd krud dqwhv txh od
vhjxqgd oohjxh d D1 Vl D | E glvwdq 57 np Fxqwrv nlophwurv uhfruuh fdgd xqd gh odv shuvrqdv hq xqd
krudB +D|xgd= yhorflgdg@glvwdqfld2wlhpsr,1
Vroxflq= Vhd y np2ku od yhorflgdg gh od sulphud shuvrqd SD / hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh od vhjxqgd

shuvrqd SE vhu gh +y 5, np2ku
Od shuvrqd SD wdugdu w4 @ 57
y krudv | SE wdugdu w5 @ y5 krudv
57
Frpr SE oohjd xqd krud pv wdugh txh SD / hqwrqfhv>
w5 @ w4 . 4 , y5 y
57 57
@ 4
, 57y 57+y 5, @ +y 5,y
, y5 5y 7; @ 3
, +y ;,+y . 9, @ 3
, y@; b y @ 9
Shur y A 3/ dv/ y @ ; np2ku1 Oxhjr od glvwdqfld txh uhfruuh SD hq xqd krud hv gh
g4 @ y 4 @ ; np
| SE uhfruuh
g5 @ +y 5, 4 @ 9 np
Hmhuflflr 55 Xq wuhq uslgr ixh reoljdgr d ghwhqhuvh 49 plqxwrv hq xq glvfr urmr1 Sdud uhfxshudu hvwh
wlhpsr/ yldm hq xq wudpr gh ;3 nlophwurv 43np2ku pv uslgr txh or qrupdo1 BcFxo hv od yhorflgdg
qrupdo gho wuhqB
Vroxflq= Vhd y np2ku od yhorflgdg suhylvwd sru ho wuhq +grqgh y A 3,1 Od yhorflgdg uhdo ixh gh
+y . 43, np2ku
Ho wlhpsr suhylvwr hud gh

;3
w4 @ ku
y
shur uhdophqwh ixh
;3
w5 @ ku
y . 43
Sru klswhvlv whqhprv txh
49
w4 w5 @ >
93
hv ghflu/
y y.43 @
;3 ;3 49
93
/ +y . 43,;3 ;3y @ 7
48
y+y . 43,
/ y5 . 43y 6=333 @ 3
/ +y 83,+y . 93, @ 3
/ y @ 83 b y @ 93
shur y A 3 oxhjr
y @ 83
| od yhorflgdg qrupdo gho wuhq ixh gh 83 np2ku1
Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv khprv uhvxhowr hfxdflrqhv hq xqd yduldeoh1 Frq iuhfxhqfld/ hv qhfhvdulr
uhvroyhu grv r pv hfxdflrqhv vlpxowqhdphqwh hq grv r pv yduldeohv/ hv ghflu/ vlvwhpdv gh hfxdflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 56 Uhvroydprv ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv
{ 6| @ 5
8{ . | @ 5
Vroxflq= Pxowlsolfdqgr sru 6 od vhjxqgd hfxdflq | vxpqgrvhod d od sulphud vh rewlhqh od hfxdflq
49{ @ 7
gh grqgh { @ 47 1 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hvwh ydoru hq fxdotxlhud gh odv grv hfxdflrqhv vh rewlhqh | @ 67 1

Oxhjr od vroxflq gho vlvwhpd hv
{ @ 47 > | @ 67
r ho sxqwr +{> |, @ +4@7> 6@7,
Od lqwhusuhwdflq jhrpwulfd gh hvwd vroxflq hv ho sxqwr gh lqwhuvhfflq gh odv uhfwdv fx|dv hfxdflrqhv
vrq { 6| @ 5 | 8{ . | @ 5 frpr vh pxhvwud hq od vljxlhqwh jxud
Hmhuflflr 57 Xq flhuwr qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq xqd uhvlghqfldo1 Vl vh xelfdudq grv
hvwxgldqwhv sru kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv txhgdudq 5 hvwxgldqwhv vlq slh}d1 Vl vh xelfdudq 6 hvwxgldqwhv sru
kdelwdflq hqwrqfhv vreududq 5 slh}dv1 Fxqwdv kdelwdflrqhv glvsrqleohv kd| hq od uhvlghqfldo | fxqwrv
hvwxgldqwhv ghehq dfrprgduvh hq hoodB
Vroxflq= Vhdq { = qphur gh hvwxgldqwhv | = qphur gh kdelwdflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv srghprv uhsuhvhqwdu ho

sureohpd phgldqwh odv hfxdflrqhv
{ 5| @ 5
{ 6+| 5, @ 3
ghvshmdqgr { gh od sulphud hfxdflq | uhhpso}dqgroh hq od vhjxqgd/
|@; { @ 4;
Sru or wdqwr kd| ; kdelwdflrqhv | 4; hvwxgldqwhv1

Hmhuflflr 58 Xqd fkdsd uhfwdqjxodu gh hvwdr gh shuphwur <9 fp vh xvd sdud kdfhu xqd fdmd vlq wdsd1
Sdud hoor vh uhfruwd xq fxdgudgr gh 7 fp gh odgr hq fdgd hvtxlqd | vh xqhq orv erughv/ +yhu jxud dqwhulru,1
Fxohv vrq odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fkdsd vl ho yroxphq gh od fdmd hv gh :9;B fp6 =
Vroxflq= Vhdq { @= orqjlwxg gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv | @= dqfkr gh od fkdsd hq fhqwphwurv/ hqwrqfhv

od fdmd wlhqh odv glphqvlrqhv vljxlhqwhv +yhu jxud yhujxud dqwhulru,=
orqjlwxg = +{ ;, fp
dqfkr = +| ;, fp
dowxud = 7 fp
Sru klswhvlv/ yroxphq | shuphwur vrq>
7+{ ;,+| ;, @ :9;

5{ . 5| @ <9
or txh htxlydoh d
+{ ;,+| ;, @ 4<5
{.| @ 7;
Ghvshmdqgr | hq od vhjxqgd hfxdflq | uhhpsod}dqgr hq od sulphud rewhqhprv
{5 7;{ . 845 @ 3
hv ghflu
+{ 65,+{ 49, @ 3
gh grqgh
{ @ 65 b { @ 49
qrwh txh vl { @ 65/ hqwrqfhv | @ 49 | vl { @ 49/ hqwrqfhv | @ 651
Frpr { hv od orqjlwxg> odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fkdsd vrq 65 fp 49 fp1
Hmhuflflr 59 Xq reuhur kdfh xq flhuwr qphur gh slh}dv lgqwlfdv hq xq wlhpsr ghwhuplqdgr1 Vl kxelhud
khfkr 43 slh}dv pv fdgd gd/ kdeud whuplqdgr ho wudedmr frpsohwr hq 7 45 gdv dqwhv gh or suhylvwr/ | vl
kxelhvh khfkr 8 slh}dv phqrv fdgd gd kdeud wdugdgr 6 gdv pv gh or suhylvwr1 Fxqwdv slh}dv kl}r |
hq fxqwr wlhpsrB
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho reuhur kdfh { slh}dv hq | gdv1 Hqwrqfhv surgxfh {| slh}dv sru gd/ sru
klswhvlv/ vl kxelhud uhdol}dgr {| . 43 slh}dv / kdeud frpsohwdgr ho wudedmr hq | 7 45 gdv1 Oxhjr frpr
7 45 @ <5 whqhprv
{ <
. 43 | @{
| 5
Od rwud frqglflq gh od hfxdflq hv
{
8 +| . 6, @ {=
|
Dv/ rewhqhprv ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd
43| <5 {| @ 78
8| . 6 {| @ 48
gh grqgh
{
@ 83
|
oxhjr/ | @ 5: { @ 4=6831
Hmhuflflr 5: Grv reuhurv wlhqhq txh kdfhu xq wudedmr frqvlvwhqwh hq phfdql}du xq orwh gh slh}dv lgqwlfdv1
Ghvsxv txh ho sulphur kd wudedmdgr gxudqwh : krudv | ho vhjxqgr gxudqwh 7 krudv/ kdq frpsohwdgr 8< gho
wrwdo gho wudedmr1 Vl vljxlhudq wudedmdqgr orv grv d od yh} gxudqwh 7 krudv pv/ ohv txhgdud sru kdfhu 4;
4
gho wudedmr1 Fxqwr wdugdud fdgd xqr hq kdfhu ho wudedmr frpsohwrB
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho sulphu rshudulr/ wudedmdqgr vror/ hv fdsd} gh frpsohwdu ho wudedmr hq {
krudv/ | ho vhjxqgr hq | krudv1 Hqwrqfhv hq xqd krud ho sulphur kdfh {4 gho wudedmr frpsohwr | ho vhjxqgr
| 1 Sru klswhvlv
4
4 4 8
: .7 @
{ | <
Frpr ghvsxv wudedmdq mxqwrv rwudv 7 krudv/ kduq { . | gho wudedmr/ txh hv ljxdo d
7 7

8 4 :
4 . @
< 4; 4;
sru or wdqwr whqhprv od hfxdflq

7 7 :
. @
{ | 4;
Uhvwqgrod gh od sulphud/ rewhqhprv
6 6
@
{ 4;
gh grqgh { @ 4;1 Hqwrqfhv
4 4
@ h | @ 57
| 57
Oxhjr ho sulphur wdugd 4; krudv | ho vhjxqgr 57 krudv hq kdfhu ho wudedmr frpsohwr1
Hmhuflflr 5; Vh kd gh wudqvsruwdu 9<3 wrqhodgdv gh phufdqfdv ghvgh xq pxhooh d xqd hvwdflq gh ihu0
urfduulo phgldqwh 8 fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv | 43 fdplrqhv gh xqd wrqhodgd | phgld1 Hq srfdv krudv/
orv fdplrqhv kdq wudqvsruwdgr 58279 gh odv phufdqfdv1 Sdud frpsohwdu ho wudqvsruwh d wlhpsr/ vh kd gh
oohydu odv phufdqfdv uhvwdqwhv hq xq odsvr 5 krudv phqru txh ho |d wudqvfxuulgr1 Vh frpsohw ho wudqv0
sruwh judfldv d txh orv frqgxfwruhv gh orv fdplrqhv frphq}durq d kdfhu xq yldmh sru krud pv txh dqwhv1
Ghwhuplqh fxqwdv krudv wdugdurq hq wudqvsruwdu wrgdv odv phufdqfdv | wdpelq ho qphur gh yldmhv sru
krud txh vh kdfd do sulqflslr vdelhqgr txh orv fdplrqhv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgd kdfhq xq yldmh pv sru
krud txh orv fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv ; 1
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sulphud sduwh gh odv phufdqfdv/ txh dvflhqgh d

58
9<3 @ 6:8 wrqhodgdv
79
vh wudqvsruwd hq { krudv kdflhqgr fdgd fdplq gh 6 wrqhodgdv | yldmhv sru krud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd fdplq gh
xqd | phgld wrqhodgd kdu | . 4 yldmhv sru krud1 Sru klswhvlv/ od sduwh uhvwdqwh gh phufdqfdv +hv ghflu/
9<306:8@648 wrqhodgdv, vh wudqvsruw hq { 5 krudv/ kdflhqgr orv fdplrqhv gh 6 wrqhodgdv | . 4 yldmhv
sru krud | orv fdplrqhv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgdv +| . 4, . 4 @ | . 5 yldmhv sru krud1 Rewhqhprv dvho
vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv
8 6{| . 43 65 {+| . 4, @ 6:8

8 6+{ 5,+| . 4, . 43 65 +{ 5,+| . 5, @ 648
Vlpsolfdqgr whqhprv
5{| . { @ 58
5{| . 6{ 7| @ 5:
; Vh gheh vxsrqhu txh wrgrv orv fdplrqhv ledq frpsohwdphqwh fdujdgrv hq fdgd yld mh1
gh grqgh
5{ 7| @ 5
oxhjr 5| @ { 41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr hq od sulphud hfxdflq rewhqhprv {5 @ 58/ hv ghflu< / { @ 81 Od sulphud
sduwh gh odv phufdqfdv vh wudqvsruw hq 8 krudv | od vhjxqgd sduwh hq 8 5 @ 6 krudv1
Qrwd=
Wrgdv odv phufdqfdv vh wudqvsruwdurq hq ; krudv> do sulqflslr/ orv fdplrqhv gh wuhv wrqhodgdv kdfdq 5
yldmhv sru krud | orv gh xqd | phgld wrqhodgdv/ 6 yldmhv sru krud1
Hmhuflflr 5< Xqd lqgxvwuld wlhqh xq hqfdujr gh ;43 duwfxorv | rwud gh <33 duwfxorv hq ho plvpr shulrgr
gh wlhpsr1 Od sulphud kd frpsohwdgr ho shglgr 6 gdv dqwhv gho sod}r suhylvwr | od vhjxqgrv 9 gdv dqwhv1
BcFxqwdv duwfxorv surgxfh do gd fdgd lqgxvwuld/ vdelhqgr txh od vhjxqgd surgxfh sru gd 7 duwfxorv
pv txh od sulphudB
Vroxflq= Vhd { od surgxfflq gh duwfxorv glduld gh od sulphud lqgxvwuld/ hqwrqfhv od vhjxqgd surgxfh
{.7 duwlfxorv sru gd1 Od sulphud kd frpsohwdgr vx shglgr hq ;43{ gdv/ oxhjr ho wlhpsr gdgr sdud fxpsolu
ho shglgr kd vlgr ;43{ . 6 gdv1 Dqorjdphqwh whqhprv txh {.7 . 9 hv ho wlhpsr dvljqdgr d od vhjxqgd
<33
lqgxvwuld/ shur ho wlhpsr dvljqdgr d dpedv odv lqgxvwuldv hv ho plvpr/ oxhjr

;43 <33
.6@ .9
{ {.7
gh grqgh { @ 531 Hv ghflu/ od sulphud lqgxvwuld surgxfh 53 duwlfxorv | od vhjxqgd 57 duwlfxorv sru gd1
Hmhuflflr 63 Kdoodu xq qphur gh grv fliudv vdelhqgr txh ho qphur gh xqlgdghv h{fhgh hq fxdwur do
qphur gh od ghfhqdv | txh ho surgxfwr gho qphur ghvhdgr sru od vxpd gh vxv gljlwrv hv ljxdo d 8:91
Revhuydflq= Vl xq qphur d wlhqh q gljlwrv d3 > d4 > d5 > dq4 / rughqdgrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd
hqwrqfhv
d @ dq4 43q4 . . d4 43 . d3
Vroxflq= Vhd { ho gljlwr gh od xqlgdghv/ | ho gljlwr gh od ghfhqdv hqwrqfhv sru klswhvlv vh wlhqh od
hfxdflq
{@|.7 +4147,
dghpv ho qphur ghvhdgr hv 43| . { oxhjr
+43| . {,+{ . |, @ 8:9 +4148,
Sru 4147 | 4148
+44| . 7,+5| . 7, @ 8:9

:3
+, 44+| 7,+| . ,@3
44
:3
+, | @ 7b| @
44
shur | A 3/ oxhjr | @ 71 Sru or wdqwr ho qphur exvfdgr hv 7;1
416 D{lrpdv gh Rughq

D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv xq frqmxqwr gh d{lrpdv txh irupd sduwh gh od fdudfwhul}dflq gh orv qphurv
uhdohv1 Hvwrv d{lrpdv qrv shuplwhq rughqdu orv qphurv uhdohv +| dq srghu judfdu hvwh rughq hq xqd
uhfwd,1
Dgplwlprv od h{lvwhqfld gh xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U txh ghqrwdprv sru U. / fx|rv hohphqwrv vh oodpdq
qphurv uhdohv srvlwlyrv | txh vh fdudfwhul}dq sru orv d{lrpdv=
< Gh {2 ' 2D vh rewlhqh { ' D r { ' 3D shur { lqglfd krudv oxhjr { gheh vhu srvlwlyr1
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ 68
D{lrpd l, Fodxvxud gh od vxpd

Vl d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv d . e 5 U.
D{lrpd ll, Fodxvxud gho surgxfwr
Vl d> e 5 U. / hqwrqfhv de 5 U.
D{lrpd lll, Wulfrwrpd
Sdud fdgd qphur uhdo vor xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv hv yhugdghud
d 5 U. > d @ 3> d 5 U.
Hq edvh d orv d{lrpdv dqwhulruhv ghprvwuduhprv odv vljxlhqwhv surslhgdghv=

Sursrvlflq 4143 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv uhdohv fxpsoh
l, d 5 U i3j , d5 5 U.
ll, d 5 U. , d4 5 U.
lll, d e 5 U. a e f 5 U. , d f 5 U.
ly, e d 5 U. / +e . f, +d . f, 5 U.
y, e d 5 U. a f 5 U. , ef df 5 U.
yl, e d 5 U. a f 5 U. , df ef 5 U.
Ghprvwudflq=
l, Vl d 5 U i3j hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd lll,
d 5 U. b d 5 U.
Vl d 5 U. hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd ll, d d 5 U. / hv ghflu/

d 5 U. , d5 5 U.
Vl d 5 U. hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd ll, +d, +d, 5 U. shur sru sursrvlflq 417 yll/ +d,5 @ d5 /
oxhjr d5 5 U. 1 Qrwhprv txh hq sduwlfxodu vl d @ 4/ hqwrqfhv 45 @ 4 5 U.
ll, Ghprvwuduhprv hvwd surslhgdg sru ho pwrgr gho devxugr1
Vhd d 5 U. 1 Vxsrqjdprv txh d4 95 U. / hqwrqfhv sru D{lrpd lll,
d4 @ 3 b +d4 , 5 U.
Vxsrqjdprv txh d4 @ 3 hqwrqfhv d d4 @ 3 shur sru surslhgdg gh lqyhuvr d d4 @ 4> hvwr hv xqd
frqwudglfflq | sru or wdqwr d4 9@ 31
Vxsrqjdprv txh +d4 , 5 U. 1 Frpr d 5 U. whqhprv txh sru D{lrpd ll, txh +d4 , d @ 4 5 U.
txh hv wdpelq xqd frqwudglfflq sxhv 4 5 U. 1 Frpr hq dperv fdvrv rewhqhprv xqd frqwudglfflq/
qr vh sxhgh gdu qlqjxqd gh odv grv srvlelolgdghv/ sru or wdqwr/ d4 5 U. > dv/ vh wlhqh txh ho lqyhuvr
pxowlsolfdwlyr gh xq qphur srvlwlyr hv wdpelq xq qphur srvlwlyr1
lll,
d e 5 U. a e f 5 U.
, +d e, . +e f, 5 U. sru D{lrpd l,
, d . +e . e, f 5 U. dvrfldwlylgdg
, d . 3 f 5 U. lqyhuvr dglwlyr
, d f 5 U. qhxwur dglwlyr
ly,
e d 5 U.
/ e d . 3 5 U. qhxwur dglwlyr
/ e d . f f 5 U. lqyhuvr dglwlyr
/ +e . f, . +d f, 5 U. dvrfldwlylgdg frqpxwdwlylgdg
/ +e . f, +d . f, 5 U. glvwulexwlylgdg
y,
e d 5 U. a f 5 U.
, +e d,f 5 U. sru D{lrpd ll,
, ef df 5 U. glvwulexwlylgdg
yl,
e d 5 U. a f 5 U.
, +e d,+f, 5 U. sru D{lrpd ll,
, +ef, +df, 5 U. glvwulexwlylgdg
, df ef 5 U.
Vh ghqh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv uhdohv qhjdwlyrv frpr
U @ id 5 U = d 5 U. j
Qrwhprv txh U 9@ > sxhv 4 5 U gdgr txh 4 5 U. 1 Dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv
uhdohv qr qhjdwlyrv frpr
U.3 @ U ^ i3j
.
Qrwd= Sru D{lrpd lll, vh wlhqh od vljxlhqwh ljxdogdg grqgh orv frqmxqwrv vrq glvmxqwrv grv d grv
U @ U. ^ i3j ^ U
Ghqlflq 4144 Gluhprv txh d hv pd|ru txh e e hv phqru txh d vl | vor vl
d e 5 U. +4149,
| hvfuleluhprv hvwr lqglvwlqwdphqwh frpr
dAe r frpr e ? d=
Gluhprv txh d hv pd|ru r ljxdo txh e vl d hv pd|ru txh e r d hv ljxdo d e/ hv ghflu
dAebd@e
Hvfuleluhprv hvwr lqglvwlqwdphqwh frpr
de r e d=
Dv/ vh wlhqh
d e +, d A e b d @ e
Dqorjdphqwh/ gluhprv txh d hv phqru r ljxdo txh e vl d hv phqru txh e r d ljxdo txh e1 Hvfuleluhprv
lqglvwlqwdphqwh hq hvwh fdvr
de r ed
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
de/d?ebd@e
4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ 6:
Frq od qrwdflq dqwhulru whqhprv txh=
d 5 U. / dA3
d 5 U / d?3
| odv surslhgdghv ghprvwudgdv dqwhulruphqwh vh sxhghq hvfulelu gh od vljxlhqwh irupd
Frurodulr 4145 Vhdq d> e> f 5 U
l, d 5 U i3j , d5 A 31
ll, d A 3 , d4 A 3
lll, d A e a e A f , d A f
ly, e A d / e . f A d . f
y, e A d a f A 3 , ef A df
yl, e A d a f ? 3 , ef ? df
Qrwdflq=
def/deaef
Orv Lqwhuydorv gh U=
Vhdq d> e 5 U1 frq43 d e Vh ghqhq
^d> e^ @ i{ 5 U = d { ? ej
`d> e` @ i{ 5 U = d ? { ej
`d> e^ @ i{ 5 U = d ? { ? ej
^d> e` @ i{ 5 U = d { ej
`4> d` @ i{ 5 U = { dj
`4> d^ @ i{ 5 U = { ? dj
^d> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = { dj
`d> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = { A dj
Qrwd= Od ghqlflq gdgd qr dgplwh lqwhuydorv gho wlsr ^d> e^ frq d A e +hq wdo fdvr vh wudwduld gh xq
frqmxqwr ydfr,1
Hmhpsor 64
^4> 3^ @ i{ 5 U = { ? 3j
`4> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = { A 4j
`4> 3^ ^ `4> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = { ? 3 b { A 4j
`3> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = 3 ? { ? 4j
^4> 4` @ i{ 5 U = 4 { 4j
^4> 3^ @ i{ 5 U = 4 { ? 3j
^5> 4^ @ i{ 5 U = 5 { ? 4j
43 Dojxqrv gh hvwrv lqwhuydorv sxhghq vhu ho frqmxqwr ydfr1
Xqr gh orv whruhpdv pv lpsruwdqwhv txh vh ghgxfh gho d{lrpd gh wulfrwrpd/ hv ho vljxlhqwh>
Whruhpd 4146 44
Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U / vh yhulfd xqd | vor xqd gh odv sursrvlflrqhv
d A e> d @ e> d ? e
Ghprvwudflq= Vhdq d> e 5 U / hqwrqfhv sru D{ lll, vor xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv sursrvlflrqhv hv yhugdghud
sdud ho qphur uhdo d e>
d e 5 U. > d e @ 3> +d e, 5 U.
Oxhjr/ xvdqgr od qrwdflq 4149 | wudgxflhqgr fdgd sursrvlflq gh od iudvh dqwhulru vh rewlhqh txh
d A e> d @ e> d ? e>
vlhqgr vor xqd gh hoodv yhugdghud1
Revhuydflq= Od uhodflq hqwuh d | e/ d e vh dfrvwxpeud d ghflu txh hv xqd uhodflq gh rughq wrwdo
|d txh hood fxpsoh= sdud d> e> f 5 U
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d ? e , dq ? eq
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s s s s
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s s
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s s
d ? e +, q d ? e
q
s s s s
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oxhjr sru od sursrvlflrq 414: vh wlhqh
s s s s
d ? e +, + q d,q ? + e,q +, q d ? e
q q
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41 +;d> e 5 U,+d ? e , d5 ? e5 ,
51 +;d> e 5 U,+d5 ? e5 , d ? e,
61 +;q 5 Q,+;d> e 5 U,+dq ? eq , d ? e,
71 +;d 5 U,+d d5 ,
81 +;d 5 U. ,+ d4 ? 4,
91 +;d> e 5 U. ,+d ? e , d5 ? e5 ,
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<1 +;d> e 5 U. ,+ d.
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e d
431 +;d> e 5 U. ,+ de
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d
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51 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @ 6 wdohv txh d5 ? e5 shur d 9? e1
61 Idovr1 H{lvwhq q @ 7/ d @ 5 | e @ 6 wdohv txh 57 ? +6,7 shur 5 9? 6
71 Idovr1 H{lvwh d @ 4 5 U wdo txh d 9 d5
5
81 Idovr1 H{lvwh d @ 46 5 U. wdo txh d4 9? 4
91 Yhugdghur1 Hvwh hv xq fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od sursrvlflq 414: ll,/ shur uhshwluhprv od ghprvwudflq
sdud q @ 51
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sxhv d> e 5 U. / oxhjr/
+d e,+d . e, ? 3>
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d5 e5 ? 3>
sru or wdqwr/
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4 4 4 4 4 4
d ?e , ? , A
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d.eAd
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431 Idovr1 H{lvwhq d @ 5/ e @ 4
7 hq U. shur= de
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4
5
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l, de A 3 / +d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3,
ll, de ? 3 / +d A 3 a e ? 3, b +d ? 3 a e A 3,
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s / +t b v,
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s = de A 3
t = dA3aeA3
v = d?3ae?3
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txh
s , +t b v,
|
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hq grv vxe fdvrv
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d4 +de, @ e 5 U. > hq frqvhfxhqfld/
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de A 3 , d A 3 a e A 3
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d4 +de, @ e 5 U 1 Hq frqvhfxhqfld
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hv ghflu/
de A 3 , d ? 3 a e ? 3
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de A 3 , +d A 3 a e A 3, b +d ? 3 a e ? 3,
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+d 5 U. a e 5 U. , , de 5 U.
|
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de 3 / ^+d 3 a e 3, b +d 3 a e 3,`
|
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| ^+d / e, / + d / e,`1
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61 |4 4
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41
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/ {+4 {, 3
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/ +{ 3 a { 4, b +{ 3 a { 4,
/ { 3b{ 4
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51 Od ghvljxdogdg |4 A 4 wlhqh vljqlfdgr hq U vl | 9@ 31 Oxhjr
4 4
A4 / 4A3
| |
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|
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/ 3?|?4
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4
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71
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?{ / {?3
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4
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{
?{
|
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4 4 4 4
? / ?3
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{ { {
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4 4
?
{| {
vh fxpsoh sdud=
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yduldeohv1
41617 Lqhfxdflrqhv
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ghvljxdogdg +r lqhfxdflq,1
S +{, ? T+{, r S +{, T+{, +416;,
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txh { gheh hvwdu U,1 hv ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq 416;1
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49 Ho huuru pv frpq do wuded mdu hq hvwd ghvljxdogdg hv pxowlsolfdu s ru |/ sxhv qr vh vde h vl | hv qhjdwlyr r s rvlwlyr1 Xqd
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Hmhpsor 7: Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

4
A4 +416<,
|
hv

4
V @ |5U = A4
|
@ i| 5 U = 3 ? | ? 4j
Hmhpsor 7; Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

{5 4 +4173,
hv
V @ i{ 5 U = {5 4j
@ i{ 5 U = 4 { 4j
Hmhpsor 7< Uhvroyhu odv vljxlhqwhv lqhfxdflrqhv

41 {{ 4
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51 {.5
{ {4 {5
{5 7 {.5
61 {.6
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71 ++65{,+{.8,
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41 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflq
{4
3
{.8
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4161 D[LRPDV GH RUGHQ ;4
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s
m{m.m|m m{m.m|m ;{> | 5 U i3j
m{|m m{|m
qr hv yhugdghud/ hv ghflu/
s
qr dfrwd vxshulruphqwh d vhjq yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq
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4
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417 D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr

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qphurv uhdohv frpsohwdq wrgrv orv hvsdflrv hq xqd uhfwd vl vrq uhsuhvhqwdgrv hq wdo irupd1
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Ghqlflq 415: Vhd D U / D 9@ >/ u 5 U 1 Gluhprv txh
l, u hv xqd Frwd Vxshulru gh D vl | vor vl=
du > ;d 5 D
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ll, u hv xqd Frwd Lqihulru gh D vl vor vl=
du > ;d 5 D
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4171 D[LRPD GHO VXSUHPR ;6
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ruphqwh,
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Hmhpsor 9; D @` 4> 8` hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ sxhv>

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u 5 U wdo txh/ sdud wrgr d 5 D> u d
Revhuyhprv txh fxdotxlhu u 5 ^8> 4^ hv xqd frwd vxshulru sdud D1 Oxhjr ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv
vxshulruhv gh D hv ^8> 4^1
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frwdv lqihulruhv gh E hv ho frqmxqwr ` 4> 5`1
Gh or dqwhulru/ hv fodur txh ho frqmxqwr F @ ^5> 8` hv dfrwdgr
Dvlplvpr/ ho frqmxqwr
G @ i{ 5 U = {5 ? 45j
hv dfrwdgr sxhvwr txh s s s
{5 ? 45 /m { m? 45 / 45 ? { ? 45>
hv ghflu/ s s
G @` 45> 45^
s s
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vxshulruhv1 Vlq hpedujr ho frqmxqwr>
H @ i{ 5 ] = {5 ? 45j
qr wlhqh orv plvprv frqmxqwrv gh frwdv vxshulruhv h lqihulruhv txh G/ hq hihfwr/
s s
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gh H hv ^6> 4^1
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q r s
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m{.8m ? 4 > E @ { 5 U =m { 6 m {5 4
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vxshulruhv h lqihulruhv hq fdgd fdvr1
Vroxflq=
Hq ho hmhuflflr 95 rewxylprv txh
4
D @` > :^
6
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Dghpv hq ho hmhuflflr 96 ghwhuplqdprv txh
8
E @ ^ > 4^>
6
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Ho frqmxqwr gh frwdv lqihulruhv gh E hv ` 4> 86 `
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8
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gh D ^ E hv ` 4> 46 ^1
Ghqlflq 415; Vhd D U / D 9@ >
l, Vl D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ gluhprv txh O 5 U hv ho Vxsuhpr gh D vl | vor vl O hv xqd frwd

vxshulru gh D/ |/ sdud fxdotxlhu frwd vxshulru { gh D vh wlhqh txh
O {=
Hv ghflu/ O hv od phqru gh odv frwdv vxshulruhv gh D1 Vh dqrwdu
vxs D @ O
ll, Vl D hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh/ gluhprv txh O 5 U hv ho Lqpr gh D vl | vor vl O hv xqd frwd lqihulru
gh D/ |/ sdud fxdotxlhu frwd lqihulru { gh D vh wlhqh txh
O {=
Hv ghflu/ O hv od pd|ru gh odv frwdv lqihulruhv gh D1

Vh dqrwdu
lqi D @ O
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vxs D @ :> lqi D @ 4

6
Vlq hpedujr> E @` 4> 86 ` qr hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh/ oxhjr qr h{lvwh lqi E/ shur h{lvwh vxs E sxhv
E hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/ vxs E @ 86 1
D{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr=

Wrgr vxefrqmxqwr D gh U qr ydfr | dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh wlhqh vxsuhpr ho fxdo hv xq hohphqwr gh U1
Xvdqgr ho d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr/ vh sxhgh ghprvwudu txh= Wrgr vxefrqmxqwr D gh U qr ydfr | dfrwdgr
lqihulruphqwh wlhqh qpr/ ho fxdo hv xq hohphqwr gh U1
Dxqtxh hq pxfkrv fdvrv qr vh yh fodudphqwh fxo hv ho vxsuhpr gh xq frqmxqwr/ ho d{lrpd qrv dvhjxud
vx h{lvwhqfld1
Hmhpsor :4 Frqvlghuhprv D ho frqmxqwr gh wrgdv odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d

s
5/ hv ghflu/
D @ i4> 7> 4> 74> 4> 747> 4> 7475> = = =j
frpr D U / D 9@ ! | D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh +sru hmhpsor 4> 8 5 U hv frwd vxshulru,/ hqwrqfhv sru
d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr/ h{lvwh vxs D ho fxdo hv xq hohphqwr gh U1
4171 D[LRPD GHO VXSUHPR ;8
Qrwd= Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru s

vxs D @ 5
Hmhpsor :5 Vhd
q
D@ {5U={@ >q 5 Q
q.4
Hv fodur txh D U | D 9@ >/ dghpv
q.4 ? 4
q
;q 5 Q>
hv ghflu/ { ? 4 sdud wrgr { 5 D1 Oxhjr D hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh | sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr/ h{lvwh
vxs D1 Frqvlghudqgr glvwlqwrv ydoruhv gh q 5 Q srghprv frqmhwxudu txh=
vxs D @ 4 +4198,
Ho khfkr txh U vdwlvidjd orv d{lrpdv gh fxhusr/ gh rughq | gho vxsuhpr vh h{suhvd glflhqgr txh hv xq
fxhusr rughqdgr | frpsohwr1
Hmhuflflr :6 Vhd D U / D 9@ ! | dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Suxheh txh vxs D hv qlfr
Vroxflq= Sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr hv fodur txh h{lvwh vxs D1 Vhd O @ vxs D1 Vxsrqjdprv txh vxs D qr
hv qlfr/ hv ghflu/ vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh O3 5 U wdo txh O 9@ O3 |
O3 @ vxs D
hqwrqfhv O | O3 vrq frwdv vxshulruhv gh D1 Sru ghqlflq gh vxsuhpr whqhprv txh=

Vl O @ vxs D/ hqwrqfhv O O3 / shur vl O3 @ vxs D/ hqwrqfhv O3 O/ hqwrqfhv O @ O3 txh hv xqd
frqwudglfflq1
Gh irupd dqorjd vh suxhed txh ho qpr gh D hv qlfr vl D hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh1
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv shuplwh/ hqwuh rwudv frvdv/ ghprvwudu od frqmhwxud khfkd hq 4198 gho hmhpsor
:5
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l, Vhd O frwd vxshulru gh D1 Hqwrqfhv
O @ vxs D / ;% A 3> <{ 5 D = { A O %
ll, Vhd O frwd lqihulru gh D1 Hqwrqfhv
O @ lqi D / ;% A 3> <{ 5 D = { ? O . %
Ghprvwudflq= l, +,, Sru ghprvwudu txh
O @ vxs D , ;% A 3> <{ 5 D = { A O %
Sru ho pwrgr gho devxugr= Vxsrqjdprv txh
+O @ vxs D, a +<% A 3,+;{ 5 D,+{ O %, +4199,
| rewhqjdprv xqd frqwudglfflq1 Sru 4199/ h{lvwh % A 3 wdo txh
{ O %> ;{ 5 D +419:,
Hqwrqfhv sru ghqlflq gh frwd O % hv frwd vxshulru gh D shur O @ vxs D +od pd|ru gh odv frwdv
vxshulruhv,/ oxhjr O O % gh grqgh % 3/ txh frqwudglfh % A 31
l, ++, Qxhydphqwh xvdprv ho pwrgr gho devxugr1 Vhd O frwd vxshulru gh D1 Sru ghprvwudu
+; % A 3,+<{ 5 D,+{ A O %, , O @ vxs D
Vxsrqjdprv txh
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h{lvwh O3 frwd vxshulru gh D wdo txh
O3 ? O
oxhjr h{lvwh % A 3 wdo txh
O3 . % @ O +419;,
Shur/ sru klswhvlv/ h{lvwh { 5 D wdo txh
{AO % +419<,
Sru 419; | 419< vh wlhqh txh
{ A O3 frq { 5 D
or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq/ sxhv O3 hv frwd vxshulru gh D1

Dqorjdphqwh vh ghpxhvwud txh vl O hv frwd lqihulru gh D
O @ lqi D / ; % A 3> <{ 5 D = { ? O . %
Hq edvh do whruhpd dqwhulru/ ghprvwuduhprv txh ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv qdwxudohv qr hv dfrwdgr1
Hvwr qrv shuplwlu d vx yh} suredu ho lpsruwdqwh whruhpd 4164
Sursrvlflq 4163 Q qr hv dfrwdgr1
Ghprvwudflq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr/ hv ghflu/ txh Q hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh1 Hqwrqfhv/ sru

d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr h{lvwh vxs Q @ O frq O 5 U 1 Oxhjr sru ho whruhpd 415< whqhprv=
; % A 3> <q 5 Q> q A O %
Hq sduwlfxodu/ frqvlghuhprv % @ 4 A 3> hqwrqfhv h{lvwh q 5 Q wdo txh
q A O 4>
hv ghflu>
q.4AO
shur q . 4 5 Q / or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq |d txh O @ vxs Q 1
Whruhpd 4164 +Surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd1, Wrgr qphur uhdo sxhgh vhu vreuhsdvdgr sru xq qphur
qdwxudo1 Hv ghflu
;{ 5 U> <q 5 Q = { ? q +41:3,
Ghprvwudflq= Vxsrqjdprv or frqwudulr hvwr hv/ dvxpdprv txh
<{ 5 U> ;q 5 Q = { q
Hv fodur txh { hv frwd vxshulru gh Q +sru ghqlflq gh frwd vxshulru,> oxhjr Q hv dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh/
or txh hv xqd frqwudglfflq
4171 D[LRPD GHO VXSUHPR ;:
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4
; % A 3> <q 5 Q = ? % +41:4,
q
Hq hihfwr
Vhd % A 3 | frqvlghuhprv ho uhdo 4 / hqwrqfhv sru
% 41:3/ h{lvwh q 5 Q wdo txh
4
qA
%
gh grqgh hv fodur txh
4
? %
q
+Ho dujxphqwr sxhgh uhyhuwluvh,
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Hmhpsor :7 Surehprv txh vl

q
D@ {q 5 U = {q @ >q 5 Q
q.4
hqwrqfhv
vxs D @ 4
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wrgdv/ hv ghflu/
; % A 3> <{q 5 D = {q A O %
41 Hv fodur txh
q ? q . 4 ;q 5 Q
oxhjr
q .4 ? 4
q
;q 5 Q>
hv ghflu/
{q ? 4 ;q 5 Q
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51 Revhuyhprv txh suredu od h{lvwhqfld gh {q 5 D wdo txh
{q ? 4 % ; % A 3
htxlydoh d suredu od h{lvwhqfld gh q 5 Q wdo txh
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q
q
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% Sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd/ h{lvwh q 5 Q wdo txh
4 %
qA
%
shur
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vxs D @ 4
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4
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lqi D @ 3
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Hmhpsor :8 41 O @ 3 hv frwd lqihulru gh D1

51 O @ 3 hv od pd|ru gh wrgdv odv frwdv lqihulruhv/ hv ghflu
; % A 3> <{q 5 D = {q ? O . %
41 Hv fodur txh
3? 4
q ;q 5 Q
oxhjr
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dv/ O @ 3 hv frwd lqihulru gh D1
51 Sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd 41:4 vh wlhqh txh
4
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or txh htxlydoh d=
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grqgh O @ 31
Hq frqvhfxhqfld lqi D @ 31
Khprv suredgr hq od sursrvlflq 4147 txh hqwuh grv udflrqdohv h{lvwh do phqrv xq udflrqdo1
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Sursrvlflq 4165 Hqwuh grv qphurv uhdohv fxdohvtxlhud h{lvwh do phqrv xq qphur udflrqdo1
Ghprvwudflq= Vhdq {> | 5 U 1 Hv fodur txh vl { ? 3 ? |/ h{lvwh u @ 3 5 T wdo txh { ? u ? | | od

surslhgdg txhgd suredgd hq hvwh fdvr1
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%@|{A3
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4
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p A q{ +41:6,
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p 4 q{ +41:7,
4181 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV ;<
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p p4 4
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txh
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Oxhjr
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Revhuydflq= Vh glfh txh xq vxefrqmxqwr V U hv ghqvr hq U vl | vor vl hqwuh grv qphurv uhdohv
fxdohvtxlhud h{lvwh dojq hohphqwr gh V1
Gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru hv fodur txh ho frqmxqwr T gh orv qphurv udflrqdohv hv ghqvr hq U1
s txh dxqtxh T hv xq fxhusr rughqdgr | ghqvr hq U/ T qr oohqd od uhfwd uhdo/
Hv qhfhvdulr dfodudu
sxhv sru hmhpsor/ 5 95 T 1 Hq ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv udflrqdohv qr h{lvwh xq d{lrpd dqorjr do
d{lrpd gho Vxsuhpr1
U hv ho qlfr fxhusr rughqdgr | frpsohwr1
418 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv

41814 Hvwuxfwxudv gh Juxsr | Fxhusr
41 Vhd
d 3
J@ = d> e> f 5 U
e 4
frqvlghuh xqd rshudflq dvrfldwlyd
3
d 3 d 3 dd3 3
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e 4 e3 4 ed3 . e3 4
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4 3
+d, Ho hohphqwr qhxwur gh J hv
4 4
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4 3 4 3
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5 4 4 4
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81 Ixqflq Felfd=
i = U $ U
{ $ {6 =
Wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd od jxud txh vljxh l}txlhugd
91 Ixqflq Ud} Felfd=
i = U $ U
s
{ $ 6 {=
Wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd od jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd1
:1 Ixqflq Sduwh Hqwhud=
i = U $ U
{ $ ^{`
grqgh ^{` uhsuhvhqwd do pd|ru hqwhur phqru r ljxdo txh { | wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd od jxud
vljxlhqwh/ l}txlhugd
5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLQ JUILFD 43<
;1 Ixqflq H{srqhqfldo=
h{s = U $ U
{ $ h{
grqgh h 5> :41 Ho uhfruulgr gh hvwd ixqflq hv U. 1 +Od hvwxglduhprv frq pv ghwdooh hq od vhfflq
519 ,> jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd
<1 Ixqflrqhv Vhqr | Frvhqr= Vrq odv ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv
vhq = U $ U
{ $ vhq{
frv = U $ U
{ $ frv {
txh wlhqhq frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd od jxud vljxh | txh vhuq hvwxgldgdv pv dghodqwh1
Rwudv ixqflrqhv gh lpsruwdqfld vrq odv vljxlhqwhv=
431 Ixqflq klsuerod htxlowhud= Hv xqd ixqflq gh od irupd
f
|@ .n grqgh k> n 5 U> f 5 U i3j
{k
frq grplqlr U ikj +pxfkdv yhfhv vh hvfuleh +| n,+{ k, @ f,/ fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hv xqd
klsuerod htxlowhud1 +yhu vljxlhqwh jxud ,
Hq sduwlfxodu/ od jufd gh | @ {4 | od jufd gh | @ {4 vrq odv vljxlhqwhv
441 Ixqflq sduerod vhplfelfd+r jdylrwd,

i = U $ U
s
{ $ {
6 5
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hv od jxud l}txlhugd vljxlhqwh
451 Ixqflq yrofq

i = U i3j $ U
{ $ {45
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hvwd hq od jxud dqwhulru d od ghuhfkd
Gdgd od jufd gh xqd ixqflq i/ ho grplqlr gh hood fruuhvsrqgh d od vrpeud r sur|hfflq gh od jufd
vreuh ho hmh krul}rqwdo +hmh R[,/ | ho uhfruulgr gh i fruuhvsrqgh d od sur|hfflq vreuh ho hmh yhuwlfdo +hmh
R\ ,1
Gh hvd irupd ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq Ud} Fxdgudgd hv U. 3 1 Odv ixqflrqhv Vhqr | Frvhqr wlhqhq frpr
uhfruulgr ^04/4`> ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq gho Ydoru Devroxwr hv U.3 / od ixqflq Sduwh Hqwhud wlhqh frpr
uhfruulgr d ]1 Ilqdophqwh/ ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq Klsuerod Htxlowhud hv U inj1
Hq edvh d odv jufdv gdgdv dqwhulruphqwh srghprv judfdu rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Hmhpsor ;8 Judtxhprv od ixqflq
i = ^4> .4^ $ U
s
{ $ {4
Sdud hoor wrpduhprv frpr uhihuhqfld od jufd gh od ixqflq ud} fxdgudgd +jxud BB0e,1 Ho grplqlr
G @ ^4> .4^ vh xelfd hq ho hmh { gh prgr txh od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld od ghuhfkd frphq}dqgr gh 41 Qrwh
txh vl { @ 4 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 3 oxhjr/ vh wlhqh ho jufr vljxlhqwh
d od l}txlhugd
Hq fdpelr vl frqvlghudprv od ixqflq
i = ^4> .4^ $ U
s
{ $ {4.5
hqwrqfhv od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld duuled sxhv od lpdjhq gh { @ 4 hv i+4, @ 5 | vh rewlhqh ho jufr
ghuhfkr gh od jxud dqwhulru1
Dv/ frqrflhqgr od jufd gh i +{, xqr sxhgh rewhqhu od jufd gh k+{, @ i+{ . d, | y+{, @ i +{, . d/
txh fruuhvsrqgh / hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflq k+{,/ d pryhu kdfld od l}txlhugd r ghuhfkd od jufd gh i+{, |
hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflq y+{,/ vxelu r edmdu od jufd gh i+{, +yhu jxudv vljxlhqwhv 7 1,
7 Slhqvh txh od jufd gh od ixqflq i E{ hvw khfkd gh xq dodpeuh ujlgr/ ho fxdo vh sxhgh wrpdu | pryhu1
Hmhpsor ;9 Judtxhprv od ixqflq

i = U $ U
{ $ 5{
6
Hq hvwh fdvr wrpduhprv frpr uhihuhqfld od ixqflq sduwh hqwhud1

Qrwh txh 56 { 5 ^3> 4^/ vl | vor vl/ 56 { @ 3/ hv ghflu/

5 5
3 { ? 4 +, { @3
6 6
oxhjr/

6 5
3{? +, { @3
5 6
5
Dqorjdphqwh 56 { 5 ^4> 5^ vl | vor vl 6 { @ 4/ hv ghflu/

5 5
4 { ? 5 +, { @4
6 6
oxhjr/

6 5
{ ? 6 +, { @4
5 6

Hq jhqhudo/ vl 56 { 5 ^q> q . 4^ frq q 5 ] . / hqwrqfhv 56 { @ q or txh txh htxlydoh d=

5 5
q { ? q . 4 +, { @q
6 6
hv ghflu/

6 6 5
q { ? +q . 4, +, { @q
5 5 6
Od jufd gh od ixqflq dqwhulru dsduhfh hq ho judfr l}txlhugr gh odv jxudv vljxlhqwh

Hmhpsor ;: Judtxhprv od ixqflq
i = U $ U
{ $ m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m
Suhyldphqwh hvfuledprv od ixqflq sru sduwhv1 Gh od wdeod rewhqhprv orv vljqrv gh { 4 | 5{ . 6 txh
qdophqwh qrv gdq od irupd txh wrpdq orv ydoruhv devroxwrv m { 4 m | m 5{ . 6 m hq orv lqwhuydorv txh
vh vhdod=
`4> 6@5` `6@5> 4` `4> 4^

{4 0 0 .
5{ . 6 0 . .
Vl { 5` 4> 6@5` / hqwrqfhv
i+{, @m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m @ +{ 4, . ++5{ . 6,,

@ 6{ 5
Vl { 5` 6@5> 4` / hqwrqfhv
i +{, @m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m @ +{ 4, . +5{ . 6,

@ {.7
Vl { 5`4> 4^ / hqwrqfhv
i+{, @m { 4 m . m 5{ . 6 m @ +{ 4, . +5{ . 6,
@ 6{ . 5
Oxhjr/ ;
? 6{ 5 { 65
i+{, @ 6
{ . 7 5 ? { 4
=
6{ . 5 4?{
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd vh pxhvwud hq od jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd
Hmhpsor ;; Judtxhprv od ixqflq

i+{, @ ^{`. m { 4 m
hq ho lqwhuydor ^4> 5^1
Vroxflq= Lqwhusuhwhprv d i frpr xqd ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1 Sdud hvwr frqvlghuhprv orv vljxlhqwhv
fdvrv1
Fdvr 4= Vl { 5 ^4> 3^/ hqwrqfhv
^{` @ 4 | m { 4 m @ +{ 4,
oxhjr/
i+{, @ 4 { . 4 @ {
^{` @ 3 | m { 4 m @ +{ 4,
oxhjr/
i +{, @ 3 { . 4 @ 4 {
^{` @ 4 | m{4m @ {4
oxhjr/
i +{, @ 4 . { 4 @ {
Hq frqvhfxhqfld ;
? { vl 4 { ? 3
i+{, @ 4{ vl 3 { ? 4
=
{ vl 4 { ? 5
| vx jufd hv od txh vh pxhvwud hq od jxud vljxlhqwh
Hmhuflflr ;< Judtxh

4
|@
m{m 4
Vroxflq= Vhd | @ i+{,/ hqwrqfhv Grpi @ i{ 5 U = m{m 4 9@ 3j hv ghflu/ Grpi @ U i4> 4j1
4 fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq
Sxhvwr txh m{m @ { vl { 3 | m{m @ { vl { ? 3/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq | @ m{m4
ghqlgd sru sduwhv> 4
{4 { 3 frq { 9@ 4
i +{, @ 4 { ? 3 frq { 9@ 4
{4
Vhd { ? 3 frq { 9@ 41 Hqwrqfhv/ vhjq od jufd gh od klsuerod htxlowhud/ od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd
gh | @ {44 hv ho judfr l}txlhugr vljxlhqwh
Vhd { 3 frq { 9@ 4 hqwrqfhv sru od ud}q dqwhulru/ od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd gh | @ {

4 +hv od jxud
4
ghuhfkd dqwhulru,
Oxhjr xqlhqgr odv jufdv rewhqhprv od jufd gh | @ m{m 4 +gdgd hq jxud vljxlhqwh,1
4
Hmhuflflr <3 Frpsohwh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv1

41 Od ixqflq i +{, @ m{ 4 ghqlgd hq U i4j fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 11111111111
4m
fx|d jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111
51 Od ixqflq j+{, @ 5^{`m{m ghqlgd hq ` 5> 5^ fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111
fx|d jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111
61 Od ixqflq k+{, @ m{5 4m 4 ghqlgd hq U fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111
fx|d jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111

m{m { 4
71 Od ixqflq o+{, @ fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111 fx|d jufd
m {4 m { A 4
hv 1111111111111111111111111
s
m{m 7 m{m 7
81 Od ixqflq t+{, @ s fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111 fx|d
7 m{m m{m ? 7
jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111
Vroxflq=
41
51
5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLQ JUILFD 44:
61
71
81
51614 Udfhv phgldqwh jufdv

Vh vdeh txh odv udfhv gh od hfxdflq
d{5 . e{ . f @ 3 +514,
fruuhvsrqghq jufdphqwh d od lqwhuvhfflq gh od sduerod | @ d{5 . e{ . f frq ho hmh R[/ fx|d hfxdflq
hv | @ 3/ hv ghflu/ fruuhvsrqgh d od+v, vroxflq+hv, gho vlvwhpd1
| @ d{5 . e{ . f
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s 4 s 4
{ @3 r {@ +515,
{ {
s
vh uhgxfh d hqfrqwudu od lqwhuvhfflq gh odv jufdv gh odv ixqflrqhv | @ { > | @ {4
+yhu jxud vljxlhqwh,
Dv/ whqhprv txh od hfxdflq dqwhulru wlhqh vor xqd vroxflq1

Ho pwrgr jufr qr vor vluyh sdud hqfrqwudu udfhv vlqr sdud vdehu vl odv kd| | fxqwdv vrq1
Hmhpsor <4 Od hfxdflq m{m frv { @ 3 wlhqh vor 5 udfhv uhdohv1

Hq hihfwr/ vl judfdprv odv ixqflrqhv | @ m{m h | @ frv { whqhprv odv jxudv=
5161 UHSUHVHQWDFLQ JUILFD 44<
Hmhpsor <5 Od hfxdflq

{6 h{ @ 3
wlhqh vor 5 udfhv uhdohv/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq ho jufr l}txlhugr txh vljxh
Hmhpsor <6 Od hfxdflq {5 . 43 frv { @ 3 wlhqh 7 udfhv uhdohv +jxud ghuhfkd dqwhulru,
Hmhpsor <7 Od hfxdflq h{ vhq{ @ 3 wlhqh lqqlwdv vroxflrqhv | wrgdv qhjdwlydv/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq
ho judfr vljxlhqwh1
4 y 4 y
2 2
0 0
-7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
x x
-2 -2
Hmhpsor <8 Ilqdophqwh/ od hfxdflq

h{ . 4 vhq{ @ 3
qr wlhqh vroxflq uhdo frpr vh yh hq od jufd gh od jxud ghuhfkd dqwhulru
Sru rwud sduwh/ revhuyhprv txh wdpelq phgldqwh jufdv srghprv rewhqhu od vroxflq gh lqhfxdflrqhv1
Sru hmhpsor uhvroydprv od vljxlhqwh lqhfxdflq phgldqwh jufdv1
Hmhpsor <9 Uhvroydprv od lqhfxdflq s

{4 5{ . 4
Frqvlghuhprv odv fxuydv gh odv ixqflrqhv>
s
|@ 5{ . 4 h | @{4
txh dsduhfhq hq od jxud

Hv fodur txh sdud { 5 ^ 45 > 7` orv ydoruhv txh wrpd od h{suhvlq | @ { 4 vrq phqruhv r ljxdohv d orv
s
ydoruhv txh wrpd od h{suhvlq | @ 5{ . 41 Sru or wdqwr/ od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq hv ^ 45 > 7`1
Dqorjdphqwh revhuydqgr od jxud
/ yhprv txh od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
s 4
{?
{
s
hv ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^/ sxhvwr txh od jufd gh od ixqflq | @ { hvw edmr od jufd gh od ixqflq | @ {4
vor hq `3> 4^1
Hmhuflflr <: Uhvxhoyd jufdphqwh

s
{?{
s
Vroxflq= sJudfdqgr odv ixqflrqhv | @ { h | @ { +yhu jxud l}txlhugd vljxlhqwh, rewhqhprv txh od
ixqflq | @ { wrpd ydoruhv phqruhv txh | @ { vor vl { A 41
Sru or wdqwr/ V @`4> 4^
Hmhuflflr <; Uhvxhoyd jufdphqwh

s
6
{ {5 3
s
Vroxflq= Judfdqgr odv ixqflrqhv | @ 6 { h | @ {5 +jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd,/ rewhqhprv txh ho
frqmxqwr vroxflq hv V @ ^3> 4`
Hmhuflflr << Ghshqglhqgr gh od whfqrorjd xvdgd sdud ideulfdu { plohv xqlgdghv gh xq duwfxor/ vh wlhqh
grv srvlelolgdghv gh jdqdqfld do yhqghu glfkrv duwfxorv +frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv r prghorv txh
uhsuhvhqwdq od jdqdqfld/ jxud vljxlhqwh,=
| @ ;{ {5 > | @ 6{
Vl vh ghvhd ideulfdu kdvwd : plo duwfxorv1 Sdud tx ydoruhv gh { ho vhjxqgr prghor suhglfh xqd pd|ru
xwlolgdg uhvshfwr do sulphu prghorB
Vroxflq= Judfdqgr odv ixqflrqhv | @ ;{ {5 > | @ 6{ frq 3 ? { ? : yhprv txh od ixqflq | @ 6{

wrpd ydoruhv pd|ruhv txh | @ ;{ {5 vl 8 ? { ? :/ oxhjr ho vhjxqgr prghor suhglfh pd|ru xwlolgdg txh
ho sulphu prghor sdud { hqwuh 8 | : plo xqlgdghv1
517 Dsolfdflrqhv gh Ixqflrqhv/ Prghodflq

Frq ho remhwr gh xwlol}du orv uhvxowdgrv gho fofxor glihuhqfldo h lqwhjudo hq od uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv
frqfuhwrv/ pxfkdv yhfhv hv qhfhvdulr whqhu fodur ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq | sru vxsxhvwr/ vhu fdsd} gh
lghqwlfdu ho sureohpd frq xqd ixqflq frqfuhwd/ txh vh oodpd prghodu pdwhpwlfdphqwh/ |d txh frq od
pdqlsxodflq pdwhpwlfd gh hood/ vh sxhgh rewhqhu od lqirupdflq uhtxhulgd1
Ho hmhpsor vljxlhqwh qrv gd xq fdvr frqfuhwr gh wdo sureohpwlfd1
Od srwhqfld vxplqlvwudgd d xq flufxlwr sru xqd ixhu}d hohfwurprwul} ljxdo d 65 Yrowlrv | uhvlvwhqfld
lqwhuqd gh 5 Krpv hv 65{ 5{5 Yrowv grqgh { hv od fruulhqwh phglgd hq Dpshulrv1
BcFxo hv od fruulhqwh txh kdfh txh ho jhqhudgru vxplqlvwuh od p{lpd srwhqfldB
Dtxqrv slghq ho ydoru p{lpr txh wrpd od ixqflq
i+{, @ 65{ 5{5 >
txh wlhqh frpr jufd od sduerod | @ 65{ 5{5 +yhu jxud txh vljxh,/
| fx|r ydoru p{lpr hvw hq ho yuwlfh/ hv ghflu/ ho ydoru

p{lpr gh od ixqflq hv i +;, @ 65 +;, 5 +;,5 @ 45;1
Hq hvwh fdvr ho sureohpd ixh uhvxhowr iflophqwh judfldv d txh frqwedprv frq od ixqflq/ r/ phmru
glfkr/ frq od iupxod1
Hq jhqhudo xqd ixqflq sxhgh h{suhvduvh gh orv vljxlhqwhv prgrv=
4, Phgldqwh xq hqxqfldgr= Od orqjlwxg gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld hv 5 yhfhv ho udglr gh hood1

5, Phgldqwh xqd wdeod gh ydoruhv=
u 3 4 4 6
5 5
F 3 6=47 9=5; 45=9
6, Phgldqwh xqd iupxod/ hfxdflq=

F @ 5u
Qxhvwur remhwlyr hq hvwd vhfflq hv oohydu hqxqfldgrv gh sureohpdv d iupxodv +ixqflrqhv, txh qrv
shuplwdq wudedmdu pdwhpwlfdphqwh1
Vl odv yduldeohv { h | hvwq uhodflrqdgdv gh prgr txh vlhpsuh txh vh dvljqh xq ydoru d {/ vh sxhgd
ghwhuplqdu xq ydoru fruuhvsrqglhqwh |/ vh glfh txh | ghshqgh gh {> gh dootxh uhfledq orv qrpeuhv=
5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLQ 456
{ yduldeoh lqghshqglhqwh
| yduldeoh ghshqglhqwh
Dojxqrv hmhpsorv txh pxhvwudq odv yduldeohv ghshqglhqwh h lqghshqglhqwh vrq=
4, Ho uhd D gh xq fufxor ghshqgh gho udglr u

5, Od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od yhjhwdflq ghshqgh gho wlhpsr
6, Ho suhflr gh xq duwfxor ghshqgh gh od rihuwd | gh od ghpdqgd
7, Ho iudqtxhr srvwdo kdvwd xq ghvwlqr gdgr ghshqgh gho shvr +| gho yroxphq, gho sdtxhwh
Pxfkdv yhfhv orv sdshohv gh odv yduldeohv lqghshqglhqwhv frq odv yduldeohv ghshqglhqwhv vrq lqwhufdp0
eldeohv/ sru hmhpsor/
F @ 5u
txh qrv gd od orqjlwxg F gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld fxdqgr frqrfhprv ho udglr u/ shur wdpelq sxhgh vhu ylvwr
frpr
F
u@
5
sdud ho fdvr hq txh vh qrv g od orqjlwxg F gh od flufxqihuhqfld | txlvludprv fdofxodu vx udglr1
Hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhuflflrv oohjduhprv d xqd ixqflq/ txh vh rewlhqh gho hqxqfldgr gho sureohpd/ fru0
uhvsrqglhqgr hvwh wlsr gh hmhuflflr d or txh vh hqwlhqgh sru prghodflq pdwhpwlfd1 Ho grplqlr gh od
ixqflq rewhqlgd vh gheh uhvwulqjlu d odv frqglflrqhv gho sureohpd frqvlghudqgr grqgh wlhqh vhqwlgr od ydul0
deoh xwlol}dgd/ rewhqlhqgr xq qxhyr grplqlr txh oodpduhprv grplqlr gho sureohpd | or ghqrwduhprv
GrpS +i ,1
Sru hmhpsor= Vxsrqjdprv txh { lqglfd od orqjlwxg gh xq odgr gh xqd fdmd | od ixqflq D+{, @ {+43{,
uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gh od fdmd1
Hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq +pludgd qr hq ho frqwh{wr gho sureohpd, hv U/ shur frqvlghudqgr
D+{, frpr uhd | whqlhqgr suhvhqwh txh { hv xqd orqjlwxg hqwrqfhv ghehprv dvhjxuduqrv gh txh
{A3 | 43 { A 3
gh grqgh 3 ? { ? 43/ oxhjr ho grplqlr gho sureohpd hv GrpS +D, @`3> 43^1
Hmhuflflr 433 Od frpsdd gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlpqh}%/ duulhqgd dxwrpylohv Fkhyhwwh d ' 431833
sru gd | 73 shvrv sru nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdd Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr
gh dxwr d ' ;1<33 sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1
d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlophwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh odv ixqflrqhv FD +{,/ FM +{, txh
uhsuhvhqwdq ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq Fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdd Dudqfleld% | Mlpqh}% uhvshfwlyd0
phqwh1
e, BcFxqwrv nlophwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdd
Mlpqh}%B Hqwuhjxh vl hv srvleoh xqd vroxflq jufd1
Vroxflq= d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlophwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu
xq Fkhyhwwh hq fdgd frpsdd hv>
FM +{, @ 43833 . 73{> FD +{, @ <;33 . 93{ frq { 3
e, Frqylhqh duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdd Mlpqh}% fxdqgr ho frvwr vhd phqru txh ho gh od frpsdd
Dudqfleld/ oxhjr ghehprv uhvroyhu
FD +{, A FM +{,
or txh htxlydoh d
<;33 . 93{ A 43833 . 73{
gh grqgh 68 ? {1 Hv ghflu/ frqylhqh duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdd Mlpqh}% vl vh uhfruuhq pv gh 68

nlophwurv1
Dkrud yhdprv xqd vroxflq jufd sdud ho sureohpd1
Frqvlghuhprv odv uhfwdv | @ 43833 . 73{ h | @ <;33 . 93{ txh uhsuhvhqwdq d odv ixqflrqhv FM > FD
uhvshfwlydphqwh Revhuydqgr jxud txh vljxh/ yhprv txh orv ydoruhv gh od ixqflq FM +{, vrq phqruhv txh
orv gh od ixqflq FD +{, vl { A 681
Hmhuflflr 434 Ho lpsxhvwr W d od yhqwd gh flhuwrv duwfxorv +wd{deoh, hv gh 4; ( vreuh ho ydoru { gho
duwfxor1 Vl W | { hvwq gdgrv hq shvrv1
d, H{suhvh W hq ixqflq gh {1
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4; { frq { A 31
e, W +533, @ 433 533 @ 69 | W +8=98, @
4; 4;
433 8=98
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rq}d/ { hv ho shvr gh od fduwd +hq rq}dv, h | uhsuhvhqwd ho iudqtxhr uhtxhulgr sdud wdo fduwd/ h{suhvh | hq
ixqflq gh {1
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Hq ho sulphu fdvr ho iudqtxhr vhu vlpsohphqwh
|+{, @ 3=3;{ @ 3=3;^{`
shur hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr ho iudqtxhr vhu
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vh lqglfd hq od jxud
d, H{suhvh ho yroxphq gho vlor hq ixqflq gh u | k1
e, H{suhvh ho uhd gho vlor hq ixqflq gh u | k1
f, Vl ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq sru phwur fxdgudgr hv ho greoh hq od eyhgd | ho vxhor frpsdudgr frq od
sduwh floqgulfd | ho yroxphq gho vlor hv Y3 ^p6 `/ h{suhvh ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq F frpr ixqflq gh
u | hqfxhqwuh GrpS +F,1
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yroxphq gho vlor hv ho yroxphq gh od eyhgd pv ho yroxphq gho flolqgur
5
Y @ u6 . u5 k
6
e, Frpr ho uhd gho whfkr +vhplhvihud, hv 5u5 / ho uhd gh odv sduhghv +flolqgur, hv 5uk | ho uhd gho
vxhor +fufxor, hv u5 / vh wlhqh txh ho uhd wrwdo gho vlor hv
D @ 5u5 . 5uk . u5
f, Ho frvwr wrwdo gh frqvwuxfflq gho vlor hvw gdgr sru od vxpd gh orv frvwrv gh frqvwuxfflq gh od
eyhgd/ odv sduhghv | ho vxhor1 Vl o hv ho frvwr sru phwur fxdgudgr gh frqvwuxfflq gh od sduwh floqgulfd
+sduhghv,/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr wrwdo gh frqvwuxfflq hvw gdgr sru xqd ixqflq txh ghshqgh gh k | u
F @ +5u5 ,+5o, . +5uk,o . +u5 ,+5o,=
Shur ho yroxphq gho vlor hv mr/ Y3 / sru or wdqwr

5
Y3 @ u6 . u5 k
6
dv/ ghvshmdqgr k

Y3 56 u6
k@ +516,
u5
| sru or wdqwr ho frvwr gdgr ghshqglhqgr vrodphqwh gh u hv

Y3 5
F @ 9u5 o . 5uo u
u5 6
t
grqgh u A 3 | k A 3 shur sru 516 k vhu srvlwlyr vl Y3 56 u6 A 3 / frq u A 3 gh grqgh 3 ? u ? 6 6Y3 1
5
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6 6Y3
GrpS +i , @`3> ^
5
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d, Ghwhuplqh ho uhd gh U frpr xqd ixqflq gh }/ D+},1

e, Sdud tx ydoruhv gh }/ wlhqh D+}, vhqwlgr hq hvwh sureohpdB
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odgrv gho uhfwqjxor vrq m DE m@ 5} | m EF m@ 5|1 Sru or wdqwr/ ho uhd gh U hv D @ 5}5| @ 7}|1 Shur F
shuwhqhfh d od holsvh/ dv txh vxv frrughqdgdv vdwlvidfhq od hfxdflq <{5 . 7| 5 @ 69/ gh grqgh/ ghvshmdqgr
|/ vh wlhqh s s
| @ 45 69 <} 5 b | @ 45 69 <} 5
s
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6s s
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5
s
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glvwdqfld+| sru or wdqwr gheh vhu srvlwlyd,
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hvshfwdgruhv dxphqwd hq 531
5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLQ 45:
d, Ghwhuplqh od uhfdxgdflq U hq ixqflq gho suhflr s1

e, BcTx suhflr | qphur gh hvshfwdgruhv surgxfluq pd|ru wdtxloodB
f, BcFxo hv od uhfdxgdflq p{lpd sru vhvlqB
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U @ qs
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s @ 4533 ;3o grqgh o 5 Q +517,
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q @ 433 . 53o
shur sru 517/ o @ 4533s

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7 @
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| ho dodpeuh hpsohdgr sdud hvwh uhfwqjxor vhu
7+5{ . 5|,
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7+5{ . 5|, @ 4933

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D+{, @ +533 {,{
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vh rewlhqh fxdqgr { @ 433/ sru or wdqwr odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr fhufdgr vrq gh 433 sru 433 pwv1
Hmhuflflr 43: Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwqjxor gh 93 slhv gh odujr | 63 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx
surixqglgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slhv | ghvsxv frqwlqd
do plvpr qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 53 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud txh pxhvwud xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl
od slvflqd vh kd oohqdgr ghvgh ixhud dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr pv surixqgr/ ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq
Y +k, gho djxd hq ixqflq gh od dowxud k1
5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLQ 45<
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Y +k, @ Y4 +k, . Y5 +k,
grqgh
Y4 +k, @ 53 k 63
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63k|
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shur sru ho whruhpd gh Wkdohv whqhprv txh

8 k
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| @ ;k
oxhjr/
63k+;k, 573k5
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Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5
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Whqhprv txh
Y +k, @ Y4 +k, . Y5 +k, . Y6 +k,
grqgh
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sru or wdqwr/
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| qdophqwh

933k . 453k5 vl 3 ? k ? 8
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933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, vl 8 k <
Hmhuflflr 43; Ghwhuplqh xqd ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwh ho yroxphq gh xq flolqgur lqvfulwr hq xqd hvihud gh
udglr d +frpr hq od jxud , hq ixqflq gh vx dowxud1
Vroxflq= Vhdq u | k udglr | dowxud gho flolqgur uhvshfwlydphqwh1

Vdehprv txh ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hvw gdgr sru od iupxod Y @ u5 k +txh ghshqgh gh odv yduldeohv
u | k,/ shur/ sru whruhpd gh Slwjrudv/ whqhprv
5
k
d5 @ . u5 =
5
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5
5 k
Y +k, @ +d ,k
5
5
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Hmhuflflr 43< Xq flfolvwd wlhqh txh kdfhu xq yldmh gh g npv/ hq xq wlhpsr ghwhuplqdgrv1 Fdofxod txh
gheh yldmdu d Y npv@kuv1 Shur vdoh 6 plqxwrv wdugh | yldmd d 4 npv@kuv pv ghsulvd/ | oohjd d wlhpsr1
Ghwhuplqdu od yhorflgdg suhylvwd Y hq ixqflq gh od glvwdqfld g1
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh ho flfolvwd yldmded d xqd yhorflgdg gh y np2ku> hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg exvfdgd
vhu Y @ +y 4, np2ku1 Ho flfolvwd yldm uhdophqwh gy krudv plhqwudv txh ho wlhpsr suhylvwr hud gh y
g
4
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y+g, @
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shur od yhorflgdg exvfdgd hv Y +g, @ y+g, 4/ sru or wdqwr
s
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od gh od jxud / gh yroxphq 585fp6 1 Vl ho frvwr gh od wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5 / od edvh ' 8 sru fp5 | ho gh orv
odgrv hv gh ' 6 sru fp5 / h{suhvh ho frvwr F frpr ixqflq gh { | GrpS +F,1
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{5 | @ 585 +518,
frq { A 3/ | A 3 | {5 4331
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' 6+7{|, @ ' 45{|1
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d, ho uhd edvdo gho frqr1
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frqrB +Vor ghvduurooduhprv or uhodwlyr do uhd,1
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prwrqhwd hv gh ' 88 irupxohprv xq prghor pdwhpwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu ho qphur gh elflfohwdv | gh
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xqlgdg,1 Od pdufd 5 sursruflrqd 4 xqlgdg gh srwdvd 8 gh qlwudwrv | 5 gh irvidwrv> vx frvwr hv gh 93 goduhv
+od xqlgdg,1
Irupxoh xq prghor pdwhpwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu od frpelqdflq gh ihuwlol}dqwhv gh phqru frvwr txh
vdwlvidjd odv hvshflfdflrqhv ghvhdgdv1
Vroxflq= Vhdq
{ +xqlgdghv, od fdqwlgdg gh ihuwlol}dqwh +Pdufd 4,

| +xqlgdghv, od fdqwlgdg gh ihuwlol}dqwh +Pdufd 5,
Hqwrqfhv ho remhwlyr hv plqlpl}du od ixqflq=
} @ 453{ . 93|
vxmhwd d odv uhvwulfflrqhv=
41 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh srwdvd1
6{ . | 48
51 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh qlwudwrv1
{ . 8| 53
61 Fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d odv qhfhvlgdghv gh irvidwrv1
6{ . 5| 57
Fodudphqwh/ dghpv
{3 |3
Oxhjr ho prghor pdwhpwlfr shglgr hv
Plq } @ 453{ . 93|

vxmhwr d
6{ . | 48
{ . 8| 53
6{ . 5| 57
{ 3
| 3
Judfdqgr odv uhfwdv
6{ . | @ 48
{ . 8| @ 53
6{ . 5| @ 57
{ @ 3
| @ 3
rewhqhprv od uhjlq U gh od jxud
Sru rwud sduwh d sduwlu gh od ixqflq remhwlyr/ frq f frqvwdqwh/ vh wlhqh txh
f
|@ 5{
93
gh grqgh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd f @ 453{ . 93| hv p @ 51 Frqvlghudqgr od uhfwd +frq shqglhqwh
p @ 5, pv fhufdqd do ruljhq/ txh sdvh sru do phqrv xq sxqwr gho frqmxqwr U/ whqhprv txh ho sxqwr
swlpr hv
{ @ 5> | @ <
hv ghflu/ 5 xqlgdghv gh ihuwlol}dqwh Pdufd 4 | < xqlgdghv gh ihuwlol}dqwh Pdufd 51
Hmhuflflr 447 Xqd hglwruldo sodqhd xvdu xqd vhfflq gh vx sodqwd sdud surgxflu grv wh{wrv D | E1 Od
jdqdqfld hv gh ' ; sru ho wh{wr D | ' 8 sru ho wh{wr E1 Ho wh{wr D uhtxlhuh gh 7 krudv sdud lpsulplu |
gh 9 krudv sdud hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwdu1 Ho wh{wr E uhtxlhuh gh 8 krudv sdud lpsulplu | gh 6 krudv sdud
hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwdu1 Vl vh glvsrqh gh 533 krudv sdud lpsulplu | gh 543 krudv sdud hqfxdghuqdu |
hpsdvwdu | vl sru or phqrv vh ghehq surgxflu 53 wh{wrv1
41 Irupxoh xq prghor pdwhpwlfr txh shuplwd rewhqhu ho ehqhflr p{lpr1
51 Ghwhuplqh ho qphur swlpr gh fdgd wh{wr txh gheh surgxflu od hglwruldo | vx fruuhvsrqglhqwh jdqdq0
fld1
61 BcFxqwdv krudv vh xvdq sdud lpsulpluB

5171 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQHV/ PRGHODFLQ 46:
71 BcFxqwdv krudv vh xvdq sdud hqfxdghuqdu | hpsdvwduB

81 Vl vh djuhjd od uhvwulfflq= Od surgxfflq gho wh{wr E gheh vhu sru or phqrv ho 83( gh od surgxfflq
gho wh{wr D1BcTx sxhgh ghflu gho swlprB
91 Vl vh glvsrqh gh 9 krudv pv sdud lpsulplu | od jdqdqfld sru fdgd wh{wr vh uhgxfh hq ' 3/35 Bctx
sxhgh ghflu gho swlprB +QR frqvlghuh od uhvwulfflq lpsxhvwd hq 8,1
Vroxflq= 4,= Vhdq
{= qphurv gh wh{wrv D1
|= qphurv gh wh{wrv E1
Irupxodflq gho sureohpd=

Pd{ } @ ;{ . 8|
vxmhwr d
7{ . 8| 533
9{ . 6| 543
{ 53
| 3
5, Judfdqgr odv uhfwdv
7{ . 8| @ 533
9{ . 6| @ 543
{ @ 53
| @ 3
rewhqhprv od uhjlq U gh od jxud l}txlhugd
Frqvlghudqgr od uhfwd +frq shqglhqwh p @ ;8 , pv ohmdqd do ruljhq/ txh sdvh sru do phqrv xq sxqwr
gho frqmxqwr U/ whqhprv txh ho sxqwr swlpr hv
{ @ 58> | @ 53
frq } @ 633
6, | 7, Uhhpsod}dqgr od vroxflq swlpd hq od uhvwulfflq gh lpsuhvlq whqhprv txh vh xvdurq 7 58 .
8 53 @ 533 krudv sdud lpsulplu/ hv ghflu/ wrgdv odv krudv glvsrqleohv sdud wdo hihfwr1 Frqvlghudqgr od
uhvwulfflq gh hqfxdghuqdflq | hpsdvwh/ rewhqhprv txh vh xvdurq odv 543 krudv glvsrqleohv sdud hvwd
wduhd1
8, Do djuhjdu od uhvwulfflq
5| { 3
rewhqhprv od uhjlq U4 txh pxhvwud od jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd1

gh grqgh hv fodur txh ho swlpr qr fdpel/ hv ghflu/ od vroxflq swlpd vljxh vlhqgr
{ @ 58> | @ 53
frq } @ 6331
9, Vl vh glvsrqhq gh 9 krudv pv sdud lpsulplu | od jdqdqfld sru fdgd wh{wr vh uhgxfh hq ' 3/35 od
irupxodflq pdwhpwlfd vhud
Pd{ } @ :> <;{ . 7> <;|
vxmhwr d
7{ . 8| 539
9{ . 6| 543
{ 53
| 3
od jufd fruuhvsrqglhqwh d hvwh prghor vh hqfxhqwud hq od jxud
gh grqgh od vroxflq swlpd hv
{ @ 57> | @ 55> } @ :> <; 57 . 7> <; 55 @ 634> 3;
Oxhjr od jdqdqfld dxphqwd hq ' 4> 3;
518 Dojheud gh Ixqflrqhv

Xwlol}dqgr ixqflrqhv hohphqwdohv
s |d frqrflgdv/ vh sxhgh ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv> sru hmhpsor xvdqgr odv
ixqflrqhv i+{, @ vhq{/ j+{, @ { vh sxhgh frqvwuxlu od ixqflq
s
k+{, @ vhq{ . {
Xqd gh odv frvdv txh gheh hvshflfduvh dtxhv ho grplqlr gh k+{,/ | hv qdwxudo shqvdu hq xq frqmxqwr
wdo txh fdgd vxpdqgr hvw ghqlgr hq U> dvho grplqlr gh k+{, gheh vhu d or pv Grpi _ Grpj1
Hq ho fdvr dqwhulru vh xv od rshudflq . +vxpd,/ wdpelq vh srgud kdehu xvdgr od rshudflq +pxo0
wlsolfdflq,/ glylvlq/ hwf1
Ghqlflq 516 Hq jhqhudo vxsrqjdprv txh i | j vrq grv ixqflrqhv | vhd G @ Grpi _Grpj/ hqwrqfhv vh
ghqhq qxhydv ixqflrqhv +frq grplqlr G, frqvwuxlgdv hq edvh d rshudflrqhv hqwuh vxv lpjhqhv uhvshfwlydv=
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 46<
d, Od vxpd gh i | j ghqrwdgd sru i . j | ghqlgd sru=
i . j = G $ U
{ $ i+{, . j+{,
e, Od glihuhqfld gh i | j ghqrwdgd sru i j | ghqlgd sru=
i j = G $ U
{ $ i+{, j+{,
f, Ho surgxfwr gh i | j ghqrwdgr sru i j | ghqlgr sru=
i j = G $ U
{ $ i+{,j+{,
g, Ho fxrflhqwh i | j ghqrwdgr sru ij | ghqlgr sru=
i @j = G3 $ U
{ $ i +{,@j+{,
grqgh
G3 @ i{ 5 G = j+{, 9@ 3j
s
Hmhpsor 448 Vhdq i +{, @ +5 {,6 / j+{, @m { 5 m1 Ghwhuplqhprv
s od vxpd/ od glihuhqfld/ ho surgxfwr
| ho fxrflhqwh gh i | j1 Vroxflq= Qrwhprv txh i +{, @ 5 { m 5 { m1 Ho grplqlr gh i hv ho lqwhuydor
` 4> 5` | ho grplqlr gh j hv U/ sru or wdqwr od lqwhuvhfflq gh vxv grplqlrv hv ` 4> 5` | odv ixqflrqhv
txh vh uhtxlhuhq hvwq gdgdv sru
s
+i . j,+{, @ s5 { m 5 { m . m { 5 m { 5
+i j,+{, @ s5 { m 5 { m m { 5 m { 5
+ij,+{, @ s 5 {+5 {,5 {5
5{m5{m
+i @j,+{, @
s m{5m
@ 5{ {?5
Qrwh txh vl j hv xqd ixqflq frqvwdqwh wdo txh j+{, @ f sdud wrgr { | vl i hv fxdotxlhu ixqflq/ hqwrqfhv
fi ghqrwd ho surgxfwr gh j | i /
+fi,+{, @ fi +{,> ;{ 5 Grpi
Hmhpsor 449 Vhdq i | j odv ixqflrqhv txh vh ghqhq d frqwlqxdflq

;
? 4> { 4
{ . 4> 5 ? { ? 3
s
i+{, @ j+{, @ 5> 4 ? { 8
{> 3{?7 = s
{ 4> { A 8
+yhu jxud ,
Ghwhuplqh i . j/ i j/ i j/ i@j | dghpv juditxhodv1
Vroxflq= Hv fodur sru od ghqlflq txh

i
Grp+i . j, @ Grp+i j, @ Grp+ij, @ Grp sxhv j+{, 9@ 3
j
@ Grpi _ Grpj
@ @` 5> 7^_U @` 5> 7^
Sxhvwr txh i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv sru sduwhv ghehprv dqdol}du orv srvleohv fdvrv gh dfxhugr d odv
lqwhuvhfflrqhv srvleohv gh grplqlrv1
41 Vhd { 5` 5> 3^_` 4> 4`/ hv ghflu/ { 5` 5> 4`/ hqwrqfhv
i +{, @ { . 4> j+{, @ 4
oxhjr/
+i . j,+{, @ i +{, . j+{, @ { . 5
+i j,+{, @ i +{, j+{, @ {
+i j,+{,
@ i +{,j+{, @ { . 4
i +{,
j @ ij++{{,, @ { . 4
51 Vhd { 5` 5> 3^_` 4> 8`/ hv ghflu/ { 5` 4> 3^/ hqwrqfhv
i +{, @ { . 4> j+{, @ 5
oxhjr/
+i . j,+{, @ i +{, . j+{, @ { . 6
+i j,+{, @ i +{, j+{, @ { 4
+i j,+{,
@ i +{,j+{, @ 5{ . 5
i +{,
j @ ij++{{,, @ {.4
5
61 Vhd { 5 ^3> 7^_` 4> 8`/ hv ghflu/ { 5 ^3> 7^/ hqwrqfhv

s
i +{, @ {> j+{, @ 5
oxhjr/ s
+i . j,+{, @ i+{, . j+{, @ s{ . 5
+i j,+{, @ i+{, j+{, @s { 5
+i j,+{,
@ i+{,j+{, @ 5 {
s
i +{,
j @ ij++{{,, @ 5{
Hq frqvhfxhqfld= ;
? {.5 5 ? { 4
+i . j,+{, @ { . 6 4 ? { ? 3
= s
{.5 3{?7
;
? { 5 ? { 4
+i j,+{, @ { 4 4 ? { ? 3
= s
{5 3{?7
;
? { . 4 5 ? { 4
+i j,+{, @ 5{ . 5 4 ? { ? 3
= s
5 { 3{?7
;
? { . 4 5 ? { 4
i {.4 4 ? { ? 3
+{, @
j = s5{
5
3{?7
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 474
+jufdv hq jxudv vljxlhqwhv,
51814 Frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv

Ghqluhprv xqd qxhyd ixqflq txh vh frqvwux|h d sduwlu gh rwudv grv ixqflrqhv i | j shur/ hq hvwh fdvr/
qrv edvduhprv hq odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1
Ghqlflq 517 Vhdq D/ E | F frqmxqwrv gh qphurv uhdohv1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq gh D hq E | vhd j xqd
ixqflq gh F hq G/ hv ghflu/
i j
D $ E a F $ G
Vl Uhfi _ F 9@ >/ hv ghflu/ ho uhfruulgr gh i | ho grplqlr gh j wlhqhq hohphqwrv hq frpq/ hqwrqfhv hv

srvleoh xvdu i | j sdud ghqlu xqd ixqflq gh D4 D hq G
Wdo ixqflq vh ghqrplqd frpsrvlflq gh j frq i/ | vh ghqrwd sru j i | vh ghqh sru=
j i = D4 $ G
{ $ j+i +{,,
grqgh Grp+j i, @ D4 @ i{ 5 D = i +{, 5 Fj/ vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hv ghflu/
Grp+j i , @ D4 @ i{ 5 Grpi = i +{, 5 Grpj _ Uhfij

+yhu hq jxud ,1
9
Hq sduwlfxodu vl Uhfi Grpj/ hqwrqfhv Grp+j i , @ Grpi1
Hmhuflflr 44: Vhdq

i = ^4> 4^$ U
s
{ $ {4.5
|
j = U $ U
{ $ +{ 5,5
Ghwhuplqhprv j i 1
Vroxflq= Sxhvwr txh Uhfi U @ Grpj/ hqwrqfhv Grp+j i, @ ^4> 4^ |

s s
+j i,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j+ { 4 . 5, @ + { 4 . 5 5,5 @ { 4
oxhjr/
j i = ^4> 4^$ U
{ $ { 4
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv i j1 Hq hvwh fdvr ghehprv ghwhuplqdu Uhfj1 Fodudphqwh
Uhfj @ ^3> 4^ | Uhfj 9 Grpi / vlq hpedujr Uhfj _ Grpi @ ^4> 4^9@ > oxhjr1
Grp+i j, @ i{ 5 Grpj = j+{, 5 Grpi j

@ i{ 5 U = +{ 5,5 5 ^4> 4^j
Shur
+{ 5,5 5 ^4> 4^ +, +{ 5,5 4
+, m { 5 m 4
+, {6 b {4
oxhjr/
@ ` 4> 4` ^ ^6> 4^
@ U`4> 6^
Dghpv/ s
+i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ i++{ 5,5 , @ +{ 5,5 4 . 5
9 Dojxqrv wh{wrv srqhq frpr frqglflq qhfhvduld Uhfi \ Grp j sdud ghqlu od frpsxhvwd j i shur frpr vh yh hvwh hv xq
fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od ghqlflq gdgd dtx1

oxhjr/
i j = U`4> 6^$ s
U
{ $ +{ 5,5 4 . 5
Qrwh txh i j 9@ j i/ hv ghflu/ qr vh fxpsoh od surslhgdg gh frqpxwdwlylgdg sdud od frpsrvlflq gh
ixqflrqhv1 Vlq hpedujr vh yhulfd od dvrfldwlylgdg
+i j, k @ i +j k,
Hq ho hmhpsor vljxlhqwh vh yhulfd hvwd ljxdogdg hq xq fdvr

s s
Hmhuflflr 44; Vhdq i+{, @ { . 4 5/ j+{, @ {5 4 | k+{, @ {5 ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq vxv grplqlrv
p{lprv1 Ghwhuplqh +i j, k | i +j k,1
Vroxflq= Fodudphqwh vh yh txh Grpk @ U/ Uhfk @ U. 3 / Grpj @`4> 4^ / Uhfj @ U3 / Grpi @ ^4> 4^1
F .
Sdud kdfhu od frpsxhvwd hv dsursldgr kdfhu ho gldjudpd gh od jxud vljxlhqwh
Grp+j k, @ i{ 5 U = {5 5` 4> 4^F j

@ i{ 5 U = {5 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
s
Grp+i j, @ i{ 5` 4> 4^F = s{5 4 5 ^4> 4^j
@ i{ 5` 4> 4^F = {5 4 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
Grp++i j, k, @ i{ 5 Grpk = {5 5 Grp+i j,j

@ i{ 5 U = {5 5` 4> 4^F j
@ i{ 5 U = {5 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
Grp+i +j k,, @ i{ 5 Grp+j k, s = +j k,+{, 5 Grpij
@ i{ 5` 4>s4^F = {7 4 5 ^4> 4^j
@ i{ 5 U = {7 4 4j
@ ` 4> 4^F
Dv/ vh wlhqh txh wdqwr +i j, k frpr i +j k, vrq ixqflrqhv frq ljxdo grplqlr hq hvwh fdvr1
Dkrud d qlyho gh iupxodv fdofxohprv ++i j, k,+{,1 Frpr
s
+i j,+{, @ i+ ss{ 4,
5
@ {5 4 . 4 5
whqhprv txh
+i j, k,,+{, @ +i ss j,+{5 ,
@ {7 4 . 4 5
Sru rwud sduwh hq ho fofxor gh +i +j k,,+{, whqhprv
+i +j k,,+{, @ is++j k,+{,,
@ t+j k,+{, . 4 5
s
@ +k+{,,5 4 . 4 5
ss
@ {7 4 . 4 5
Dv/
i +j k, @ +i j, k
|d txh wlhqhq ljxdo grplqlr/ uhfruulgr | uhodflq +iupxod, txh odv ghqh1
Hq orv gldjudpdv vljxlhqwhv vh ylvxdol}dq orv sdvrv khfkrv hq ho ghvduuroor1
U $ U. ` 4> 4^F $ U.
k j i
3 > 3 > ^4> 4^$ ^5> 4^
Sdud i +j k,
` 4> 4^F $ U.
jk i
3 > ^4> 4^$ ^5> 4^
i +jk,
` 4> 4^F $ ^5> 4^
| sdud +i j, k
U $ U.
k i j
3 > ` 4> 4^F $ ^5> 4^
i j,k,
` 4> 4^F $ ^5> 4^
+
Hmhuflflr 44< Vhdq s 5

{ 4> { A 4 { > {A3
i+{, @ j+{, @
{6 > {4 5{ . 4> { 3
Ghwhuplqh i j | j i 1
Vroxflq= Hq sulphu oxjdu ghwhuplqhprv +j i,+{,1
s
j+ { 4,> { A 4
+j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @
j+{6 ,> {4
s
Shur od ixqflq j wlhqh glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl { 4 | { vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh fhur1 Frpr
s
6
{ 4 A 3/ sdud wrgr { A 4 vh whqgu txh

s s
j+ { 4, @ + { 4,5 > vl { A 4
Shur {6 wlhqh grv frpsruwdplhqwrv hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 4`/ d vdehu/ {6 A 3 vl { 5`3> 4` | {6 3 vl
{ 5` 4> 3`1 Dv/ ; s
? + { 4,5 > { A 4
+j i,+{, @ +{6 ,5 > { 5`3> 4`
=
5+{6 , . 4> { 3
Ilqdophqwh fdofxohprv +i j,+{,

i +{5 ,> {A4
+i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @
i +5{ . 4,> { 4
Shur od ixqflq i wlhqh wdpelq glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl {5 | 5{ . 4 vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh
xqr1 Fodudphqwh {5 A 4 vl { A 4 | 3 ? {5 4 vl 3 ? { 41 Sru rwur odgr 5{ . 4 4 vl { 31 Frq wrgd
hvwd lqirupdflq whqhprv txh
; 5 6
s , >
? +{ 3?{4
+i j,+{, @ {5 4> { A 4
=
+5{ . 4,6 > { 3
51815 Ixqflrqhv Fuhflhqwhv | Ghfuhflhqwhv

D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv xqdv ghqlflrqhv txh qrv vhuq wlohv sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv/ |d txh hoodv
wlhqhq txh yhu frq or txh vxfhgh do dsolfdu xqd ixqflq d dperv odgrv gh xqd lqhfxdflq/ sru hmhpsor
hohydu do fxdgudgr1
Ghqlflq 518 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh fuhflhqwh hq D/ vl hv yhugdghud od vljxlhqwh lpsolfdflq=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, ? i +y,,>
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, A i +y,,=
Hv ghflu/ xqd ixqflq i vhu hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl lqylhuwh ho rughq/ hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl
frqvhuyd ho rughq1
Hmhpsor 453 Od ixqflq i +{, @ p{ . e hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl p hv qhjdwlyr1 Hq hihfwr/ vhdq

x> y 5 U/ hqwrqfhv
x ? y , px A py
, px . e A py . e
, i +x, A i+y,
Fodudphqwh/ i hv fuhflhqwh vl p A 31 Vl p @ 3 vh wlhqh od ixqflq frqvwdqwh i +{, @ e txh hv fuhflhqwh
| ghfuhflhqwh d od yh}1
Jufdphqwh vh lqwhusuhwd frpr vljxh= Xqd ixqflq vhu hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl hvwdqgr sdudgr hq
fxdotxlhu sxqwr gh od jufd gh od ixqflq vh frplhq}d d fdplqdu vreuh od jufd hq od gluhfflq srvlwlyd gho
hmh R[/ qhfhvduldphqwh vh frplhq}d d vxelu hq ho jufr1 Hq ho fdvr gh fuhflhqwh vor vh sxhgh dvhjxudu
txh qr edmd1
1
s
Hmhpsor 454 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv sdud wrgr {> | 5 U.
s s
{ ? | , { ? |=
Hq jhqhudo=
s
Hmhpsor 455 Od ixqflq i+{, @ q { frq q 5 Q hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1
Hq hihfwr hq od vhfflq gh qphurv uhdohv vh sure sru ho frurodulr 414; txh
s s
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , q { ? q |,
Hmhpsor 456 Od ixqflq i+{, @ ^{` hv fuhflhqwh1

Hq hihfwr
+;{> | 5 U,+{ ? | , ^{` ^|`,
shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv vl { @ 4> | @ 4> 8
{ ? | shur ^{` @ ^|` @ 4

Hmhpsor 457 Od ixqflq i+{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 U. wdo txh { ?
| hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 > shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U/ sxhvwr txh h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 4 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur {5 9? | 5 =
Sru rwud sduwh/ qrwhprv txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5
U wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 oxhjr {5 A | 5 / hv ghflu/
.
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , i +{, A i+|,,
Sursrvlflq 519 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwhv wdohv txh Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv j i
hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq Grpi 1
Ghprvwudflq= Hv fodur txh vl Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1

Vhd {> | 5 Grpj i wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv/ gdgr txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh whqhprv
i +{, ? i+|,
| sxhvwr txh j wdpelq hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv
j+i +{,, ? j+i +|,,
hq frqvhfxhqfld
{ ? | , +j i,+{, ? +j i ,+|,

Hmhuflflr 458 Suxheh txh vl i hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh hq G hqwrqfhv i hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq
G1
Vroxflq= Vhd {> | 5 G wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv i+{, i+|, sxhv i hv fuhflhqwh/ pxowlsolfdqgr sru 4 vh
wlhqh
i +{, i +|,
hq frqvhfxhqfld
{ ? | , i+{, i+|,
Sru or wdqwr i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq G1
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv
Uhf+i . j, @ Uhfi ^ Uhfj=
51 Vhdq i / j | k ixqflrqhv wdohv txh G @ Grpi @ Grpj @ Grpk 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j,k @ i k . jk hq G
k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G
61 Vl Uhfk _ Grp+i . j, 9@ > | G @ Grp+i . j, k/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
71 Vhd G @ Grpj _ Grpk 9@ >1 Vl Uhf+j . k, Grpi / hqwrqfhv
+i +j . k,,+{, @ +i j,+{, . +i k,+{,> ;{ 5 G
81 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghfuhflhqwhv hq U hqwrqfhv i j hv ghfuhflhqwh hq U1

5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 47:
91 Vl i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> d` | hq `d> 4^ hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh hq U
:1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq grplqlr G h Lg od ixqflq lghqwlgdg: / hqwrqfhv
i Lg @ Lg i @ i
;1 Vhd i ixqflq/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh j ixqflq wdo txh
j i @ Lg> ;{ 5 Grpi
Vroxflq=
41 Idovr1 Vhdq/ sru hmhpsor/
i = U $ U j = ^4> 4^$ U
s
{ $ 4 { $ {4
ixqflrqhv1 Uhfi @ i4j/ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^1 Oxhjr
Uhfi ^ Uhfj @ ^3> 4^î4j
Sru rwud sduwh/

U
i . j = ^4> 4^$ s
{ $ {44
fx|r uhfruulgr hv ^4> 4^1
51 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv/
++i . j,k,+{, @ +i . j,+{,k+{,

@ +i+{, . j+{,,k+{,
@ i+{,k+{, . j+{,k+{,
@ +ik,+{, . +jk,+{,
@ +ik . jk,+{,
oxhjr/
++i . j,k,+{, @ +i k . jk,+{, ;{ 5 G
gh grqgh
+i . j,k @ i k . jk
Dqorjdphqwh vl { 5 G>
+k+i . j,,+{, @ k+{,+i . j,+{,
@ k+{,+i+{, . j+{,,
@ k+{,i +{, . k+{,j+{,
@ +ki,+{, . +kj,+{,
@ +ki . kj,+{,
oxhjr/
+k+i . j,,+{, @ +ki . kj,+{, ;{ 5 G
gh grqgh
k+i . j, @ ki . kj hq G
: Hq uhdolgdg ho vperor Lg hvw ghqrwdqgr ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq lghqwlgdg / shur jhqhudophqwh vhuq ixqflrqhv glvwlqwdv/
ghshqglhqgr gho Grplqlr gh ghqlflq1 Dvkd| LgU / Lgdf>o hwf1

61 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv>
++i . j, k,+{, @ +i . j,+k+{,,

@ i +k+{,, . j+k+{,,
@ +i k,+{, . +j k,+{,
@ +i k . j k,+{,
oxhjr/
++i . j, k,+{, @ +i k . j k,+{, ;{ 5 G
gh grqgh
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
71 Idovr1 Frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
i +{, @ { . 4 j+{, @ {5 k+{, @ 5{
hqwrqfhv Grp+j . k, @ Grpj _ Grpk @ U 9@ > | Uhf+j . k, U @ Grpi / dghpv
+i +j . k,,+{, @ i ++j . k,+{,,

@ i +j+{, . k+{,,
@ i +{5 . 5{,
@ {5 . 5{ . 4
Shur +i j,+{, @ i +j+{,, @ {5 . 4 | +i k,+{, @ i+k+{,, @ 5{ . 4/ oxhjr/
+i j,+{, . +i k,+{, @ {5 . 5{ . 5>
sru or wdqwr
i +j . k, 9@ i j . i k
81 Idovr1 Odv ixqflrqhv i | j wdo txh

i +{, @ j+{, @ {
vrq ghfuhflhqwhv hq U/ vlq hpedujr
i j+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i +{, @ {
ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
91 Idovr1 Vhd
{ vl { 5` 4> 4`
i+{, @
{6 vl { 5`4> 4^
i+{, @ { hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 4` | i +{, @ { 6 hv fuhflhqwh hq `4> 4^1
Vlq hpedujr i qr hv fuhflhqwh ` 4> 4`^`4> 4^@ U sxhv +sru hmhpsor,/ h{lvwh { @ 3 5 U/ | @ 5 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur 3 @ i +{, 9? i +|, @ 41
:1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G
+i Lg,+{, @ i +Lg+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G
|
+Lg i ,+{, @ Lg+i+{,, @ i +{, ;{ 5 G
oxhjr/
i LgG @ LgUhf i i @ i

i Lg @ Lg i @ i
5181 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 47<
;1 Idovr1 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd sru
i = U $ U
{ $ 4
| vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh Uhfi Grpj | j i @ Lg/ hqwrqfhv
+j i,+{, @ {> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
Vl { @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
+j i,+4, @ j+i +4,, @ j+4, @ 4
Vl { @ 5/ vh wlhqh txh
+j i ,+5, @ j+i+5,, @ j+4, @ 5>
hv ghflu/ j+4, wlhqh grv ydoruhv 4 | 5 gh grqgh j qr hv ixqflq/ or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr1
Dqorjdphqwh/ vl i hv ixqflq gh D hq E qr qhfhvduldphqwh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh
i j @ LgE > ;{ 5 Grpj=
Vlq hpedujr/ edmr flhuwdv frqglflrqhv hv srvleoh txh hvwr rfxuud/ hv ghflu/ txh sdud xqd ixqflq i gh D
hq E h{lvwd j gh E hq D +oodpdgd od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i, wdo txh
i j @ LgE
|
j i @ LgD
Yhuhprv pv dghodqwh txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh lqyhuvd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Ho frqfhswr gh lq|hfwlylgdg ; lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho uhfruulgr gh i oh fruuhvsrqgh xqd qlfd
suhlpdjhq hq ho grplqlr gh i 1 Ho gh hsl|hfwlylgdg lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd oh
fruuhvsrqgh sru or phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq/ hq rwudv sdodeudv/ ho frqmxqwr gh lpjhqhv gh i +uhfruulgr gh i ,
gheh vhu ljxdo do frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1
Ghqlflq 51: Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl
+;x> y 5 D,+i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y,
Hmhpsor 45: Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
i = U i4j $ U
{ $ 5{{.4
4
Surehprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflq= Hq hihfwr= Vhdq x> y 5 U i4j wdohv txh i +x, @ i+y,1 Vh wlhqh=
i +x, @ i +y,
, 5x.4
x4 @ 5y .4
y4
, +5x . 4,+y 4, @ +5y . 4,+x 4,
, 5xy 5x . y 4 @ 5yx 5y . x 4
, x @ y
oxhjr/
i +x, @ i +y, , x @ y> ;x> y 5 U i4j
; Rwur qrpeuh xwlol}dgr hq od olwhudwxud frpr vlqqlpr gh lq|hfwlyd hv 404 +vh ohh xqr d xqr ,1
Hmhuflflr 45; Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
i = U $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
Ghwhuplqh vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd
Vroxflq= i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ hq hihfwr i+4, @ i +5, @ 6/ shur 4 9@ 51 Hv ghflu d | @ 6 5 Uhfi oh

fruuhvsrqghq grv suhlpjhqhv= 4/051 Revhuyhprv od jufd gh i hq ho sulphu jufr vljxlhqwh
Qrwhprv txh do wud}du xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vwd sxhgh fruwdu d od fxuyd hq grv sxqwrv +h{fhswr hq
| @ 6@7 d txlhq vor oh fruuhvsrqgh od suhlpdjhq {@0425,
Fodudphqwh vh revhuyd txh vl vh uhvwulqjh od ixqflq do lqwhuydor ^4@5> 4^ do lqwhuydor ` 4> 4@5`/
hqwrqfhv vh rewlhqhq ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv/ hv ghflu/
i = ^4@5> 4^$ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
|
i = ` 4> 4@5^$ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv +jufrv fhqwudo | ghuhfkr gh jxud dqwhulru uhvshfwlydphqwh,1
Ghwhuplqhprv dqdowlfdphqwh hq tx lqwhuydor i hv lq|hfwlyd Vhdq x> y 5 U wdo txh i+x, @ i+y,1 vh
wlhqh=
i +x, @ i+y,
+, x5 . x . 4 @ y 5 . y . 4
+, x5 y 5 @ y x
+, +x y,+x . y, . +x y, @ 3
+, +x y,+x . y . 4, @ 3
+, x@y b y.x.4@3
Qrwhprv txh x @ y a x . y . 4 @ 3/ vl x @ y @ 4@51
Exvfduhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr gh i hq ho fxdo vh fxpsod=
x @ y | x . y . 4 9@ 3 ;x> y 5 G i 45 j
Qrwhprv txh
x @ y a x . y . 4 9@ 3
, x @ y a +x . y . 4 A 3 b x . y . 4 ? 3,
, +x @ y a x . y . 4 A 3, b +x @ y a x . y . 4 ? 3,
, 5x . 4 A 3 b 5x . 4 ? 3
, x A 4@5 b x ? 4@5
shur 4@5 shuwhqhfh do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg1 Oxhjr/ srghprv frqvlghudu frpr grplqlrv gh lq|hfwlylgdg=
G @` 4> 4@5`
r elhq
G @ ^4@5> 4^
Dv/
i mG = ^4@5> 4^$ U i mG = ` 4> 4@5` $ U

{ $ {5 . { . 4 { $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv frpr |d vh ylr jufdphqwh<
Hmhuflflr 45< Ghpxhvwuh txh i = U $ U

{ $ {6
hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ U wdohv txh i+x, @ i +y,

vh wlhqh
i +x, @ i +y,
+, x6 @ y6
+, x y6 @
6
3
+, +x y,+x . xy . y5 , @
5
3
+, x@y b x5 . xy . y5 @ 3
Shur ho glvfulplqdqwh gh od hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr x5 . xy . y5 hq od yduldeoh x/ hv
@ y5 7y5 @ 6y 5 ? 3> ;y 5 U i3j
oxhjr/
x5 . xy . y5 A 3> ;x> y 5 U i3j
Sru or wdqwr x @ y1
Rwud irupd gh yhu txh x5 . xy . y5 9@ 3 hv
4 6
x5 . xy . y5 @ +x . y,5 . y 5 A 3 ;x> y 5 U i3j
5 7
Hmhuflflr 463 Ghwhuplqh vl
j = U $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
hv lq|hfwlyd1 Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv sdud txh or vhd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpj @ U wdohv txh j+x, @ j+y,

vh wlhqh vxfhvlydphqwh=
j+x, @ j+y,
+, x
x5 .8 @ y
y5 .8
+, x+y . 8,
5
@ y+x5 . 8,
+, xy5 . 8x @ yx5 . 8y
+, xy5 yx5 @ 8y 8x
+, xy+y x, @ 8+y x,
+, xy+y x, 8+y x, @ 3
+, +y x,+xy 8, @ 3
+, x@y b xy 8 @ 3
Revhuyhprv txh j qr hv 404 +lq|hfwlyd,/ sxhv j+4, @ j+8, @ 4@9 | 4 9@ 81
< iG
lqglfd i uhvwulqjlgd do grplqlr G 1
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr grqgh j vhd lq|hfwlyd1 Qrwhprv txh
x@y a xy @ 8
vl s s
x@y@ 8 b x@y@ 8
Sdud ghwhuplqdu ho grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg vh gheh yhulfdu
x @ y a xy 9@ 8= Dkrud elhq=
x @ y a xy 9@ 8 +, x @ y a +xy A 8 b xy ? 8,
+, +x @ y a xy A 8, b +x @ y a xy ? 8,
+, x5 A 8sb x5 ? 8 s
+, m x mAs 8 b m x m?s 8 s s
+, +x A 8 b s x ? s 8, b + 8 ? sx asx ? 8,
+, x 5` 4> 8^^` 8> 4^ b x 5` 8> 8^
s s
Shur 8 | 8 shuwhqhfhq do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg/ oxhjr/
s s
j4 = ^ 8> 8` $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
| s s
j5 =` 4> 8` ^ ^ 8> 4^ $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
Revhuyhprv ho jufr gh j hq
Hmhuflflr 464 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl i | j vrq

lq|hfwlydv/ hqwrqfhv k wdpelq hv lq|hfwlyd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpk wdohv txh k+x, @ k+y,1 Ghehprv ghprvwudu txh x @ y
k+x, @ k+y,
+, +j i,+x, @ +j i,+y,
+, j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,,
Frpr j hv 404 vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh i+x, @ i +y,/ | vlhqgr i lq|hfwlyd/ uhvxowd txh x @ y or txh ghpxhvwud
od sursrvlflq
Hmhuflflr 465 Vhdq i = D $ E | j = E $ F ixqflrqhv | k @ j i 1 Ghpxhvwuh txh vl k hv lq|hfwlyd/

hqwrqfhv i wdpelq or hv1 Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @ D wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,1 Ghehprv qxhydphqwh
ghprvwudu txh x @ y1 Frpr i+x, @ i +y, | j hv ixqflq whqguhprv txh j+i+x,, @ j+i +y,, gh grqgh
k+x, @ k+y,/ shur frpr k hv 404 vh wlhqh txh x @ y1
Sursrvlflq 51; Vl i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r elhq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ hqwrqfhv
i hv lq|hfwlyd1
Ghprvwudflq= Vlq suglgd gh jhqhudolgdg +v1s1j1,/ vxsrqjdprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/
+;x> y 5 Grpi ,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y,, +51<,
| vxsrqjdprv dghpv txh i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwluq x> y 5 Grpi wdohv txh
i +x, @ i+y, a x 9@ y
gh grqgh
xAybx?y
or txh frqwudglfh 51<1 Od ghprvwudflq hv dqorjd vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ txhgd sdud ho ohfwru
uhsurgxfluod1
Qrwh txh ho uhfsurfr gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru qr hv flhuwr1 Xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd qr hv qhfhvduldphqwh
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuh od ixqflq | @ 4@{ uhsuhvhqwdgd
sru od jufd gh od klsuerod htxlowhud> hvwd ixqflq hv lq|hfwlyd shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ql
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Ghqlflq 51< Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh hsl|hfwlyd r vreuh|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Uhfi @ E1
Hmhpsor 466 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru
i = U. $ U s
{ $ i +{, @ {
3
Hvwd ixqflq qr hv hsl|hfwlyd/ sxhv Uhfi @ U. 9@ U1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl vh uhvwulqjh ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd d
U. / hqwrqfhv
3
i = U. $ U.
3
s
{ $ i +{, @ {
3 3
vhv xqd ixqflq hsl|hfwlyd1
Revhuyh txh xqd ixqflq i = D $ Uhfi hv vlhpsuh hsl|hfwlyd1
Hmhpsor 467 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru
i = ` 4> 4^$ U
{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
Uhvwulqmdprv grplqlr | uhfruulgr gh prgr txh i vhd lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq x> y 5 Grpi @` 4> 4^ wdohv txh i +x, @ i +y,

vh wlhqh=
i +x, @ i +y,
, s44 x5 @ s44y5
s s
+, 4 y5 @ 4 x5
+, +y x,+x . y, @ 3
+, x@y b x.y @3
Qrwhprv txh vl x @ 3 hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd txh x @ y a y . x @ 31
Hv fodur txh orv lqwhuydorv gh lq|hfwlylgdg gh i vrq ^3> 4^ | ` 4> 3`/ hv ghflu/ odv ixqflrqhv
i4 = ` 4> 3` $ U i5 = ^3> 4^$ U

{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
Hmhpsor 468 Frqvlghuhprv i5 | ghwhuplqhprv vx uhfruulgr1

Vhd { 5 ^3> 4^ h | 5 U wdo txh | @ i +{,/ vh wlhqh=
| @ i +{,
+, | @ s4 4
{5 |A3
+, | 5 @ 4{5
4
5 4
+, {5 @ | |5
dkrud elhq/ frpr { 5 ^3> 4^/ hqwrqfhv

t 5
3 | 4 ? 4
|5 frq | 5 4 3
5
+, 3 |5 ? 4
| 4
+, 3 | 5 4 ? |5
+, 3 | 5 4 ? |5
+, 3 | 5 4 a |5 4 ? | 5
+, 4 | 5 a 4 ? 3
+, |5 4
shur | A 3/ oxhjr/ | 41
Dv/
i = ^3> 4^$ ^4> 4^
{ $ i +{, @ s {5 4
hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd

4
Ghqlflq 5143 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh el|hfwlyd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | vreuh|hfwlyd1
Hmhpsor 469 Odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq el|hfwlydv
i = U. $ U s
{ $ i +{, @ {
3 3
j = U $ U.
{ $ j+{, @ {5
3 3
k = U $ U
{ $ k+{, @ {6
o = U $ U s
{ $ o+{, @ 6 {
Qrwh txh/ sdud i | j/ vh fxpsoh=
+i j,+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i +{
s,
5
@ {5
@ m{m @ +{, @ { ;{ 5 U
3
| s s
+j i,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j+ {, @ + {,5 @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
hv ghflu/
i j @ LgU a j i @ LgU.
3 3
Dqorjdphqwh sdud k | o
+k o,+{, @ { > +o k,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U
gh grqgh
k o @ o k @ LgU
Odv ixqflrqhv txh fxpsohq frq hvwd surslhgdg vh glfhq lqyhuwleohv/ vhjq vh h{solfd d frqwlqxdflq1
Surslhgdg 5144 Vl i = D $ E hv el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwh xqd qlfd i 4 gh E hq D wdo txh
d, i i 4 @ LgE | i 4 i @ LgD
e, +i 4 ,4 @ i
Od ixqflq i 4 gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru hv qlfd | sxhgh ghqluvh gluhfwdphqwh frpr vljxh=
Ghqlflq 5145 Vl i = D $ E hv xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i vh ghqh

frpr
i 4 = E $ D
| $ { @ i 4 +|,
grqgh
| @ i +{, r { @ i 4 +|,
Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru od lqyhuvd gh i hv j | od lqyhuvd gh k hv o1 Uhfsurfdphqwh od lqyhuvd gh j hv i | od
lqyhuvd gh o hv k1 Revhuyhprv odv jufdv gh i | j 43 hq od jxud

Sdud rewhqhu i 4 gh xqd ixqflq i el|hfwlyd ghehprv ghvshmdu { gh od hfxdflq | @ i +{,/ frpr vh
h{solfd hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhpsorv1
Hmhpsor 46: Hq ho hmhpsor 467 ylprv txh od ixqflq
i = ^3> 4^$ ^4> 4^

{ $ i+{, @ s {5
4
4
hv el|hfwlyd | rewxylprv txh>

| @ it+{,
+, { @ | |
5 4
5
oxhjr/ v
|5 4
{ @ i 4 +|, @
|5
Sru or wdqwr
i 4 = ^4> 4^$ ^3> 4^ t 5
| $ i 4 +|, @ | 4
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txh vljxhq
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4 4
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qr hv frqyhujhqwh/ sxhv od vxevxfhvlq {5q irupdgd sru orv wuplqrv gh oxjdu sdu frqyhujh d 4/ vlq hpedujr
od vxevxfhvlq {5q.4 irupdgd sru orv wuplqrv gh oxjdu lpsdu frqyhujh d 31
Dqorjdphqwh vh wlhqh
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+{q ,4 q 4 4 4
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q@4 hv dfrwdgd1
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+4, 4 4
q
q
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8 8
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gh orv qphurv uhdohv1
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oplwh1
6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV 4<:
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Wrgd vxfhvlq prqwrqd dfrwdgd hv frqyhujhqwh
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q@4 xqd vxfhvlq fuhflhqwh | dfrwdgd +dqorjr sdud orv rwurv fdvrv/ frpr ghfuhflhqwh/ hwf,/ dv
Vhd +{q ,4
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% ? {Q
shur vl q A Q vh wlhqh {Q {q +fuhflhqwh, | {q + @ vxs D,1 Dv ; % A 3 <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q /
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q 5 Qj
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617 Fofxor gh oplwhv

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n
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4<; FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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4 q{
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odv klswhvlv gho whruhpd/ dv txh }q $ 31
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vhq+q,
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prvwudflq1
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dv sru od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq1
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q.4
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q.4
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6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV 4<<
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kdeod gh od frqyhujhqfld gh odv vxfhvlrqhv +{q . |q ,4 q@4 > +{q |q ,q@4 / hwf/ hv ghflu/ ho whruhpd vh uhhuh d od
4
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Ghprvwudflq= +4, Oplwh gh od vxpd1 Frpr {q $ d hv ghflu/
; %d A 3 <Qd wdo txh q A Qd , m{q dm ? %d
Frpr |q $ e> ; %e A 3 <Qe wdo txh q A Qe , m|q em ? %e

; % A 3 +wpdqgr %d @ %e @ 5% , <Q @ pd{iQd > Qe j wdo txh
q A Q , m{q dm ? %d a m|q em ? %e =
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dqwhulru/ txh vl q A Q
m{q . |q +d . e,m ? %d . %e @ %
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{q |q de @ {q |q {q e . {q e de
@ {q +|q e, . +{q d,e
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Frpr +{q ,4 4
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od vxpd
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q@4 grqgh {q @ 8q5 .q 1
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533 FKDSWHU 61 VXFHVLQ
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olpq$4 8q5 . q @ 4 | olpq$4 q5 . 5 @ 4 shur 4 95 U1
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dn qn . dn4 qn4 . . d3 dn
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q$4 en qn . en4 qn4 . . e3 en
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frqyhujh d 31
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6
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q6 .5 .4
q6 . 5 q5 . 4
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|
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6171 FOFXOR GH OPLWHV 534
Shur olpq$4 + 87 ,q @ 3 sxhv m 87 m ? 4

Oxhjr sru ojheud gh oplwhv
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O @ olp 87 q @ @
q$4 + 8 , . 5 olpq$4 +7,+ 87 ,q . 5 5
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U. vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q hqwrqfhv {q 5 U.
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr {q $ O vh wlhqh txh
; % A 3 <Q 5 Q
wdo txh
q A Q , {q 5 YO> % =
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O
wdqwr vl q A Q vh wlhqh
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olp {q olp |q +r htxlydohqwhphqwh d e,

q q
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Vl olp {q @ olp |q @ O hqwrqfhv olp }q @ O
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr {q $ O/ vh wlhqh txh sdud %4 A 3 h{lvwh Q4 5 Q wdo txh m{q Om ? %4 / sdud
wrgr q A Q4 1
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sru or wdqwr wrpdqgr Q @ pd{iQ4 > Q5 j vh wlhqh vlpxowdqhdphqwh txh vl q A Q
O %4 ? {q ? O . %4 a O %5 ? |q ? O . %5 a {q }q |q
dv/ xvdqgr od wudqvlwlylgdg gh od ghvljxdogdg vh rewlhqh
O %4 ? {q }q |q ? O . %5 vl q A Q
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txh qrv glfh txh
}q $ O

Hmhpsor 4<5 Suredu txh olpq$4 vhq +

q
q, @ 3 xvdqgr ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr
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4 vhqq 4
gh grqgh
4 vhqq 4
;q 5 Q
q q q
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4
vhqq
olp @3
q$4 q
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Vroxflq= Vl i{q j hv xqd vxfhvlq dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv h{lvwh N 5 U. wdo txh/ m{q m n> ;q 5 Q
oxhjr>
n {q n ;q 5 Q
or txh lpsolfd
n {q n
;q 5 Q
q q q
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n {q
3
Fdofxodu
q . vhq +q,
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q$4 4 +4,q
q
shur sdud wrgr q 5 Q
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a a olp @ 3=
q q q q q q q
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vhq +q, +4,q
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q$4 q q$4 q
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q$4 4 +4,q 4
q
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q . frv +q,
olp
q$4 6q
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5 5q q 5q 5
+ ,q @ q @ + ,q ;q 5 Q
6 6 6q 6q 6
| olpq$4 + 56 ,q @ 3/ hqwrqfhv sru ho whruhpd gho dfrwdplhqwr
q
olp @ 3=
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Sru rwud sduwh
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q q
6 6 6
dghpv olpq$4 + 46 ,q @ 3
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frv q
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q . frv q q frv q
olp @ olp q . olp @3
q$4 6q q $4 6 q $4 6q
s s
Hmhpsor 4<8 Fdofxodu olpq$4 {q grqgh {q @ q q . 41
Vroxflq= s s
s s q. q.4 4
{q @ + q q . 4, s s @s s
q. q.4 q. q.4
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olp { @ olp s s @ olp s s
q$4 q q$4 q . q . 4 q$4 q . q . 4
shur
4 4
3 s s s
q. q.4 q
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4
olp s s @3
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s s
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Hmhpsor 4<9 Ghprvwudu = Vl mum ? 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 quq @ 3
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv 3 ? u ? 4
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q+q . 4, 5 q+q . 4, 5
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5 5
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q q 5q
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shur
5q 5
olp @ olp @3
q$4 q+q 4, q$4 q 4
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olp quq @ 3
q$4
5, Vhd 4 ? u 3
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[q
duf duq.4
olp dun @ olp olp
q$4 q$4 4 u q$4 4 u
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sru or wdqwr
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srvlwlyr N judqgh/ h{lvwh +qxhydphqwh, Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q vh wlhqhq txh {q A N1
Qrwdflq= Dqrwduhprv hvwr gh od vljxlhqwh irupd
{q $ .4 wdpelq olp {q @ .4
q$4
q$4
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q$4
;N 5 U. <Q 5 Q wdo txh vl q A Q , {q ? N
Or sulphur txh ghehprv qrwdu hv txh .4 | 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr vh sxhgh
rfxsdu ojheud gh oplwh gh hvwh wlsr
Hmhpsor 554 Vhd {q @ q hqwrqfhv olp {q @ .4 hq fdpelr vl {q @ q hqwrqfhv

olpq$4 {q @ 41
Hmhpsor 555 Vhd {q @ dq vl d A 4 d hqwrqfhv {q $ .4
Vroxflq= Frpr d A 4 vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr d @ 4 . k frq k A 3/
Hmhpsor 556 Sru ghvduuroor gho elqrplr d od q vh wlhqh dq @ +4 . k,q A 4 . qk
Hmhpsor 557 Vl e A 4 hqwrqfhv olpq$4 orje q @ .4

Vl 3 ? e ? 4 hqwrqfhv orje q @ 41
Srghprv revhuydu gh od jufd gh | @ orje { +yhu jxud ,
txh d phglgd txh q fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh odv lpdjhqhv orje q wdpelq fuhfh lqghqlgdphqwh vlq hp0
edujr/ vl 3 ? e ? 4/ odv lpdjhqhv orje q ghfuhfhq lqghqlgdphqwh1
618 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv

Hmhuflflr 558 Ghpxhvwuh txh
6q 4 6 q5 . q . 4 4 6q5 . 4
l, olp @ ll, olp @ lll, olp 5 @6
q$4 7q . 5 7 q$4 5q5 . q 5 q$4 q . 4
Hmhuflflr 559 Ghpxhvwuh txh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv qr h{lvwhq
5q5 4 q6
l, olp ll, olp 5
q$4 q . 4 q$4 q . 4
Hmhuflflr 55: Fdofxodu orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv
6 .6q.4 s
4= olpq$4 65qq6 .8 q5 .6 5= olpq$4 q5 . 4 q
6= olpq$4 s q
6 q6 .43 7= olpq$4 6qq
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q 5q
.5q
:= olpq$4 +s5,6q.frv
q q ;= olpq$4 5q.vhq +4@q,
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q q
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5q
q
6181 HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 548
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5 .vhq +
7 qfrv q s 5
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,+ q . ;q q,
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5
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q6
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6
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5
q
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s
4= dq @ + qqvhq
5 4 ,
+q,
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q
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q7 .6q.4
s s
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4
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41 Vhd dq @ Sq / grqgh Sq hv ho shuphwur gh xq sro jrqr uhjxodu gh q odgrv lqvfulwr hq xqd flufxqihu0
hqfld gh udglr u
51 Vhd dq @ Dq / grqgh Dq hv ho uhd hqfhuudgd sru ho sro jrqr gh q odgrv gho sureohpd dqwhulru
61 Vhd dq @ q / grqgh q hv ho qjxor irupdgr hqwuh orv odgrv dg|dfhqwh gho srojrqr uhjxodu gho
sureohpd dqwhulru
71 Vhd dq @ {4 +q, . {5 +q, grqgh {4 +q, | {5 +q, vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr
q{5 . e{ . f @ 3 frq e> f frqvwdqwhv | {4 A {5
Hmhuflflr 563 Hvwdeoh}fd ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv
41 Vl +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlq frq xqd vxevxfhvlq {qn dfrwdgd/hqwrqfhv hood wdpelq or hv1
51 Vl +{qn , hv xqd vxevxfhvlq prqwrqd fuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv +{q , hv prqrwrqd fuhflhqwh
61 Vl +{qn , hv dfrwdgd vxshulruphqwh/ +{q , wdpelq or hv
71 Vl +m{q m, hv dfrwdgr hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelq or hv1
81 Vl +m{q m, hv prqwrqd hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelq or hv1
91 Vl wrgd +{qn , hv dfrwdgd hqwrqfhv +{q , wdpelq or hv1
:1 Vhd {q |q ;q hqwrqfhv
Vl +{q , hv fuhflhqwh +|q , wdpelq or hv1
Vl +|q , hv ghfuhflhqwh +{q , wdpelq or hv1
Vl +|q , hv dfrwdgd/ +{q , wdpelq or hv1
Vl +{q , hv qr dfrwdgd +|q , wdpelq qr or hv1
Hmhuflflr 564 Vhd +{q ,4

q@4 ghqlgd uhfxuvlydphqwh sru
4
{4 @ 3 {5 @ 4 {q.5 @ +{q . {q.4 ,
5
hv ghflu/ {q hv ho surphglr gh orv grv dqwhulruhv
d, Fdofxodu {5q | {5q.4 | hvfuleluorv frpr xqd vxpd gh wuplqrv gh xqd surjuhvlq jhrpwulfd1
e, Suredu txh {q hv dfrwdgd +xvdu d,1
f, Fdofxodu olpq$4 {q | mxvwlfdu vx h{lvwhqfld
+D|xgd= {5q $ 5@6/ {5q.4 $ 5@6,
Hmhuflflr 565 Vhdq +{q , | +|q , vxfhvlrqhv frqyhujhqwhv wdo txh
< Q 5 Q a {q |q > ;q A Q Suredu txh olp {q olp |q
+D|xgd= Xvh ho khfkr txh vl olp }q @ O A 3 , q A Q hqwrqfhv olpq$4 {q d
Hmhuflflr 567 Vh ghqh oplwh lqihulru +olp lqi {q , | oplwh vxshulru +olp vxs {q , gh xqd vxfhvlq +{q ,
dfrwdgd/ gh od vljxlhqwh irupd
Vhd Dq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwr
Dq @ i{q > {q.4 > {q.5 > j =@ i{n = n qj
Frpr +{q , hv xqd vxfhvlq dfrwdgd/ ho frqmxqwr Dq wdpelq or hv | sru d{lrpd gh frpsohwlwxg hq U h{lvwh
vq @ vxs Dq > lq @ lqi Dq
d, Xvdqgr ho khfkr txh

D4 D5 D6
lqgltxh sru tx whruhpd vh wlhqh od frqyhujhqfld gh +vq , | +lq ,
e, Vh ghqh olp vxs {q @ olp vq a olp lqi @ olp lq pxhvwuh txh
olp lqi {q olp vxs {q

f, Vhd {q @ +4.+4, ,
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q
,
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5 ;
g, Hq txh fdvr vh wlhqh od ljxdogdg hq +e,
Hmhuflflr 568 d, Wrpdu +|q , gho sureohpd dqwhulru/ hqfrqwudu xqd vxevxfhvlq gh |q frqyhujhqwh +qrwh
txh |q qr frqyhujh,
e, Wrgd vxfhvlq dfrwdgd +{q , srvhh xqd vxevxfhvlq frqyhujhqwh +Pxhvwuh hvwd dupdflq, D|xgd=
Sxhgh wrpdu xqd {qn $ olp vxs {q +r olp lqi {q ,
Hmhuflflr 569 Vhd +{q , vxfhvlq dfrwdgd= Pxhvwuh od htxlydohqfld
+{q , frqyhujh +, olp vxs {q @ olp lqi {q

Fkdswhu 7
Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
714 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv

Hq hvwd vhfflq yhuhprv ho frqfhswr gh duelwuduldphqwh sur{lpr%/ lghd txh |d ixh ghvduuroodgd hq oplwh
gh vxfhvlrqhv/ hv ghflu/ hq ixqflrqhv gh Q $ U/ od glihuhqfld hq hvwh hvwxglr vhu sulqflsdophqwh hq ho
grplqlr/ txh hq hvwd rsruwxqlgdg hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U1
Uhfrughprv txh xqd yhflqgdg gh s hv gh od irupd Ys> % @ `s %> s . %^/ grqgh % A 3 +hq jhqhudo xqd
yhflqgdg gh s hv xq delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d s,1
71414 Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflq

Ghqlflq 714 Vhd s 5 U | D U +s qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq D,1
Gluhprv txh s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / frqwlhqh dojq sxqwr
d 5 D glihuhqwh gh s1 Hq qrwdflq pv irupdo
; % A 3 / +Ys> % isj, _ D 9@ !=
; % A 3 <d 5 D / 3 ? md sm ? %=
Ho frqmxqwr ghulydgr gh D/ ghqrwdgr sru D3 / hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv gh dfxpxodflq gh
D/ hv ghflu/
D3 @ is 5 U = s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh Dj=
Hmhpsor 56: Vhd D @ `6> :`1 Frpr wrgd yhflqgdg gh 6 lqwhuvhfwd d D vh wlhqh txh 6 hv xq sxqwr gh
dfxpxodflq gh D +hv ghflu/ 6 5 D3 ,1 Hq irupd iflo vh sxhgh yhu txh D3 @ ^6> :`1
Hmhpsor 56; Vhd D @` 4> 5^î7j ^ ^8> :^1 7 qr hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D sxhv h{lvwh Y @`6> 8^
yhflqgdg gh 7 wdo txh +Y i7j, _ D @ !1
Xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du orv sxqwrv gh dfxpxodflq/ hvw gdgd hq od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq
Sursrvlflq 715 Vhd D U qr ydfr

s 5 D3 vl | vror vl wrgd yhflqgdg gh s frqwlhqh lqqlwrv sxqwrv gh D
Ghprvwudflq= + + , Wulyldo
+ , , Vl wrpdprv yhflqgdghv gh od irupd Ys> q4 @ Yq + hv ghflu/ frq % @ q4 ,1 Sdud q @ 4 h{lvwh
{4 5 D _ +Y4 isj, | h{lvwh q5 5 Q wdo txh m{4 sm A q45 1 Sdud q5 h{lvwh {5 5 D _ +Yq5 isj, | h{lvwh
q6 5 Q wdo txh m{5 sm A q46 / hwf1
54:
54; FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV
Sru xq surfhvr lqgxfwlyr vh sxhgh jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh
{4 > {5 > {6 >
wrgrv sxqwrv gh D1
Frurodulr 716 Vhd D U qr ydfr

s 5 D3 +, <+{q ,4 q@4 > {q 5 D isj | {q $ s
Hvwr vh sxhgh yhu hq od ghprvwudflq gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru
Hmhpsor 56< D @ i q4 = q 5 Qj
Fodudphqwh vh yh txh 3 5 D3 / pv dq D3 @ i3j
Hmhpsor 573 E @ i +4q+5.9q = q 5 Qj

4, ,q
q 5
E @ i5j
3
Hmhpsor 574 F @ ivhq +{, = 3 ? { ? 7 j @ vhq +`3> @7^,
s
F 3 @ ^3> 55 `
Hmhpsor 575 G @ `6> 7^^`7> :`

G3 @ ^6> :`
Hmhpsor 576 Vhd H @ T hqwrqfhv H 3 @ U/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq I @ L +luudflrqdohv,/ I 3 @ U1 Hvwrv

uhvxowdgrv vh ghehq do khfkr txh wrgr lqwhuydor wlhqh lqqlwrv udflrqdohv/ hq ho sulphu fdvr/ r lqqlwrv
luudflrqdohv/ hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr
Hmhpsor 577 Vhd J @ ]1 Fodudphqwh vh yh txh qlqjq sxqwr gh ] hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq |d txh
wrpdqgr/ s 5 ]/ yhflqgdg Ys> 47 / hood vor wlhqh xq sxqwr hq frpq frq ]/ | vl s 5 U ] vlhpsuh h{lvwh
xqd yhflqgdg txh qr frqwlhqh sxqwrv gh ]1 Oxhjr whqhprv J3 @ !1
Ghqlflq 717 Xq sxqwr s hq D vh glfh dlvodgr/ vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s/ Ys / wdo txh +Ys isj,_D @ !
Hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru ] hvw irupdgr vor sru sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ or plvpr rfxuuh frq Q | frq i q4 = q 5 Qj
Revhuydflq= Vl s 5 D3 / whqhprv od fhuwh}d txh duelwuduldphqwh fhufd gh s vlhpsuh kd| hohphqwrv gh D/
hvwr qr rfxuuh vl s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr gh D1
71415 Ghqlflq gh oplwh gh ixqflrqhv

Ghqlflq 718 Vhdq s 5 D3 > i = D $ U ixqflq | O 5 U
Gluhprv txh ho oplwh gh i+{, hv O fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh O> YO > h{lvwh xqd
yhflqgdg gh s> Ys / wdo txh4
i +Ys isj, @ i ++Ys isj, _ D, YO >
hv ghflu/ orv hohphqwrv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqrv d s +orv sxqwrv gh od yhqflqgdg Ys ,/ vdoyr ho plvpr s/ txh
vrq wrpdgrv sru i+{, +|d txh ghehq hvwu hq D @ Grpi , wlhqh vxv lpdjhqhv duelwuduldphqwh fhufdqdv d
O +|d txh ghehq hvwdu hq YO ,
Qrwdflq=
olp i+{, @ O olp i +{, @ O i +{, $ O
{$s s
{$s
Od ghqlflq dqwhulru hv qhfhvdulr hvfuleluod hq xq ohqjxdmh txh qrv shuplwd rshudu frq hood1
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fxdotxlhu % A 3 +; % A 3,> or plvpr rfxuuh frq odv yhflqgdghv gh s/ Ys> / hq hvwh fdvr ho fxdqwlfdgru hq
od ghqlflq hv h{lvwh/ < A 3
4 Vh hqwlhqgh txh i ED ' i ED K Grp i /|d txh d orv hohphqwrv gh D txh qr hvwdq hq ho Grp i> i ohv kdfh qdgd1
7141 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV 54<
Sru or dqwhulru whqhprv txh

olp i +{, @ O
{$s
vl | vor vl
; % A 3 < A 3 / i++Ys> isj, _ D, YO> % +yhu jxud QQ,
Iljxud QQ
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Ys> @ i{ 5 U = m{ sm ? j | YO> % @ i| 5 U = m| sm ? %j>
vh sxhgh hvfulelu=
Ghqlflq Wudglflrqdo=
olp i +{, @ O
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+; % A 3,+ < A 3,++3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , , mi +{, Om ? %,=
Dv/ ghprvwudu txh olps i+{, @ O frqvlvwh hq= hqfrqwudu xq A 3 sdud xq % A 3 gdgr +duelwudulr, |
txh yhultxh od lpsolfdflq
+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 D, , mi +{, Om ? %
71416 Ghprvwudflq gh Oplwh % 1

Hmhuflflr 578 Vhd i+{, @ 6{ . 51 Ghprvwudu txh olp{$4 i+{, @ 8
Vroxflq= \d txh sdud wrgr % A 3 h{lvwh < +@ 6% , wdo txh
3 ? m{ 4m ? +, 3 ? m{ 4m ? 6%
+, 3 ? 6m{ 4m ? %
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+, 3 ? mi+{, 8m a mi+{, 8m ? %
Dv/
%
; % A 3 < @ / +3 ? m{ 4m ? , mi +{, 8m ? %,=
6
553 FKDSWHU 71 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV
BcSru tx wrpdprv @ 6% B Sdud txh mxvwdphqwh vh g od ghvljxdogdg mi+{, 8m ? % | qr rwud

ghvljxdogdg1
Qrwhprv txh= Ho exvfdgr gheh vdwlvidfhu=
i +Y4> i4j, Y8> % i +`4 > 4 . ^, `8 %> 8 . %^ +vdoyr i +4, ,
| frpr i+{, hv fuhflhqwh/ gheh vdwlvidfhu
`6+4 , . 5> 6+4 . , . 5^`8 %> 8 . %^ +vdoyr i +4,,
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
8 % 6+4 , . 5 a 6+4 . , . 5 8 . %
gh or fxdo whqhprv
% 6 a 6 %=
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olp{$s d{ . e @ ds . e1 Hq hvwh fdvr edvwd wrpdu @ md%m |d txh d 9@ 31
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Hmhuflflr 579 Vhd j+{, @ {{6< / +Yhu jxud pv dedmr,1 Ghprvwudu txh
5
olp j+{, @ 9=
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Sdud fdgd % A 3 h{lvwh > @ % wdo txh= 3 ? m{ 6m ? , mj+{, 9m ? %1
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3 ? m{ 6m ? +, 3 ? m{ . 6 9m ? %
+, 3 ? m+{ . 6, {{
6 9m ? % =
6
+, 3 ? mj+{, 9m ? %
| @ { . 6 /j+{, @ {{6<
5
Hmhuflflr 57: Vhd k+{, @ {5 . 51 Ghprvwudu olp{$4 k+{, @ 6

Vroxflq= Gdgr % A 3 < @ plqi4> 6% j
3 ? m{ 4m ? , m{ 4m ? 6% a m{ 4m ? 4
, m{ 4m ? 6% a m{ . 4m ? 6
, m{ 4mm{ . 4m ? 6 6% @ %
7141 OPLWHV GH IXQFLRQHV 554
hv ghflu/
3 ? m{ 4m ? , 3 ? m+{ . 4,+{ 4,m ? %
, 3 ? m{5 4m ? %
, 3 ? m{5 . 5 6m ? %
, 3 ? mk+{, 6m ? %
Dv/ ; % A 3 < @ plqi4> 6% j+3 ? m{ 4m ? , mk+{, 6m ? %,1
Od suhjxqwd qdwxudo hv= Sdud % A 3 BcFxo wrpdu +fpr vh rewlhqh xq , dsursldgr sdud txh wrgr
txhgh frpr od ghqlflq wudglflrqdoB Od wfqlfd frqvlvwh hq exvfdu xqd uhodflq hqwuh %> / hvwd vh frqvljxh
exvfdgr xqd uhodflq hqwuh
m{ sm | mi +{, Om
Hq ho hmhpsor 578 vh frqvlghud m{ 4m | m6{ . 5 8m> Gdgr txh m6{ . 5 8m @ m6{ 6m @ 6m{ 4m/ vl
txhuhprv m6{ . 5 8m ? % +hvwr htxlydoh d 6m{ 4m ? %,/ qhfhvlwdprv hqwrqfhv wrpdu m{ 4m ? 6% hv ghflu/
qhfhvlwdprv wrpdu m{ 4m ? frq 6% 1
Hq ho hmhpsor 579 vh frqvlghud m{ 6m | m {{6< 9m1 BcFpr hvw uhodflrqdgr m{ 6m frq od vhjxqgd
5
h{suhvlqB Sdud frqwhvwdu hvwr qhfhvlwdprv wudedmdu frq od vhjxqgd h{suhvlq

{5 < +{ 6,+{ . 6,
Vl { 9@ 6> m 9m @ m 9m @ m{ . 6 9m @ m{ 6m
{6 {6
Sru or wdqwr/ od vhjxqgd h{suhvlq hv phqru txh % vl od sulphud wdpelq or hv/ hv ghflu/ gheh vhu ljxdo
d %1
Hq ho hmhpsor 57: orv wuplqrv d frpsdudu vrq m{ 4m | m{5 . 5 6m1 Hq hvwh fdvr txhuhprv txh
m{5 . 5 6m @ m{5 4m @ m{ 4mm{ . 4m ? %=
% / hvwh owlpr sdvr vxjlhuh txh gheh vhu wrpdqgr frpr % / shur hvwr qr hv
Sru or wdqwr/ m{ 4m ? m{.4m m{.4m
fruuhfwr |d txh hv xq qphur srvlwlyr | qr xqd ixqflq gh {1
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Qrwh txh vl @ 4 |
m{ 4m ?
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%
m{ 4m ? a m{ . 4m ? 6
6
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%
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Ghprvwudflq= +dsolfdu s , t +, t , s,1
Hmhpsor 636 Surehprv txh olp{$3 vhq+ {4 , qr h{lvwh1

Frqvlghuhprv {q @ .54 q > |q @ .5
4
q 1
Fodudphqwh {q $ 3/ |q $ 3 grqgh {q 9@ 3> |q 9@ 31
5
Vhd i +{, @ vhq+ {4 ,= Oxhjr olpq$4 i+{q , @ olpq$4 vhq @ 3/ |

olpq$4 i +|q , @ olpq$4 vhq 5 @ 41
Sru or wdqwr/ sru frurodulr dqwhulru olp{$3 vhq+ {4 , qr h{lvwh1
716 Frqwlqxlgdg
Ghqlflq 714: Vhd D U> s 5 D/ gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh
i+s,> Yi +s,> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh
i +Ys> , < Yi +s,> %
Gluhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq D vl i hv frqwlqxd hq fdgd sxqwr s 5 D1
Hmhpsor 637 i+{, @ 5{ hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 6 sxhvwr txh=

Xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i+6, hv gho wlsr =
Yi +6,> % @ì +6, %> i+6, . %^@`9 %> 9 . %^
< Qrwh txh qr qhfhvduldphqwh Ys> a D ' Grp i / or lps ruwdqwh hv txh orv { txh wrpd od ixqflq i / hv ghflu/ orv { M Ys>
whqjdq lpdjhq hood hvwh fhufdqd d i Es
Vl sdud od yhflqgdg dqwhulru gh i+6,/ h{lvwlhud xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> `6 %> 6 . %^ hvwd ghehud fxpsolu
i +`6 > 6 . ^ Yi +6,> % >
hv ghflu/
i+`6 > 6 . ^`9 %> 9 . %^
shur frpr i hv fuhflhqwh/ whqhprv
i+`6 > 6 . ^@`5+6 ,> 5+6 . ,^@`9 5> 9 . 5^
Sru or wdqwr/ gheh fxpsolu

`9 5> 9 . 5^`9 %> 9 . %^
Sdud % gdgr/ gheh fxpsolu
9 % ? 9 5 a 9 . 5 ? 9 . % >
hv ghflu/
5 ? % a 5 ? % >
Sru or wdqwr/ sdud od yhflqgdg Yi +6,> % h{lvwh do phqrv xqd yhflqgdg gh 6 |d txh edvwd wrpdu 5 ? %
+hv ghflu/ ? %@5, wdo txh i +Y6> , Y9> % 1 Yhu jxud dqwhulru
Hmhpsor 638 Vhd

5 {6
i +{, @
5=34 { A 6
Ghwhuplqdu vl hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 61
Vroxflq= Gdgd xqd yhflqgdg gh i +6,> Y5> % / ghehud h{lvwlu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> / + hv ghflu/ h{lvwh
A 3 , wdo txh i +Y6> , Y5> %
Or dqwhulru hv htxlydohqwh d
; % A 3> < A 3> i +Y6> , Y5> %
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 584
i+`6 > 6 . ^, `5 %> 5 . %^

Dv/ ghehud rfxuulu
; % A 3> < A 3 wdo txh i+Y6> , @ i5> 5=34j `5 %> 5 . %^>
shur sdud % @ 3=334 r phqru hv lpsrvleoh rewhqhu od lqfoxvlq dqwhulru1

Frqfoxvlq= Frpr sdud wrgr % A 3 qr hv srvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 6> Y6> wdo txh i +Y6> ,
Y5> % vh wlhqh txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 61
Vh sxhgh yhu fodudphqwh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq orv rwurv sxqwrv
Hmhpsor 639 Vhd i +{, @ 8/ +ixqflq frqvwdqwh,1

Hood hv frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv1
Vroxflq= Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr duelwudulr s1 Qrwhprv txh=
; A 3 i+Ys> , @ i8j
Dv/ ; % A 3> < A 3> i+Ys> , Yi +s,> %
|d txh
i+Ys> , @ i8j `8 %> 8 . %^ > ; % A 3
71614 Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg

D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv fxdwur fdudfwhul}dflrqhv gh frqwlqxlgdg
41 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D1
51 Vl s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
61 Vl s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq | s 5 D1
71 Fdudfwhul}dflq sru vxfhvlrqhv1
41 Vl s hv sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | s 5 D hqwrqfhv i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl olp{$s i+{, @

i +s,
Hvwd owlpd ljxdogdg glfh txh
l, olp{$s i+{, h{lvwh
ll, Ho oplwh dqwhulru hv ljxdo d i+s, h lpsoflwdphqwh hvwdprv glflhqgr txh i +s, h{lvwh1
51 Vl D frqwlhqh xqd yhflqgdg gh s +sru or wdqwr s hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq, whqhprv or vljxlhqwh=
d, olp{$s. i +{, h{lvwh
i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl e, olp{$s i +{, h{lvwh
f, orv oplwhv dqwhulruhv vrq ljxdohv d i +s,
s
Hmhpsor 63: Vhd i +{, @ { 4 BcHv frqwlqxd hq 4 B
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv txh Grpi @ D @ ^4> 4^/ | dtx ylhqh qdwxudophqwh od htxlyrfdgd frqfoxvlq
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 4 |d txh olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh%/ frpr vh h{ljh hq 5f1
Revhuydflq= Qr srghprv xvdu od fdudfwhul}dflq 51 sxhv qr vh fxpsoh od klsrwvlv gh txh D
frqwhqjd xqd yhflqgdg gh 41
Hq fdpelr/ vl srghprv xvdusod fdudfwhul}dflq 4/ sxhv
s 4 hv xqd
ssxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh D | 4 5 D/
hqwrqfhv gdgr txh olp{$4 { 4 h{lvwh | olp{$4 { 4 @ 4 4 @ 3 @ i +4,1 vh wlhqh txh i hv
frqwlqxd hq 41
Surehprv i hv frqwlqxd hq 4 hq wuplqrv gh yhflqgdghv1

Wrphprv xqd yhflqgdg duelwuduld gh i +4, @ 3> Y3> % qhfhvlwdprv hqfrqwudu xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> /
wdo txh rfxuud=
i+Y4> , Y3> % +7143,
Yhdprv tx frqglflq gheh fxpsolu sdud txh hvwd owlpd lqfoxvlq vhd yolgd1
Frpr Y4> @`4 > 4 . ^ | i hv fuhflhqwh +yhu jxud,
y 2
1.5
0.5
0
0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5
s
x
i +{, @ {4
vh wlhqh txh= s
i +`4 > 4 . ^, @ i +^4> 4 . ^, @ ^3> ^
Dv/ od lqfoxvlq hq 7143 qrv txhgd s

^3> ^` %> %^
s
Sru or wdqwr gheh fxpsolu ? % r htxlydohqwhphqwh ? %5 1
Uhvxplhqgr1 Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg Y3> % h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh 4> Y4> +edvwd txh vhd phqru txh
%5 wdo txh
i +Y4> , Y3> % =
Oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq s @ 41
61 Vl s 5 D qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq +s hv xq sxqwr dlvodgr, vh wlhqh txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr s qr hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq/ h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +hv ghflu/
h{lvwh A 3, wdo txh
Ys> _ D @ isj
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
`s > s . ^_D @ isj>
sru or wdqwr/ i +Ys> , @ i+isj, @ ii +s,j ì +s, %> i+s, . %^
Od lqfoxvlq owlpd rfxuuh sdud wrgr % A 3> gh hvwd irupd whqhprv od vljxlhqwh dupdflq1
Sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh i +s,> Yi +s,> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> +od wrpdgd do lqlflr, wdo txh
i +Ys> , Yi +s,> %
Or txh txlhuh ghflu txh i hv frqwlqxd hq s1

Hmhpsor 63; Wrgdv odv vxfhvlrqhv {q = Q $ U vrq frqwlqxdv/ |d txh wrgr sxqwr gh Q hv sxqwr gh
dlvodgr1
Hq od sufwlfd/ qr vh hqfxhqwudq pxfkrv grplqlrv frq sxqwrv dlvodgrv/ shur vl dsduhfhq hq vlwxd0
flrqhv hvshfldohv | sru hvh prwlyr or khprv ghvduuroodgr hq ghwdooh dtx/ dpq txh ohv idflolwdu ho/
hqwhqglplhqwr gho frqfhswr gh frqwlqxlgdg hq yduldv yduldeohv1
71 Ghqlflq wudglflrqdo1
i hv frqwlqxd hq s> s 5 Grpi @ D vl
; % A 3 < A 3> m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , mi +{, i +s,m ? %
Qrwh txh m{ sm ? | mi+{, i+s,m ? % kdeodq gh odv yhflqgdghv gh s | i +s, uhvshfwlydphqwh | od

lpsolfdflrq +,, vh uhhuh d od lqfoxvlq gh frqmxqwrv> od phqflq h{soflwd gh { 5 Grpi hv sdud txh
whqjd vhqwlgr od qrwdflq i +{,1
81 Vhd i = D $ U> s 5 D1 i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | vor vl

Sdud wrgd vxfhvlq43 +{q ,/ wdo txh {q frqyhujh d s vh wlhqh txh od vxfhvlq i+{q , frqyhujh d i +s,1
Hvwh fulwhulr hv pdv wlo sdud suredu od qr frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr txh od frq|lqxlgdg1
Or dqwhulru vh sxhgh hvfulelu frpr
i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 +, ;+{q ,> {q $ s , i +{q , $ i+s,
Dv/ od qhjdflq hv= i qr hv frqwlqxd hq s vl | v*ror vl
<+{q ,> {q $ s a i +{q , 9$ i +s, +i+{, qr frqyhujh d i+s,,
Hmhpsor 63< Vhd

vhq + {4 , { 9@ 3
i+{, @
4 {@3
BcHv frqwlqxd hq 3 B
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuhprv od vxfhvlq +{q , frq {q @ 5q

4
Fodudphqwh vh yh txh {q $ 3/ shur
4
i +{q , @ vhq+ , @ vhq+5q, @ 3 ;q 5 Q
4@5q
Dv/ i +{q , qr frqyhujh d 4

Frqfoxvlq=
i qr hv frqwlqxd hq 3 |d txh h{lvwh xqd vxfhvlq +{q , frq {q $ 3 a i+{q , 9$ i+3, @ 4
Wdpelq srghprv ghflu txh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 sxhv olp{$3 i +{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhpsor 636,1
43 Qdwxudophqwh od qrflq ghe h vhu gh hohphqwrv gh D1
71615 Frphqwdulrv
41 Frphqwdulrv lqwxlwlyrv44
l, i hv frqwlqxd hq s vl odv lpdjhqhv gh sxqwrv fhufdqrv d s hvwq fhufdqrv d i +s, | sru px| h{ljhqwh
txh vh srqjd +; % A 3, sdud shglu hvwdu fhufd gh i+s,/ vlhpsuh kd| xq prqwq gh sxqwrv fhufd gh s
txh hvwq vxshu fhufd gh i+s,1
ll, Xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq s qr sxhgh whqhu xq vdowr hq s/ qr sxhgh hvwdu fruwdgd hq s1
51 Frphqwdulr Uhgxqgdqwh
l, Fodudphqwh i qr hv frqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s vl s 95 Grpi
ll, Gh od iudvh Xqd ixqflq hv glvfrqwlqxd hq xq sxqwr s% qr vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh qr wlhqh oplwh
|d txh shuihfwdphqwh od glvfrqwlqxlgdg sxhgh ghehuvh d txh
d, s 95 Grpi r d txh
e, i+s, 9@ olp{$s i+{,1
Hmhpsor 643 i +{, @ {{44 / i+4, qr h{lvwh shur olp{$4 i +{, @ 51 Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud
5
ho fdvr +d,
Hmhpsor 644 {6, { 9@ 6

i+{, @
vhq+
{6
8 {@6
Hq hvwd ixqflq vh wlhqh i +6, @ 8 9@ olp{$6 i +{,1Hvwd ixqflq frqvwlwx|h xq hmhpsor sdud ho fdvr +e,1
lll, Vl olp{$s i +{, qr h{lvwh/ qr hv frqwlqxd i hq s1

Od qr h{lvwhqfld gho oplwh vh sxhgh ghehu d yduldv fdvrv/ hq ho hmhpsor 645 whqhprv ho fdvr hq txh
fdgd oplwh odwhudo h{lvwh/ shur olp{$s. i +{, 9@ olp{$s i+{,
Hmhpsor 645
; {5 <
A
A {A6
? {6
9 {@6
i +{, @
A
A
= {5 9{.<
{6 5: {?6
Frpr
olp i+{, @ 9 @ i +6, 9@ olp i+{, @ 3
{$6. {$6
Sru or wdqwr qr hv frqwlqxd hq 6
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd hv ho txh vluyh sdud prvwudu frq fodulgdg odv revhuydflrqhv +frphqwdulrv, dqwhulruhv
Whruhpd 714; l, Wrgd uhvwulfflq gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hv frqwlqxd1

Glfkr gh rwud irupd
Vhd i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s 5 U1 Vl s 5 \ [ | j @ 45 i m\ hqwrqfhv wdpelq j = \ $ U hv
frqwlqxd hq s
ll, Hq ho fdvr hvshfldo gh txh \ @ L _ [/ frq L xqd yhflqgdg gh s hqwrqfhv od uhfsurfd vh fxpsoh1
Glfkr gh rwud irupd1
Vhd j @ im\ frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr s +frq \ @ Ys> _ [ hqwrqfhv i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hvwd owlpr qrv glfh txh od frqwlqxlgdg hq ho sxqwr s ghshqgh vor gh orv sxqwrv txh hvwq fhufd/ |
hvwr hv or txh vh vxhoh oodpdu frqfhswr orfdo1 Dv frqwlqxlgdg hv xq frqfhswr orfdo% do ljxdo txh oplwh1
Orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv vrq xwlohv sru ho khfkr txh qrv vluyhq sdud ideulfdu qxhydv ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv
r sdud ylvxdol}du txh xqd ixqflq hv frqwlqxd1
4 4 Hvwr qr vluyh sdud qdgd hq odv ghprvwudflrqhv/ s hur vl sdud ylvxdol}du1
4 5 Uhfxhugh txh i\
hv od ixqflq uhvwulfflq gh [ \
d
Whruhpd 714< +Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, Vhd i = [ $ U > j = \ $ U frqwlqxdv fdgd xqd
hq s 5 [ _ \ hqwrqfhv
l, i . j> i j> i j vrq frqwlqxdv hq s
ll, Vl j+s, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv i@j hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hq ho fdvr txh s vhd xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gh [ _ \ / od ghprvwudflq vh rewlhqh idflophqwh gho

dojheud gh oplwhv1 Hq fdvr frqwudulr hv gluhfwd1
Frq hvwh owlpr whruhpd whqhprv/ sru hmhpsor/ txh orv srolqrplrv
s+{, @ d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 . dq {q > frq dl frqvwdqwhv uhdohv
vrq ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv1

Uhfrugdqgr orv uhvxowdgr gh oplwhv whqhprv txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr vx
grplqlr,
41 vhq {1
51 frv {1
61 wdq { vl { 9@ 5 . n> n 5 ]1
71 vhq { . 5 frv {1
81 6 frv { . fvf {1
91 frw { . : vhq +{, vhf {1
:1 vhq5 {1
;1 frv5 {1
| pxfkdv rwudv frpelqdflrqhv gh ixqflrqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv | srolqrplfdv txh vhd rshudflrqhv dojh0
eudlfdv hqwuh ixqflrqhv evlfdv frpr vhq +{,> frv +{, | d{1
Whruhpd 7153 +Od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hv frqwlqxd, Vhdq i = [ $ U frqwlqxd hq

s/ j = \ $ U frqwlqxd hq t @ i+s, wdo txh i+[, \ hqwrqfhv j i = [ $ U hv frqwlqxd hq s
Hvwh whruhpd qrv d|xgd d prvwudu txh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdv+hq wrgr U,1
41 vhq {5 |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh vhq { | {5

51 frv +6{8 . :, |d txh hv od frpsxhvwd gh frv { | 6{8 . :
61 vhq +5 frv {, frpsxhvwd gh vhq { frq 5 frv {
71 6 vhq5 {6 . : frv {6 frpsxhvwd 6 vhq5 +{, . : frv +{,> {6
Hmhuflflr 646 Frqvlghu od ixqflq i =` 4> 4^$ U ghqlgd sru

; 5
? { frv+4@{, {?3
i+{, @ 3 {@3
= {6
5
vhq+{ ,
3 ? {?4
Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh i1
Vroxflq=
Hmhuflflr 647 l, Vhd { ? 3/ hqwrqfhv i +{, @ {5 frv+4@{,1 Sru frpsrvlflq | surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv
frqwlqxd/ i hv frqwlqxd hq ` 4> 3^1
ll, Vhd 3 ? { ? 4/ hqwrqfhv I +{, @ {6 sru frpsrvlflq | fxrflhqwh gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxd/ i hv

{5 ,
frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1
vhq+
lll, Yhdprv od frqwlqxlgdg gh i hq { @ 31 Fodudphqwh 3 5 Grpi | i +3, @ 31 Frpr 3 hv sxqwr gh

dfxpxodflq gho Grpi / ghehprv yhu vl h{lvwh olp{$3 i +{,1
Sdud hvwr/ fdofxohprv orv oplwhv odwhudohv
{6 {5
olp. i+{, @ olp. @ olp. { @34@3
{$3 {$3 vhq+{ , {$3
5 vhq {5
olp i+{, @ olp {5 frv+4@{, @ 3

{$3 {$3
sru fhur dqltxlod1
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ 3
{$3. {$3
hv ghflu/ olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh dghpv
olp i +{, @ i+3, @ 3

{$3
oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31
Sru frqvljxlhqwh i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr vx grplqlr
71616 Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr

Vl i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr +frpsdfwr, ^d> e` vh ghehud whqhu txh
41 Hq qlqjxq sxqwr gh ^d> e` kd| vdowrv/ |d txh vl orv kxelhud vdowr orv olplwhv odwhudohv vrq glvwlqwrv
jxud gh pdv dedmr
r elhq ho oplwh gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr qr frlqflgh frq ho ydoru gh od ixqflq hq ho sxqwr yhu od
vljxhqwh jxud
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 58:
51 Wdpsrfr od ixqflq sxhgh lu d lqqlwr hq dojq sxqwr gh ^d> e` / yhu jxud txh vljxh/ |d txh hq hvh
fdvr oplwh qr h{lvwh
61 Wdpsrfr sxhgh rvflodu hq xq sxqwr {3 +yhu jxud txh vljxh, |d txh ho oplwh qr h{lvwluld1
Dv whqhprv +lqwxlwlydphqwh, txh od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr
^d> e` gheh vhu gh wdo irupd txh xqr od sxhgh judfdu vlq ohydqwdu ho osl} hpsh}dqgr hq +d> i+d,, |
whuplqdqgr hq +e> i+e,,1
Hq ho irqgr xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` hv vor xqd ghvirupdflq gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ vlhqgr vx jufd
vrodphqwh xqd fxhugd qr lqqlwd txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +e> i+e,,1
Or dqwhulru qrv shuplwh fuhhu orv vljxlhqwhv whruhpdv1
Whruhpd 7154 gho Ydoru Lqwhuphglr

Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U frqwlqxd1 Vl hv xq qphur uhdo txh fxpsoh i +d, ? ? i +e, hqwrqfhv wlhqh do
phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^1
+hv ghflu/ < f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i+f, @ ,
Frpr pv vh xwlol}d hvwh whruhpd/ hv hq od h{lvwhqfld gh udfhv gh xqd ixqflq1
Frurodulr 7155 +H{lvwhqfld gh Udlfhv, Vhd d> e 5 U wdo txh

4, i+d,i+e, ? 3 +hv ghflu/ i +d,| i+e, wlhqh glvwlqwrv vljqrv,
5, i frqwlqxd hq xq frqmxqwr txh lqfox|d do lqwhuydor ^d> e`
hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xqd udl} hq ho lqwhuydor `d> e^ +hv ghflu/ h{lvwh f 5`d=e^ wdo txh i +f, @ 3 ,
Hmhpsor 648 Od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 . {5 . 6{ . 5 wlhqh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^

Hq hihfwr i+4, @ 4 . 4 6 . 5 @ 4 ? 3 | i+3, @ 5 A 3 oxhjr i +4,i+3, ? 31
Dghpv i hv frqwlqxd hq ^4> 3` oxhjr sru frurodulr dqwhulru h{lvwh xqd ud} hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 3^1
Hmhuflflr 649 Suxheh txh od hfxdflq

h{ 6{ @ 3
wlhqh do phqrv xqd ud} uhdo hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 4^1
Vroxflq= Vhd i+{, @ h{ 6{
i+3, @ h3 6 3 @ 4 A 3 | i+4, @ h 6 ? 3 oxhjr i+3,i +4, ? 3
Dghpv i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U hq sduwlfxodu hq ^3> 4`/ oxhjr sru ho frurodulr dqwhulru/ h{lvwh
f 5`3> 4^ wdo txh i+f, @ 3/ hv ghflu f hv xqd ud} r vroxflq gh od hfxdflq1
Frurodulr 7156 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr L/ hqwrqfhv i+L, wdpelq hv xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr1
7161 FRQWLQXLGDG 58<
Frurodulr 7157 Vhd i frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr | dfrwdgr ^d> e`/ hqwrqfhv i +L, hv xq lqwhuydor
fhuudgr | dfrwdgr/ sru or wdqwr i hv dfrwdgd1
Hmhuflflr 64:s Hvwxglh sod frqwlqxlgdg gh
d, i +{, @ s { 5 . 5s { s
e, i +{, @ {5 4 . 8 {+4 {, . {+4 {,
D|xgd= Fxlgdgr frq orv grplqlrv1
f, i = ] $ U i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud,
g, i = U $ U i+{, @ ^{` +sduwh hqwhud,
Hmhuflflr 64; Hvwxglh od frqwlqxlgdg gh od ixqflq hq orv sxqwrv s lqglfdgrv1
frv+ { , { 9@ 6
d, i +{, @
4
s @ 61
3 {@6
6
e, i +{, @ m{{
6 > s @ 6 | s @ 31
6m
+{ 6, frv+ { , { 9@ 6
f, i +{, @ s @ 6 | s @ 31
4
3 {@6
6
Hmhuflflr 64< Sdud tx ydoruhv gh > i hv frqwlqxd hq ho sxqwr lqglfdgr1

+{ , vhq+ {4 , { @
9
d, i +{, @ s@ s@3
3 {@
e, i +{, @ { > s @ 3> s @ 5
f, i +{, @ {{57

s@3 s@5
Hmhpsor 653 Frqvlghuh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq
;
A
A d oq+{ . h5 ,6 . e vhq5{7{ {?3
A
A
?
i +{, @ d{ . 6 {@3
A
A
A
A
= s4.e{5 4
vhq {5
3?{?
grqgh d | e vrq qphurv uhdohv
4, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 3
5, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhgr gh i hq 3
6, Hqfxhwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e txh kdfhq frqwlqxd d i hq 31
7, Ghwhuplqh sdud tx ydoru gh e h{lvwh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq
Vroxflq= 4,
s
4 . e{5 4
olp i+{, @ olp.
{$3. {$3 vhq5 {
s s
4 . e{5 4 4 . e{5 . 4
@ olp. s
{$3 vhq {
5
4 . e{5 . 4
+4 . e{ , 4
s
5
@ olp
{$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4,
e{5
@ olp s
{$3. vhq5 {+ 4 . e{5 . 4,
{5 4
@ e olp. olp. s
{$3 vhq { {$3
5
4 . e{5 . 4
4
@ e4
5
e
olp i+{, @
{$3. 5
5,
vhq 7{
olp i+{, @ olp +d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . e ,
{$3 {$3 5{
vhq 7{
@ olp d oq +{ . h5 ,6 . olp
{$3 {$3 5{
5 vhq 7{
@ d oq +h5 ,6 . olp e
{$3 5 5{
vhq 7{
@ 9d . 5e olp
{$3 7{
@ 9d . 5e 4
@ 9d . 5e
olp i+{, @ 9d . 5e
{$3.
6, i vhu frqwlqxd hq 3 vl olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3,

oxhjr olp{$3. i+{, @ olp{$3 @ i +3,/
hv ghflu/
e e
@ 9d . 5e @6
5 5
Dv e @ 9 | d @ 65
s e{54
710 olp{$ i+{, @ olp{$ 4. vhq {5
Vl e @ 3 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 3 | olp{$ i +{, @ 3
Vl e 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv ho olplwh qr h{lvwh1 s
Hq hihfwr> Vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ olp{$ i+{, @ O> O 5 U hqwrqfhv do fdofxodu olp{$ + 4 . e{5
4, gh grv irupdv glvwlqwdv whqhprv
s s
4 . e5 4 @ olp + 4 . e{5 4,
{$
s
4 . e{5 4
@ olp +vhq5 {,
{$ vhq5 {
s
4 . e{5 4
@ olp olp +vhq5 {,
{$ vhq5 { {$
@ O3
@ 3
oxhjr hvwr hv xqd frqwudglfflq1
Hmhpsor 654 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1
41 Od ixqflq i+{, @ ^5{` hv glvfrqwlqxd vor hq ]

^{` { 7
51 Od ixqflq i+{, @ hv glvfrqwlqxd hq
{ {?7
G @ i{ 5 ] = { 7j
61 Vl i . j hv frqwlqxd hq d | i hv frqwlqxd hq d hqwrqfhv j hv frqwlqxd hq d1

71 Vhdq i> j ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d/ wdo txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd d hqwrqfhv i . j hv
glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
81 Vl i | j vrq glvfrqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv i . j hv glvfrqwlqxd hq d1
Vroxflq=
41 Idovr= od ixqflq hq 4
hv glvfrqwlqxd |d txh olp{$ 4 . ^5{` @ 4 | olp{$ 4 ^5{` @ 3 oxhjr ho oplwh qr
h{lvwh1
5 5 5
51 Idovr= i hv frqwlqxd hq 7 sxhv olp{$7. i +{, @ olp{$7. ^{` @ 7 dghpv olp{$7 i+{, @ olp{$7 { @ 7
oxhjr olp{$7 i +{, @ 7 @ i+7,1 dghpv hv fodur sru od judfd +yhu jxud vljxlhqwh,
txh i hv glvfrqwlqxd hq i{ 5 ] = { A 7j1
61 Yhugdghur= Sru dojheud gh oplwhv whqhprv1 Vl i . j/ i vrq frqwlqxdv hq d hqwrqfhv +i . j, i hv

frqwlqxd hq d/ hv ghflu j hv frqwlqxd hq d1
71 Idovr= H{lwhq i +{, @ ^{` | j+{, @ { ^{` ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq xqd yhflqgdg gh d @ 4 wdo txh i hv
glvfrqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vlq hpedujr
+i . j,+{, @ { hv frqwlqxd hq d @ 41
81 = Ho plvpr hmhpsor1
Hmhpsor 655 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq

;
? {5 .5{ @5 ? { ? 3
vhq 5{
i +{, @ 4 {@3
=
oq+6{5 . h,4 {A3
Hv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor uhghqlu i vl hv srvleoh/ gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd1
Vroxflq= { @ 3 hv xq sxqwr gh dfxpxodflq gho Grpi @` @5> 4^ oxhjr i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl |

vor vl
4, 3 5 Grpi
5, olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh1
6, olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3,1
Dv=
4, Hv fodur txh 3 5 Grpi sxhv i +3, @ 4
5, Fdofxohprv olp{$3 i+{,
{5 . 5{
olp i+{, @ olp
{$3 {$3 vhq +5{,
{+{ . 5,
@ olp
{$3 5 frv { vhq +{,
4 {+{ . 5,,
@ olp
5 {$3 vhq+{, frv +{,
4 { {.5
@ olp olp
5 {$3 vhq +{, {$3 frv {
5
@ 4 @ 4
5
olp i+{, @ olp. oq +6{5 . h,4

{$3. {$3
Sxhvwr txh od ixqflq orjdulwpr hv frqwlqxd hq U. |
olp 6{5 . h @ h 5 U.
{$3
olp i+{, @ olp. oq +6{5 . h,4

{$3. {$3
@ olp. oq +6{5 . h,
{$3
@ oq olp. +6{5 . h,
{$3
@ oq+h, @ 4
oxhjr h{lvwh olp{$3. i +{, @ 4
6, olp{$3 i +{, 9@ i+3, oxhjr i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 31 Vlq hpedujr/ gdgr txh olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh
hqwrqfhv hv srvleoh uhghqlu i gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3/ gh od vljxlhqwh irupd=
;
? {5 .5{
vhq 5{ @5 ? { ? 3
i+{, @ 4 {@3
=
oq+6{5 . h,4 {A3
Hmhpsor 656 Vhd i =`3> ^$ U od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
; {
? frw { 5 frv

{ { ? @5
i +{, @
=
d{ 4 { @5
BcTx ydoru +vl h{lvwh, gheh dvljqduvh d od frqvwdqwh d sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq 5 B
Vroxflq= i vhu frqwlqxd hq @5 vl

olp i +{, @ olp i+{, @ i + , +7144,
{$ 5 {$ 5 . 5
l,
{
olp i+{, @ olp
{$ 5
{$ 5
frw { 5 frv {
{ vhq {
@ olp
{$ 5 frv { 5 frv {
5{ vhq {
@ olp
{$ 5
5 frv {
Vhd x @ 5 { vl { $ 5 hqwrqfhv x $ 3.
l,
5{ vhq {
olp i +{, @ olp
{$ 5 {$ 5 5 frv {
5+@5 x, vhq +@5 x,
@ olp
x$3. 5 frv +@5 x,
+ 5x, frv x
@ olp.
x$3 5 vhq x
+frv x 4, 5x frv x
@ olp.
x$3 5 vhq x
frv x 4 x frv {
@ olp olp.
x$3 5 vhq x
. {$3 vhq x
sru rwud sduwh>

frv x 4 frv5 x 4
olp @ olp.
x$3. 5 vhq x x$3 5 vhq x+frv x . 4,
vhq5 x
@ olp.
x$3 5 vhq x+frv x . 4,
vhq x
@ olp.
x$3 5+frv x . 4,
@ 3
dghpv
x frv x x
olp @ olp. olp frv x @ 4 4 @ 4
x$3. vhq x x$3 vhq x x$3.
Oxhjr sru dojheud gh olplwh
5{ vhq { frv x 4 x frv {
olp @ olp. olp. @ 4
{$ 5 5 frv { x$3 5 vhq x {$3 vhq x
ll, olp{$ 5 . i +{, @ olp{$ 5 . d{ 4 @ 5 d 4 Sru +l, | +ll, | sru 7144 vh wlhqh

4 @ d 4 @ i+ ,
5 5
sru or wdqwr whqhprv d @ 31
Hmhpsor 657 Vhd ; 6

? { frv + {45 , { ? 3
i +{, @ 3 {@3
= s 5
{ . 5{6 { A 3
d, BcHv i frqwlqxd hq { @ 3B
e, BcHv i frqwlqxd hq UB
f, H{lvwh G. @ olp{$3. i +{{,i +3,
3
g, H{lvwh G @ olp{$3 i +{{,
3
i +3,
Vroxflq= d, Fdofxohprv orv oplwh odwhudohv

4
olp i +{, @ olp {6 frv + 5 , @ 3
{$3 {$3 {
sxhv olp{$3 {6 @ 3 | frv + {45 , hv dfrwdgd1
s
olp i+{, @ olp {5 . 5{6 @ 3=
{$3. {$3.
Oxhjr olp{$3. i +{, @ olp{$3 i +{, @ i +3, @ 3 Sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3
e, Vhd i4 +{, @ {6 frv + {45 , sdud { ? 3 frpr i4 hv surgxfwr gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv hq ` 4> 3^ hqwrqfhv
+sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv, i4 hv frqwlqxd1
Sru vxpd | frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv/ vh wlhqh txh i5 hv frqwlqxd hq `3> 4^1 Dghpv sru +d, i hv
frqwlqxd hq { @ 3/ oxhjr i hv frqwlqxd hq U1
f,
i +{, i +3,
G. @ olp
{$3. {3
s
{5 . 5{6 3
@ olp. > sxhv sdud { A 3
{$3 {3
s
{5 +4 . 5{,
@ olp.
{$3 {
s
m{m 4 . 5{
@ olp > sxhv sdud { A 3 m{m @ {
{$3. {
s
@ olp +4 . 5{,
{$3.
@ 4
Oxhjr h{lvwh G. 1
g,
i +{, i +3,
G @ olp
{$3 {3
{ frv+4@{5 , 3 4
sxhv i +{, @ {6 frv+ 5 , sdud { ? 3
6
@ olp
{$3 {3 {
4
@ olp {5 frv+ 5 ,
{$3 {
@ 3
sxhv j+{, @ frv+4@{5 , hv dfrwdgd | olp{$3 {5 @ 31

Oxhjr h{lvwh G 1
Hmhuflflr 658 Ghwhuplqh d> e hq U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3

; vhq d{vhq e{
? { {?3
i+{, @ d{ . 6 { @3
= es7{5 .{6
{ { A 3
Vroxflq=
Hmhuflflr 659 41 3 5 Grpi> i 3, @ 61
51 olp{$3 i +{, h{lvwh vl | vor vl olp{$3. i+{, @ olp{$3 i +{,1

s
e 7{5 . {6
olp i +{, @ olp.
{$3. {$3 {
s
em{m 7 . {
@ olp. {A3
{$3 {
s
@ olp e 7 . { @ 5e
{$3.
vhq +d{, vhq +e{,

olp i +{, @ olp
{$3 {$3 {
vhq +d{, vhq +e{,
@ olp. d olp e
{$3 d{ {$3 e{
vhq +d{, vhq +e{,
@ d olp. e olp
{$3 d{ {$3 e{
@ de
sru or wdqwr d e @ 5e/ dghpv i +3, @ 6/ oxhjr i vhud frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl
d e @ 6 a 5e @ 6 +, d @ <@5 a e @ 6@5
Hmhuflflr 65: Ghwhuplqdu e hq U gh prgr txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 41

{5 5.e5
{A4
i +{, @ {
+e 4,{ { ? 4
Vroxflq= i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl olp{$4 i +{, @ i+4,
{5 5 . e5
olp i+{, @ olp s
{$4. {$4. {4
Hvwh oplwh srgud h{lvwlu vl olp{$4. {5 5 . e5 @ 3 + hq fdvr frqwudulr ho oplwh vhud gh od irupd 3f | qr
h{lvwlud,1
Dkrud
olp {5 5 . e5 @ 3 +, 4 5 . e5 @ 3 +, e @ 4 b e @ 4
{$4
l, Vl e @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
{5 5 . e5 {5 4
olp s @ olp. s
{$4. {4 {$4 {4
s
+{ . 4,+{ 4, { 4
@ olp
{$4. {4
s
@ olp. +{ . 4, { 4 @ 3
{$4
sru rwud sduwh/
olp i +{, @ olp +e 4,{ @ e 4 @ 4 4
{$4 {$4
Oxhjr olp{$4. i+{, @ olp{$4 i +{, | sru or wdqwr i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl e @ 4/ sxhv olp{$4 i+{, @
i+4, @ 3
ll, Vl e @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh
{5 4 . e5 {5 4
olp. s @ olp s @3
{$4 {4 {$4. { 4
shur
olp i +{, @ olp +e 4,{ @ e 4 @ 5
{$4 {$4
oxhjr
olp i+{, 9@ olp i +{,
{$4. {$4
gh grqgh olp{$4 i +{, qr h{lvwh | sru or wdqwr i qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl e @ 41
717 Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd
Od qrflq gh oplwh hv ixqgdphqwdo sdud ho hvwxglr gh pxfkrv frqfhswrv gh odv pdwhpwlfdv/ gh od ivlfd |
rwudv flhqfldv1 Sdud loxvwudu hvwr hvwxglduhprv ho sureohpd gh hqfrqwudu od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d xqd fxuyd hq
xq sxqwr S gdgr1
Hq od jhrphwud sodqd/ od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq xq sxqwr S vreuh xqd flufxqihuhqfld vh sxhgh ghqlu frpr
od uhfwd txh wlhqh vrodphqwh ho sxqwr S hq frpq frq wdo flufxqihuhqffld/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud
1 Hvwd ghqlflq qr vh sxhgh dsolfdu d fxdotxlhu jufd/ |d txh xqd uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq xq sxqwr S
sxhgh fruwdu d xqd jufd yduldv yhfhv frpr vh pxhvwuh hq od jxud/ jufr l}txlhugr,1 hq ho fdvr gh od
jufd gh ixqflq ydoru devroxwr i +{, @ m{m1 Fxo hv od wdqjhqwh hq S @ +3> 3,B
Sdud lghqwlfdu od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O d od jufd gh xqd ixqflq hq xq sxqwr S / edvwd hvshflfdu od
shqglhqwh p gh O/ |d txh vwd | ho sxqwr S ghwhuplqd frpsohwdphqwh d od uhfwd1
Sdud hqfrqwudu p/ frqvlghuduhprv odv uhfwdv OST / uhfwdv vhfdqwhv txh sdvd sru S 1
Vhd pST od shqglhqwh gh OS T 1 Fxdqgr T wlhqgh d S +S mr, sru od ghuhfkd jxud
txh vljxh
7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD 59:
| sru od l}txlhugd jxud
vh revhuyd txh pST wlhqgh d p +shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd O,1 Hvwr qrv vxjlhuh txh vl pST wlhqgh d xq ydoru
mr1 fxdqgr T wlhqgh d S / hqwrqfhv hvh ydoru ghehudprv xvdu sdud ghqlu od shqglhqwh p gh od uhfwd
wdqjhqwh O hq S 1
Hv fodur txh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh OST hv
i +{, i +d,
pST @
{d
|d txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, | +{> i+{,,1 Frq hvwd qrwdflq srghprv vxvwlwxlu od iudvh T wlhqgh d
S % sru { wlhqgh d d%/ dv oohjdprv d od vljxlhqwh ghqlflq
Ghqlflq 7158 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwlhqh d d1 Od shqglhqwh p gh
od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> i +d,, hv

i +{, i+d,
p @ olp
{$d {d
vlhpsuh | fxdqgr ho oplwh h{lvwd1+Yhu jxud ,
| hq hvh fdvr vh glu txh h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> i+d,,1
Hmhpsor 65; Vhd i +{, @ {6 | d xq qphur uhdo1

Hqfrqwuduhprv=
d, Od shqglhqwh pd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq ho sxqwr +d> d6 ,1
e, Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd hq ho sxqwr +4> 4,1
f, Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd qrupdo +uhfwd shushqglfxodu d od uhfwd wdqjhqwh, d od jufd hq ho sxqwr
+4> 4,1
Vroxflq= d,
i +{, i +d,
pd @ olp
{$d {d
{6 d6
@ olp
{$d { d
+{ d,+{5 . d{ . d5 ,
@ olp
{$d {d
@ olp +{5 . d{ . d5 , @ 6d5
{$d
Dv/ od shqglhqwh hv
pd @ 6d5
e, \d txh od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh O hq ho sxqwr +4> 4, od srghprv rewhqhu frpr ho fdvr
hvshfldo hq txh d @ 4/ whqhprv txh p @ 61
Hq jhqhudo od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru +d> i+d,, | frq shqglhqwh p hv
| i +d, @ p+{ d,
Hq qxhvwur fdvr
| 4 @ 6+{ 4,
r
| @ 6{ 5
7171 UHFWD WDQJHQWH D OD FXUYD 59<
f, Vl p> p 9@ 3 hv od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh | pQ od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd qrupdo d od jufd

gh | @ i+{, hqwrqfhv vh gheh fxpsolu
p pQ @ 4
Dv/ od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd qrupdo d od jufd gh i+{, @ {6 hq +4> 3, hv/
| i +d, @ pQ +{ d,
+, |4 @ 46 +{ 4,
+, | @ 46 { . 76
Revhuyh txh vl p @ 3 sdud dojq sxqwr hqwrqfhv od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hv krul}rqwdo/ fx|d hfxdflq hv
| @ i +d,/ | hq hvwh fdvr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd qrupdo hv { @ d1
Hmhpsor 65< d, Ghprvwuduhprv txh
vhq+{, vhq+d,
olp @ frv+d,
{$d {d
| e, Ghwhuplqhprv od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d | @ vhq+{, hq S @ + 5 > 4,1
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ { d/ vl { $ d hqwrqfhv x $ 3/ oxhjr/ xvdqgr vxvwlwxflq/
vhq+{, vhq+d,
O @ olp
{$d {d
vhq+x . d, vhq+d,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+d, . vhq+d, frv+x, vhq+d,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ olp +frv+d, . vhq+d, ,
x$3 x x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ olp frv+d, . olp vhq+d,
x$3 x x$3 x
Fdofxodqgr sru vhsdudgr orv oplwh whqhprv
vhq+x, frv+d, vhq+x,
olp @ frv+d, olp @ frv+d,
x$3 x x$ 3 x
|
frv+x, 4 frv+x, 4
olp vhq+d, @ vhq+d, olp
x$3 x x$3 x
+frv+x, 4,+frv+x, . 4,
@ vhq+d, olp
x$3 x+frv+x, . 4,
frv5 +x, 4
@ vhq+d, olp
x$3 x+frv+x, . 4,
vhq+x, vhq+x,
@ vhq+d, olp olp
x$3 x x$3 frv+x, . 4
@ vhq+d, 4 3 @ 3=
Oxhjr sru dojheud gh oplwhv
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
O @ olp frv+d, . olp vhq+d,
x$3 x x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+x, . 4
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qr h{lvwh6 vh wlhqh txh i qr hv ghulydeoh hq 4
f, Yhdprv dkrud vl i hv ghulydeoh hq orv sxqwrv d txh vrq pd|ruhv txh 51 Hq hvwh fdvr od ixqflq wrpd
od irupd i+{, @ +{ 5,6 1
i +{, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
+{ 5,6 +d 5,6
@ olp
{$d {d
^+{ 5, +d 5,`^+{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5
@ olp
{$d {d
@ olp +{ 5,5 . +{ 5,+d 5, . +d 5,5 @ 6+d 5,5
{$d
6 Sdud
q
suredu hvwr edvwd wrpdu od vxfhvlq { ' 3 n 2q

q
{ < 3 q
> i E{ glyhujh1 Qrwdu txh ho oplwh hv gh od irupd
f
f
frq f ' f
1
5;3 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr d/ d 5` 4> 5^

i +{, i +d, {5 7{ . 7 +d5 7d . 7,
olp @ olp @ 5d 7
{$d {d {$d {d
h, Ilqdophqwh/ fdofxohprv i 3 +d, fxdqgr d ? 4
vhq+{ . 4, vhq+d . 4,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
vhq+x . d . 4, vhq+d . 4,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, frv+x, vhq+d . 4,
@ olp
x$3 x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ olp +frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, ,
x$3 x x
vhq+x, frv+x, 4
@ +frv+d . 4,, olp . vhq+d . 4, olp ,
x$3 x x$3 x
@ frv+d . 4,
Gh hvwd irupd/ od ixqflq ghulydgd +txh frqvhjxlprv sru sduwh | dqdol}dprv hq orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv,
hv
;
A
A 6+{ 5,5 {A5
?
3 {@5
i 3 +{, @
A
A 5{ 7 4 ? {?5
=
frv+{ . 4, { ? 4
Dkrud fdofxohprv dojxqdv ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv evlfdv/ hq ho vhqwlgr txh srvwhulruphqwh qrv d|xgduq
d rewhqhu od ghulydgd gh rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 678 Phgldqwh ho fofxor gh odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv1 Mxvwltxh ho vljxlhqwh olvwdgr1
41 Vl i+{, @ n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 3
51 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 4
61 Vl i+{, @ vhq+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ frv+{,
71 Vl i+{, @ frv+{, hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,
s
81 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 5s4 { / vl { A 3
91 Vl i+{, @ {q hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ q{q4 / vl q 5 Q

:1 Vl i+{, @ h{ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ h{
Vroxflq= Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv d lqglfdu xq hohphqwr jhqulfr gho grplqlr gh od ixqflq fruuhvsrqglhqwh1
41
i +{, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
nn
@ olp
{$d { d
3
@ olp @3
{$d { d
Dv/ i 3 +{, @ 3 hq ho fdvr i +{, @ n

8141 GHULYDGD 5;4
51
i +{, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
{d
@ olp
{$d { d
@ olp 4 @ 4
{$d
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq lghqwlgdg i +{, @ { wlhqh frpr ixqflq ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 41
61 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh/ hq orv hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv1
71
i+d . k, i+d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
frv+d . k, frv+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
frv+d, frv+k, vhq+d, vhq+k, frv+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
frv+d,+frv+k, 4, vhq+d, vhq+k,
@ olp
k$3 k k
@ +frv+d,,3 +vhq+d,,4 @ vhq+d,
Gh hvwd irupd g{
g frv+{, @ vhq+{,
81 Fdofxodgd dqwhulruphqwh frpr hmhpsor gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ gh hvwd irupd

s 4
+ {,3 @ s vl { A 3
5 {
91
i +d . k, i +d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
+d . k,q dq
@ olp
k$3 k

S q
dq . qn@4 dqn kn dq
n
@ olp
k$3 k

Sq q
kqd q . n@5 dqn kn
n
4
@ olp
k$3 k
[q
q
@ olp qd q 4
. dqn kn4
k$3 n
n@5
@ qdq4 . 3
g {q @ q{q4 vl q 5 Q
Dv/ g{
Hvwd iupxod wdpelq hv yolgd sdud srwhqfldv glvwlqwdv gh xq qphur qdwxudo shur od ghprvwudflq
khfkd hv vor yolgd sdud q 5 Q
:1
i+d . k, i+d,
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
hd.k hd
@ olp
k$3 k
hk 4
@ h olp
d
k$3 k
@ hd 4 @ hd
Gh hvwd irupd gh
g{ m{@d @ h
{ d
81415 Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv

Whruhpd 817 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr d/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq i frq 5 U mr wdpelq hv ghulydeoh
hq d |
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
Ghprvwudflq=
gi i+d . k, i+d,
m{@d @ olp
g{ k$3 k
i +d . k, i+d,
@ olp + ,
k$3 k
i +d . k, i +d,
@ olp
k$3 k
Frpr i hv ghulydeoh/ ho owlpr oplwh hv vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr d1 Dv/
gi gi
m{@d @ m{@d
g{ g{
txh hv or plvpr txh
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,

Hmhpsor 679 Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd | orv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh
41 +6 vhq+{,,3 @ 6+vhq+{,,3 @ 6 frv+{,
51 g{
g +:{7 , @ : g +{7 , @ :+7{6 , @ 5;{6
g{
61 g{
g + frv+{,, @ g +frv+{,, @ + vhq+{,, @ vhq+{,
g{
71 g{
g +<h{ ,m
{@oq+6, @ < g{ +h ,m{@oq+6, @ <h
g { oq+6,
@ < 6 @ 5:
g +;s{,m
81 g{ g s
{@< @ ; g{ + {,m{@< @ ; 5s< @ 6
4 7
Whruhpd 818 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or hv i . j | dghpv vx ghulydgd vdwlvidfh
g gi gj
+i . j,+d, @ +d, . +d,
g{ g{ g{
Ho whruhpd glfh txh od ghulydgd gh od vxpd hv od vxpd gh odv ghulydgdv1
8141 GHULYDGD 5;6
Ghprvwudflq=
g +i . j,+d . k, +i . j,+d,
+i . j,+d, @ olp
g{ k$3 k
i +d . k, . j+d . k, i+d, j+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
Vhsdudqgr orv vxpdqgrv | djuxsqgrorv sdud irupdu ho oplwh txh ghqh od ghulydgd +gh fdgd ixqflq, vh
wlhqh
i+d . k, . j+d . k, i +d, j+d,
+i . j,3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
i+d . k, i +d, j+d . k, j+d,
@ olp . olp
k$3 k k$3 k
@ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
txh hv vlpsohphqwh ho uhvxowdgr shglgr/ vor txh hvw hvfulwr hq rwud qrwdflq1
Hmhpsor 67: Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd whqhprv txh vrq ghulydeohv odv ixqflrqhv>
s
41 i +{, @ { . vhq+{,
51 j+{, @ frv+{, :{6
61 k+{, @ <{ . 7 7 vhq+{,

s
71 o+{, @ 8h{ 7{8 8 {
| vxv ghulydgdv vrq=

s
41 i 3 +{, @ + {,3 . +vhq {,3 @ 5
s4 { . frv+{, vl { 5 U.
51 j 3 +{, @ +frv,3 +{, :+{6 ,3 @ vhq+{, :+6{5 , @ vhq+{, 54{5 vl { 5 U
61 k3 +{, @ +<{,3 . +7,3 7+vhq,3 +{, @ < . 3 . 7 frv+{, @ < 7 frv+{, vl { 5 U

s
71 o3 +{, @ 8+h{ ,3 7+{8 ,3 8+ {,3 @ 8h{ 53{7 5
s8 { vl { 5 U.
Whruhpd 819 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or vrq i j | i @j/ +sdud hvwd owlpd j+d, qr qxor,
l, +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i +d, j 3 +d,
ll, +i@j,3 +d, @ i +d,j++dj,+i +d,j3 +d, vl j+d, 9@ 31

3
d,,5
Xvdqgr rwud qrwdflq od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv
gi j gi gj
+d, @ +d, j+d, . i +d, +d,
g{ g{ g{
| ho fxrflhqwh
g+i @j, gi gj 4
md @ + md j+d, i+d, md ,
g{ g{ g{ j5 +d,
Ghprvwudflq= Od ghprvwudflq hv vlpsohphqwh xq hmhuflflr gh oplwhv/ vor txh hv qhfhvdulr ideulfdu

orv o plwhv gh odv ghulydgdv> hq ho fdvr gho surgxfwr ho wuxfr hv vxpdu | uhvwdu +vxpdu fhur, ho wuplqr
i +d,j+d . k,1
+i j,+d . k, +i j,+d,
+i j,3 +d, @ olp
k$3 k
i +d . k,j+d . k, i +d,j+d . k, . i +d,j+d . k, i+d,j+d,
@ olp
k$3 k
+i +d . k, i +d,, j+d . k, j+d,
@ olp j+d . k, . i +d,
k$3 k k
Frpr j hv frqwlqxd hq d rewhqhprv or exvfdgr
+i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,j+d, . i+d,j3 +d,
Sdud od rwud sduwh ghmduhprv do ohfwru exvfdu hq fxdotxlhu oleur gh fofxor evlfr1
Revhuydflq= Qrwhprv txh ho whruhpd qr glfh txh od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv ho surgxfwr gh odv
ghulydgdv vlqr txh hv dojr edvwdqwh glvwlqwr/ hvwr wdpelq rfxuuh frq od ghulydgd gho fxrflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 67; Fdofxodu od ghulydgdv gh=
41 i+{, @ 6{7 frv+{,/ vl { 5 U1

51 i+{, @ wdq+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1
61 i+{, @ frw+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
71 i+{, @ fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
81 i+{, @ vhf+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1
91 i+{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,5 vl { 5 U1
s
:1 i+{, @ 8<{s{67{{8 vl { 5 U. 1
:
Vroxflq=
41
i 3 +{, @ +6{7 ,3 frv+{, . 6{7 +frv+{,,3

@ 45{6 frv+{, . 6{7 + vhq+{,,
@ 45{6 frv+{, 6{7 vhq+{,
51
3
vhq+{, +vhq+{,,3 frv+{, vhq+{,+frv+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
frv+{, +frv+{,,5
frv+{, frv+{, vhq+{,+ vhq+{,,
@
+frv+{,,5
frv+{, frv+{, . vhq+{, vhq+{,
@
+frv+{,,5
4
@ @ vhf5 +{,
frv5 +{,
Dv djuhjdprv d qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv d phprul}du gg{

wdq
+{, @ vhf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
8141 GHULYDGD 5;8
61
3
frv+{, +frv+{,,3 vhq+{, frv+{,+vhq+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
vhq+{, +vhq+{,,5
vhq+{, vhq+{, frv+{, frv+{,
@
+vhq+{,,5
vhq+{, vhq+{, . frv+{, frv+{,
@
+vhq+{,,5
4
@ 5 @ fvf5 +{,
vhq +{,
Gh hvwd irupd gg{

frw
+{, @ fvf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ] +rwud d phprul}du,1
71
3
4 +4,3 vhq+{, 4+vhq+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
vhq+{, +vhq+{,,5
4+frv+{,,
@
+vhq+{,,5
frv+{,
@
+vhq+{,,5
@ frw+{, fvf+{,
g fvf +{, @ frw+{, fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
g{
81
3
4 +4,3 frv+{, 4+frv+{,,3
i 3 +{, @ @
frv+{, +frv+{,,5
4+ vhq+{,,
@
+frv+{,,5
vhq+{,
@
+frv+{,,5
@ wdq+{, vhf+{,
g vhf +{, @ wdq+{, vhf+{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
g{
91
i 3 +{, @ +8{5 . 6{7 ,3 +8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,3

^+8{5 . 6{7 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,`3
@ +43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 , . +8{5 . 6{7 ,++43{ . 45{6 ,
@ 5+43{ . 45{6 ,+8{5 . 6{7 ,
:1
s s s s
+8{: 6 {,3 +< { 7{8 , +8{: 6 {,+< { 7{8 ,3
i 3 +{, @ s
+< { 7{8 ,5
s s
+68{9 5s6 { ,+< { 7{8 , +8{: 6 {,+ 5s< { 53{7 ,3
@ s
+< { 7{8 ,5
Hq uhvxphq vh wlhqh
Dojheud gh ghulydgdv1
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq d hqwrqfhv i / i . j/ i j vrq ghulydeohv hq d | vl j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv
i @j hv ghulydeoh hq d1 Dghpv
41 +i,3 +d, @ i 3 +d,
51 +i . j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
61 +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i+d, j3 +d,
71 + ij ,+d, @ i +d,j+dj,5+dj, +d,i +d,

3 3
j+d, 9@ 31
Frurodulr 81: Vhd j ixqflq ghulydeoh hq d/ j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv od ixqflq 4@j hv ghulydeoh hq d |
g g +j,+d, 4 j 3 +d,
+4@j,+d, @ g{ r + ,3 +d, @ 5
g{ +j+d,,5 j j +d,
Hmhpsor 67< Frq hvwh frurodulr fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ {4q > q 5 Q
gi q{q4 q
+{, @ q 5 @ q.4 =
g{ +{ , {
Hmhuflflr 683 Fdofxoh odv ghulydgdv gh

4 4
i +{, @ > j+{, @
{ . vhq {
5 vhf { . 6 frw {
Vroxflq=
gi +5{ . frv {, gj +wdq { vhf { 6 fvf5 {,
+{, @ 5 +{, @
g{ +{ . vhq {,5 g{ +vhf { . 6 frw {,5
81416 Uhjod gh od Fdghqd

Vljxlhqgr frq whruhpdv txh qrv shuplwdq fdofxodu ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv xvdqgr odv |d fdofxodgdv/ yhdprv
ho whruhpd gh od ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv frpsxhvwdv/ sru hmhpsor vdelhqgr txh i+{, @ vhq+{, | j+{, @ <{6
vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv Tx srghprv ghflu hq fxqwr d ghulydelolgdg/ gh +i j,+{, @ vhq+<{6 , | gh
+i i,+{,B
Hmhpsor 684 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ odv ghulydgd gh od ixqflq

+i i,+{, @ vhq+vhq {, hq ho sxqwr { @ d1
Vroxflq=
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,,
i 3 +d, @ olp
{$d {d
vhq+vhq +{,, vhq+vhq +d,, vhq +{, vhq +d,
@ olp
{$d vhq +{, vhq +d, {d
vhq +x, vhq +e, vhq +{, vhq +d,
@ olp olp frq x @ vhq { | e @ vhq +d,
x$vhq d xe {$d {d
@ frv +e, frv +d, frq e @ vhq d
@ frv+vhq +d,, vhq +d,
Revhuydflq= Yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq xq uhvxowdgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd txh qrv shuplwlu fdofxodu
hvwd | rwudv ghulydgdv +gh xqd ixqflrq frpsxhvwd, gh xqd pdqhud pv vlpsoh1
8141 GHULYDGD 5;:
Whruhpd 81; +Uhjod gh od Fdghqd r Ghulydgd gh od frpsxhvwd, Vhd i = [ $ U/ j = \ $ U/

i+[, \> d 5 [ _ [ 3 > e @ i+d, 5 \ _ \ 3
Vl h{lvwh i 3 +d, | j3 +e, hqwrqfhv h{lvwh +j i,3 +d, |
+j i,3 +d, @ j 3 +e, j 3 +d, @ j 3 +i +d,,j3 +d,=
r hvfulwd gh rwud irupd

g ji gj gi
md @ me md
g{ g{ g{
s
Hmhpsor 685 Vhdq j+{, @ frv+{,> i +{, @ :{6 . {/ i hv ghulydeoh hq U. |
Uhfi U @ Grpj sru or wdqwr/ sdud d 5 U.
+j i ,3 +d, @ j3 +i+d,,i 3 +d,

s 4
@ j3 +:d6 . d, +54d5 . s ,
5 d
|d txh j3 +{, @ vhq {

vh wlhqh
s 4
d,, +54d5 . s ,
+j i,3 +d, @ + vhq+:d6 .
5 d
s
Hmhuflflr 686 Vhd i 3 +{, @ {6 h{ / i+4, @ 3 | j+{, @ +{ . 4,5 . 6
5
Fdofxoh +j i ,3 +4,1
Vroxflq= Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd
+j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,, i 3 +{,
Oxhjr
+j i ,3 +4, @ j 3 +i +4,, i 3 +4, +814,
shur i 3 +4, @ 46 h4 @ h | j3 +{, @ s5+{.4,5 1
5
5 +{.4, .6
gh grqgh j 3 +i+4,, @ j 3 +3, @ 5s
5
@ 4
1
Sru or wdqwr/ uhhpsod}dqgr hq 814
7 5
4 h
+j i ,3 +4, @ h@
5 5
Hmhpsor 687 Vhd j+{, @ vhq+vhq {, grqgh j @ i i frq i +{, @ vhq { hqwrqfhv j3 +{, @ i 3 +i+{,,i 3 +{, @
frv+vhq {, frv {1
s
Hmhpsor 688 Vhd i +{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . <> { 5 U
Frpr i sxhgh vhu hvfulwd frpr od frpsxhvwd

s gh grv ixqflrqhv pv vlpsohv/ frpr vljxh= i +{, @
k+6{7 . frv+{, . <, @ +k o,+{, grqgh k+{, @ { | o+{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . </ vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ vh
wlhqh xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd
gi 4
m{ @ k3 +o+{,,o3 +{, | frpr k3 +{, @ s
g{ 5 {
4
@ s +45{6 vhq+{,,
5 o+{,
45{6 vhq+{,
@ s =
5 6{7 . frv+{, . <
Hmhpsor 689 Vhd i +{, @ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ ,1 Fdofxohprv i 3 +{,

5;; FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Whqhprv txh i +{, @ vhf+k+{,, frq k+{, @ 5{8 . 7h{ oxhjr

g vhf gk
i 3 +{, @ mk+{, m{
g{ g{
@ vhf+{, wdq+{,mk+{, +43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+k+{,, wdq+k+{,,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ , wdq+5{8 . 7h{ ,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
Hmhpsor 68: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq { @ d1
Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ +i +{,,q > q 5 ]1
Frpr j+{, @ +k i ,+{, grqgh k+{, @ {q / xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd whqhprv txh
gj gj gi
md @ mi +d, md
g{ g{ g{
gi
@ q+i+d,,q4 +d,
g{
Dv rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh irupxod
gi q
+{, @ q+i +{,,q4 i 3 +{,
g{
txh hq ho fdvr gh i +{, @ 6{5 . frv { qrv txhgd
g+6{5 . frv {,8
@ 8+6{5 . frv {,84 +9{ vhq {,
g{
Hmhpsor 68; Od uhjod gh od fdghqd sru lqgxfflq vh sxhgh jhqhudol}du d od frpsrvlflq gh pv gh grv
ixqflrqhv sru hmhpsor fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @ +j k m n o,+{,
Vroxflq=
i +{, g+j k m n o,
m{ @ m{
g{ g{
+j k m n, go
@ mo+{, +{,
g{ g{
+j k m, gn go
@ mno+{, mo+{, +{,
g{ g{ g{
+j k, gm gn go
@ mm no+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{,
g{ g{ g{ g{
+j, gk gm gn go
@ mkmno+{, mm no,+{, m+no,+{, mo+{, +{,
g{ g{ g{ g{ g{
Hmhpsor 68< Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh

i+{, @ vhq+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,
Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd rewhqlgd hq ho hmhpsor 68; whqhprv
gi g vhq { g vhf g wdq {7
@ mvhf+wdq+{5 .: frv {,7 , mwdq+{5 .: frv {,7 m+{5 .: frv {,7 +5{ : vhq {,
g{ g{ g{ g{ g{ {5 .: frv {
Fdofxohprv fdgd ghulydgd lqglfdgd | uhdol}dqgr odv hydoxdflrqhv fruuhvsrqglhqwh whqhprv
gi
@ ^frv+vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,,`^wdq+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 , vhf+wdq+{5 . : frv {,7 ,`
g{
^vhf5 +{5 . : frv {,7 `^7+{5 . : frv {,6 `^5{ : vhq {`
8141 GHULYDGD 5;<
Hmhuflflr 693 Xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ suxheh txh vl i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ hqwrqfhv
+hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{, ;{ 5 G
Vroxflq= Frqvlghuprv od ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq U

j= U $ U
{ :$ h{
Sru klswhvlv i = G $ U hv xqd ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq G/ oxhjr sru ho whruhpd uhjod gh od

{ :$ i +{,
fdghqd j i hv glihuhqfldeoh hq G |
+j i ,3 +{, @ j 3 +i +{,,i 3 +{, +815,
grqgh +j i ,+{, @ j+i+{,, @ hi +{, | j3 +{, @ h{ 1

Dv j 3 +i +{,, @ hi +{, 1
Sru or wdqwr hq 815 vh wlhqh
+hi +{, ,3 @ hi +{, i 3 +{,
Hmhpsor 694 Fdofxoh od ghulydgd gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
41 hvhq{
s
51 h {.frv {
Vroxflq=
41 +hvhq { ,3 @ hvhq { +vhq {,3 @ hvhq { frv {

s s
51 +h {.frv { ,3 @ h {.frv { + 5s4 { vhq {,1
Hmhuflflr 695 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh
G @ i{ 5 U m { 5 Grpi _ Grpj | i +{, A 3j @

9 !
Ghprvwudu txh
i +{,3
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, , ;{ 5 G
i+{,
Vroxflq= Vdehprv sru surslhgdg gho orjdulwpr txh
+i +{,,j+{, @ hoq+i +{,, @ hj+{, oq i +{,

j +{,
oxhjr sru hmhuflflr dqwhulru

++i+{,,j+{, ,3 @ hj+{, oq i +{, +j+{, oq i +{,,3 +816,
shur +j+{, oq i+{,,3 hv od ghulydgd gh xq surgxfwr | gh frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv/ oxhjr
i 3 +{,
+j+{, oq i+{,,3 @ j3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{,
i +{,
Dv uhhpsod}dqgr hq 816
i +{,3
++i +{,,j+{, ,3 @ +i+{,,j+{, +j 3 +{, oq+i +{,, . j+{, , ;{ 5 G
i+{,
Revhuydflq= Gh or dqwhulru vh rewlhqh=
+ui +{, ,3 @ ui +{, i 3 +{, oq u vl u hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd
+i+{,u ,3 @ ui +{,u4 i 3 +{, vl i +{, A 31
5<3 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 696 Fdofxodu odv ghulydgdv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv1

s
41 i+{, @ +{5 . 5, {
51 j+{, @ 5{ {
5
.frv
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,
Vroxflq=
s
41 i+{, @ h { oq+{ .5, oxhjr dsolfdqgr ho hmhuflflr dqwhulru
5
s s
i 3 +{, @ h { oq+{ .5, + { oq+{5 . 5,,3
5
s 4 s 5{
@ +{5 . 5, { + s oq+{5 . 5, . { 5 ,
5 { { .5
51 j+{, @ h+{ { / dqdorjdphqwh

5
.frv , oq 5
j3 +{, @ h+{ .frv {, oq 5 ++{5 . frv {, oq 5,3

5
@ 5{ .frv { +5{ vhq {, oq 5

5
61 k+{, @ vhq6 +5{,/
k3 +{, @ 6 vhq5 +5{, +vhq+5{,,3

@ 6 vhq5 +5{, frv+5{, 5
Frphqwdulrv
41 Yhdprv jhrpwulfdphqwh sru tx ghehprv xvdu od uhjod gh od fdghqd/ sdud hvr xvduhprv odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ vhq { | j+{, @ vhq+7{,1
gj @ frv 7{/ dv hq @5/ gj m
Vl qr xvdprv od uhjod frphwhprv ho wslfr huuru gh dupdu txh g{ g{ @5 @
frv 5 @ 41
Dqdol}dqgr orv jufrv gh i | j hq od jxud txh vljxh/ srghprv qrwdu txh O/ uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od
jufd gh j qr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh txh P / uhfwd wdqjhqwh d i sxhvwr txh odv rqgxodflrqhv gh
j+{, +iuhfxhqfld gh rqgd, vrq pv uslgd txh odv gh i/ reoljdqgr hvwr d whqhu pd|ru shqglhqwh O txh
P1
gj @ 7 frv 7{/ yhdprv yld od ghqlflq frpr vh rewlhqh hvwh uhvxowdgr1
51 Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd g{
gj j+d . k, j+d,
md @ olp
g{ k$3 k
vhq+7+d . k,, vhq +7d,
@ olp
k$3 k
vhq+7d . 7k, vhq +7d,
@ olp
k$3 k
Xvdqgr xqd lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd sdud vhq vhq whqhprv

gj 5 frv+7d . 5k, vhq+5k,
md @ olp
g{ k$3 k
vhq +5k,
@ 7 olp frv+7d . 5k, olp
k$3 k$3 5k
@ 7 frv+7d, 4
8141 GHULYDGD 5<4
Iljxuh 814=
61 Vreuh odv glihuhqwhv qrwdflrqhv

Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq Y / yroxphq gh xq flolqgur gh dowxud o | udglr u/ hv ghflu/ od ixqflq yroxphq
Y @ u5 o1 Vl qrv slghq fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh Y hq ho sxqwr d/ hv ghflu/ Y 3 +d, Tx ghehprv
frqwhvwduB Qr hv or plvpr txh qrv slgdq i 3 +d,/ grqgh i +{, @ 6 vhq {/ |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr
hvw fodud od yduldeoh/ shur hq ho fdvr gh Y Fxo hv od yduldeohB Gheh vhu wrpdgd u frpr yduldeoh
lqghshqglhqwhB R d or phmru oB1
Hq hvwh fdvr od qrwdflq Y 3 +d, hv dpeljxd | hv frqyhqlhqwh xvdu od qrwdflq
gY gY
mu@d r mo@d
gu go
|d txh gh hvwd irupd txhgd h{soflwd od yduldeoh frq uhvshfwr d od fxdo vh txlhuh ghulydu1
Phgldqwh od ghqlflq srghprv yhu txh orv uhvxowdgrv vrq wrwdophqwh glihuhqwhv vl vh wrpd xqd x
rwud yduldeoh
gY Y +d . k, Y +d,
mu@d @ olp
gu k$3 k
+d . k,5 o d5 o
@ olp
k$3 k
@ 5do
gY Y +d . k, Y +d,
mo@d @ olp
go k$3 k
u5 +d . k, u5 d
@ olp
k$3 k
@ u 5
Hq ho fdvr txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh pv gh xqd yduldeoh +sru hmhpsor i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6 , vh
C| d fdpelr gh g| /
dfrvwxpeud d lqglfdu od ghulydflq frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh | sru hmhpsor/ frpr Ci gi
C} lqglfd od ghulydgd gh i frq uhvshfwr d od yduldeoh } vrodphqwh/ txhgdqgr odv rwudv yduldeohv
dv/ Ci
frpr frqvwdqwh +hv ghflu/ vh frpsruwhq frpr qphur sdud ho prphqwr gh ghulydu1
Hmhpsor 697 Vl i+{> |> }, @ |5 vhq { . } 6
Ci
@ | 5 frv { . 3
C{
Ci
@ 5| vhq { . 3
C|
Ci
@ 3 . 6} 5
C}
Hmhpsor 698 Hq ho fdvr gho yroxphq gho flolqgur Y @ u5 o
CY CY
@ 5uo @ u5
Cu Co
Hmhpsor 699 Vhd j+{> |> }, @ 6{5 . :{6 vhq | hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh
Cj
@ 9{ . 54{5 vhq |
C{
Cj
@ 3 . :{6 frv |
C|
Cj
@ 3
C}
Wrphprv dkrud od ixqflq i @ 8{5 .vhq {1 Fodudphqwh whqhprv/ sru or dqwhulru/ txh Ci
C{ @ 43{.frv {
| txh C| @ 3 |d txh hq hvwh owlpr fdvr ghehprv shqvdu txh od yduldeoh hv |/ shur i vh frpsruwd
Ci
frpr frqvwdqwh uhvshfwr d hvwd yduldeoh dv txh vx ghulydgd hv fhur
Ci i +| . k, i+|, 8{5 . vhq { +8{5 . vhq {,

@ olp @ olp @3
C| k$3 k k$3 k
71 Qrwdflrqhv uhjod gh od fdghqd

Vhdq | @ i +x,> x @ j+{, vxsrqjdprv txh dpedv wlhqh ghulydgdv | txh hv srvleoh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd
| @ i +j+{,,1 +hv ghflu/ vl gq odv klsrwhvlv gh od uhjod gh od fdghqd,1 Hqwrqfhv
C| C| Cy
@
C{ Cy C|
Qrwdflrqdophqwh ho wuplqr l}txlhugr gh od ljxdogdg vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | fdofxodgd ghvsxhv

gh kdehu khfkr od frpsxhvwd gh i | j +i j,/ hq fdpelr ho sulphu idfwru gho wuplqrv ghuhfkr
C| vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh | dqwhv gh kdfhu od frpsxhvwd1
Cy
Hmhpsor 69: Vhd | xqd ixqflq gh {/ ghulydeoh frq uhvshfwr d {1 Fdofxohprv odv ghulydgdv txh vh lqglfdq
41 g{
g +{7 | 6 , @ {7 6| g| . 7{6 |6
g{
51 g{
g +{ vhq |, @ vhq | . { frv | g|
g{
61 g{ +wj {|, @ +vhf +{|,,+| . { g{
g 5 g| ,
71 g{
g +5{| 6 . { vhq+{|,, @ 5| 6 . 9{| 5 g| . vhq +{|, . { frv+{|,+| . { g| ,
g{ g{
8141 GHULYDGD 5<6
g +s|, @
81 g{ g|
s4 | g{
5
g +s|, @
91 g| s4 |
5
:1 g{
g +vhq | . |6 , @ frv | g| . 6| 5 g|
g{ g{
;1 g{ +vhq | . | , @ frv | . 6|
g 6 5
<1 g}
g +vhq | . | 6 , @ 31
Hmhuflflr 69; Ghwhuplqdu vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv

41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq `d> e^1 Vl i | j vrq fuhflhqwhv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i . j hv fuhflhqwh
hq `d> e^1
51 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq j+d, | j hv frqwlqxd hq d shur qr ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv i j qr hv ghulydeoh
hq d1
Vroxflq=
41 Yhugdghur Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv fuhflhqwh | ghulydeohv hq `d> e^ hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, 3 | j3 +{, 3 hq
`d> e^/ oxhjr
+i . j,3 +{, @ i 3 +{, . j 3 +{, 3 ;{ 5`d> e^
Sru or wdqwr i . j hv fuhflhqwh hq `d> e^1
51 Idovr1
Vhdq j+{, @ m{m/ i+{, @ {5 | d @ 3 j hv frqwlqxd hq 3 shur qr ghulydeohv hq 3 | i hv ghulydeoh hq
j+3, @ 3/ shur +i j,+{, @ m{m5 @ {5 od fxdo hv ghulydeoh hq 3
Hmhpsor 69< Hq tx sxqwrv/ h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq
;
? frv { {3
i+{, @
= s6
4 5{ { ? 3
Vroxflq=
d, Vl { A 3/ i +{, @ frv {1 Vdehprv txh frv { hv ghulydeoh sdud wrgr { 5 U hq sduwlfxodu sdud { A 3>
i 3 +{, @ vhq+{,1
s
e, Vl { ? 3> i +{, @ 6 4 5{1 Hq hvwh fdvr i hv od frpsxhvwd gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv | vx ghulydgd
i 3 +{, @ 46 +4 5{,5@6 +5,/ sru uhjod gh od fdghqd1
f, Vl { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du sru ghqlflq od ghulydgd gh i/ |d txh i hvw ghqlgd gh irupd glvwlqwd
sdud { A 3 | sdud { ? 3
Yhdprv vl h{lvwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{,
3 1
i +3,
Sdud hvwr fdofxohprv
3 +3, @ i+{, i+3,
i. olp
{$3. {3
frv { 4
@ olp
{$3. {
frv5 { 4
@ olp
{$3. {+frv { . 4,
vhq5 {
@ olp.
{$3 {+frv { . 4,
vhq { vhq {
@ olp + ,+ ,
{$3. { frv { . 4
@ +4,+3, @ 3
sru or wdqwr i.
3 +3, @ 3
Sru rwud sduwh
3 +3, @ i +{, i +3,

i olp
{$3{3
s6
4 5{ 4
@ olp
{$3 {
5
@ =
6
+Sdud fdofxodu ho owlpr oplwh wxylprv txh udflrqdol}du,

Frpr i
3 +3, 9@ i.3 +3, hqwrqfhv qr h{lvwh i 3 +3, | hq frqvhfxhqfld
;
? 6s
A 5 {?3
6
+45{,5
3
i +{, @
A
= vhq { {A3
Grpi 3 @ U i3j +dv sdud fxdotxlhu sxqwr { 5 U i3j h{lvwh od ghulydgd gh i ,1
Hmhpsor 6:3 Frqvlghuhprv dkrud od ixqflq

; 6
A
A { frv+4@{5 , { ? 3
A
A
?
i+{, @ 3 {@3
A
A
A
A
= s 5
{ . 5{6 { A 3
Ghwhuplqhprv od ghulydgd gh i 1
Vroxflq=
d, Hv fodur txh sdud { ? 3 od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 frv+4@{5 , hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud | frpsrvlflq gh
ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ oxhjr xvdqgr odv uhjodv gh ghulydflq whqhprv
4 4 5
i 3 +{, @ 6{5 frv+ , . {6 + vhq+ 5 ,,+ 6 ,
{5 { {
s
e, Dqorjdphqwh sdud { A 3> i+{, @ {5 . 5{6 hv ghulydeoh sru frpsrvlflq gh ixqflqhv ghulydeohv/
oxhjr
4
i 3 +{, @ s +5{ . 9{5 ,
5 { . 5{6
5
f, Sdud { @ 3/ ghehprv dqdol}du i 3 +3, phgldqwh od ghqlflq/ |d txh i wlhqh glvwlqwr frpsruwdplhqwr
hq wruqr do fhur/ hv ghflu/ ghehprv fdofxodu
i +{, i +3,
i 3 +3, @ olp
{$3 {3
s
i+{, i +3, {5 . 5{6
i 3 +3, @ olp @ olp. @4
.
{$3. {3 {$3 {
| ho rwur oplwh odwhudo
3 +3, @ olp i +{, i +3, {6 frv+4@{5 ,

i @ olp @3
{$3 {3 {$3 {
8141 GHULYDGD 5<8
frpr vrq glvwlqwrv/ vh frqfox|h txh ho oplwh i 3 +3, @ olp{$3 i +{{,

3 qr h{lvwh1
i +3,
Hq frqvhfxhqfld i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 | sru or wdqwr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hvw ghqlgd vrodphqwh
sdud U i3j | vx ydoru hv=
;
? 6{ frv+4@{ , . 5 vhq+4@{ , { ? 3
5 5 5
i 3 +{, @
= s{{.6 {5
5 .5{6 {A3
Hmhpsor 6:4 BcHq tx sxqwrv gho lqwhuydor ^4> 5^ od ixqflq i +{, @ ^{` . m{ 4m hv ghulydeohB
Vroxflq= Vhsdudqgr ho grplqlr gh i dsursldgdphqwh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1
;
A
A { 4 { ? 3
A
A
?
i +{, @ 4{ 3{?4
A
A
A
A
=
{ 4{?5
Fdofxohprv dkrud vx ghulydgd
d, Vl 4 ? { ? 3/ i hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4/ dqorjdphqwh sdud 3 ? { ? 4 | 4 ? { ? 5 vh vdeh txh i
hv ghulydeoh | i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 3 ? { ? 4 |
i 3 +{, @ 4 sdud 4 ? { ? 51
3 +4, +vl h{lvwh, txh sru ghqlflq hv od ghulydgd gh i hq
e, Hq { @ 4/ vor wlhqh vhqwlgr ghwhuplqdu i.
41
3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,

i. olp
{$4. {.4
{ 4
@ olp @ 4
{$4. { . 4
Hv fodur txh hq { @ 3 | hq { @ 4 i hv glvfrqwlqxd/ oxhjr i qr hv ghulydeoh hq hvwrv sxqwrv/ dv i +{,
hv ghulydeoh hq ^4> 5î3> 4j
;
? 4 4 { ? 4> { 9@ 3
i 3 +{, @
=
4 4?{?5
Hmhuflflr 6:5 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq

6 . d{ { 4
i+{, @
{5 . e { A 4
grqgh d> e 5 U
Ghwhuplqh d | e gh prgr txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 41
Vroxflq= i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl | vor vl olp{$4 i +{{,
d h{lvwh +hv ghflu i.+4, @ i+4, ,1
i +d, 3 3
3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,

i olp
{$4 {4
6 . d{ +6 . d,
@ olp
{$4 {4
d+{ 4,
@ olp
{$4 { 4
@ olp d @ d
{$4
Sru rwud sduwh>

3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,
i. olp
{$4. {4
{5 . e +6 . d,
@ olp.
{$4 {4
shur hvwh oplwh srguld h{lvwlu vor vl olp{$4. {5 . e +{ . d, @ 3
shur olp{$4 {5 . e +6 . d, @ 4 . e +6 . d,1
3 +4, srguld h{lvwlu vor vl 4 . e +6 . d, @ 3 gh grqgh e @ 5 . d sru or wdqwr>
oxhjr i.
3 +4, @ {5 . e +6 . d,
i. olp
{4
{$4.
{ . 5 . d +6 . d,
5
@ olp
{$4. {4
{5 4
@ olp
{$4. { 4
@ olp. { . 4 @ 5
{$4
3 +4, @ i3 +4, +, d @ 5/ oxhjr e @ d . 5 @ 71
Dv i.
Revhuydflq= Vl olp{$4. {5 . e +6 . d, @ f frq f 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv olp{$4 { .e{+6. d, / hv gh od irupd f
5
oxhjr ho oplwh qr h{vlwh

4 3
Rwud irupd gh uhvroyhu ho sureohpd/ hv ghwhuplqdu frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd +Vl qr or ixhud
i qr vhud ghulydeoh,/ gh grqgh
Rewhqhprv>
olp i +{, @ olp i +{, @ i+4,
{$4. {$4
or txh htxlydoh d ghwhuplqdu od frqglflq
e@5.d
| oxhjr fdofxodu i +4, | i. +4, xvdqgr od frqglflq e @ 5 . d1
3 3
Hmhuflflr 6:6 Vhd
{8 . {5 . 9 {?3
i+{, @
D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, { 3
Ghwhuplqdu D | E hq U sdud txh i vhd ghulydeoh hq { @ 31
Vroxflq= Sulphur ghwhuplqhprv frqglflrqhv sdud txh i vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 3
olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ i +3,
{$3. {$3 {$3
olp i+{, @ olp D+frv+6{, . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4,
{$3. {$3.
@ D . E @ i+3,
olp i+{, @ olp {8 . {5 . 9 @ 9
{$3 {$3
Sru or wdqwr D . E @ 9
Fdofxohprv i 3 +3, sru ghqlflq
i +{, i +3, {8 . {5 . 9 +D . E,
i 3 +3, @ olp @ olp
{$3 { {$3 {
{8 . {5 . 9 9
@ olp sxhv D . E @ 9
{$3 {
{8 . {5
@ olp
{$3 {
@ olp {+{6 . 4, @ 3
{$3
8141 GHULYDGD 5<:
Dkrud sru od ghuhfkd
i +{, i +3, D+frv 6{ . 6 vhq {, . E+{ . 4, +D . E,

i 3 . +3, @ olp. @ olp
{$3 { {$3. {
D frv 6{ . 6D vhq { . E{ D
@ olp.
{$3 {
D+frv 6{ 4, 6D vhq { E{
@ olp. . .
{$3 { { {
shur
6D vhq { vhq {
olp @ 6D olp. @ 6D
{$3. { {$3 {
|
E{
olp. @ olp. E @ E
{$3 { {$3
qrv idowd fdofxodu
D+frv+6{, 4, frv5 +6{, 4
olp @ D olp.
{$3. { {$3 {+frv+6{, . 4,
vhq5 +6{,
@ D olp.
{$3 {+frv+6{, . 4,
vhq+6{, vhq+6{,
@ D olp.
{$3 { frv+6{, . 4
vhq+6{, vhq+6{,
@ 6D olp olp
{$3 . 6{ {$3 frv+6{, . 4
.
@ 6D +4, 3 @ 3
Oxhjr i 3 . +3, @ 6D . E/ i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl i.

3 +3, @ i3 +3,/ hv ghflu/ 6D . E @ 3/ shur
D . E @ 9/ oxhjr uhvroylhqgr ho vlvwhpd whqhprv D @ 6 | E @ <1
Hmhuflflr 6:7 Vhd ;

A
A 6{5 9{ ; { ? 4
?
8{7 7{5 4 { ? 4
i+{, @
A
A 4 {@4
=
7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 9 {A4
l, Ghwhuplqdu i 3 +{,1
ll, Fdofxoh ho ydoru gh D grqgh

D @ i 3 +5,i 3 +4@5, i 3 + . 4,
Vroxflq=
d, Vhd { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 6{5 9{ ;/ i hv ghulydeoh sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv |

i 3 +{, @ 9{ 91
e, Vhd 4 ? { ? 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 8{7 7{5 1 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv/ whqhprv i 3 +{, @
53{6 ;{1
f, Vhd { A 4 hqwrqfhv i+{, @ 7{5 frv+{ 4, . 6{ 91 Sru dojheud gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv whqhprv
i 3 +{, @ ;{ frv5 +{ 4, . 7{5 + vhq+{ 4,, . 6
Qrwhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 | hq { @ 41

5<; FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Fdofxohprv i 3 +4, sru ghqlflq

3 +4, @ i+{, i+4,
i. olp
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8{ 7{5 4
7
@ olp .
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6
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6 5
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5
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3 +4, @ i +{, i +4,
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5
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@ 7 olp.
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5
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7
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5
8141 GHULYDGD 5<<
Sru or wdqwr i.
3 +4, @ ; . 6 @ 44
3 +4, @ i+{, i+4,

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{$4 {4
8{ 7{5 4
7
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@ olp
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3 +4, 9@ i3 +4,1 Sru or wdqwr i 3 +4, qr h{lvwh1
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Dv ho grplqlr Grpi 3 @ U i4j1
;
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i 3 +{, @ 53{6 ;{ 4 ? { ? 4
=
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6
D @ i 3 +5,i 3 +4@5, i 3 + . 4, @ 4; . ;+ . 4, . 6
5
Xqd khuudplhqwd wlo | vlpsoh sdud ghwhuplqdu vl xqd ixqflq hv ghulydeoh hq dojq sxqwr hv od vljxlhqwh
sursrvlflq txh vh sxhgh ghprvwudu hq edvh do whruhpd gh O*Krslwdo txh yhuhprv pv dghodqwh1
Sursrvlflq 81< Vl i hv frqwlqxd hq d1
d, Vl orv oplwhv olp{$d. i 3 +{,/ olp{$d i 3 +{, h{lvwhq | vrq ljxdohv d O 5 U hqwrqfhv i hv ghulydeoh hq
d | i 3 +d, @ O1
e, Vl orv oplwhv olp{$d. i 3 +{, / olp{$d i 3 +{, h{lvwhq +vrq qphurv uhdohv, | vrq glihuhqwhv hqwrqfhv
i qr hv ghulydeoh hq d1
Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq gdgd hq ho hmhuflflr 6:7

;
A
A 6{5 9{ ; { ? 4
?
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i+{, @
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olp i+{, @ olp i+{, @ 4

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|
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633 FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
shur olp{$4. i 3 +{, 9@ olp{$4 i 3 +{, oxhjr vhjq od sursrvlflq dqwhulru i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 41
Vlq hpedujr> i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 sxhv
olp i 3 +{, @ olp 53{6 ;{ @ 45

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|
olp i 3 +{, @ olp 9{ 9 @ 45
{$4 {$4
| i hv frqwlqxd hq 41
Revhuydflq= Qrwh txh od klswhvlv gh frqwlqxlgdg hv ixqgdphqwdo1 Or srghprv yhu hq ho vljxlhqwh
hmhpsor1
8{ . : { 6
i +{, @
8{ . ; { ? 6
Hq hvwh fdvr vh wlhqh txh olp{$6. i 3 +{, @ 8 @ olp{$6 i 3 +{,/ shur i qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 6 sxhv i
qr hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 6
Yroylhqgr do hmhpsor
6 . d{ { 4
i +{, @
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i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vl | vor vl e @ 5 . d1
Dghpv sdud { 9@ 4/ vh wlhqh
d {?4
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olp i 3 +{, @ d> olp. i 3 +{, @ 5

{$4 {$4
hqwrqfhv> i vhu ghulydeoh hq { @ 4 vl
olp i 3 +{, @ olp i 3 +{,

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hv ghflu/ d @ 5 | frpr e @ 5 . d/ hqwrqfhv e @ 71
Dqdorjdphqwh hq ho hmhuflflr 6:6

{8 . {5 . 9 {?3
i+{, @
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i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl D . E @ 91 Dghpv

3 8{7 . 5{ {?3
i +{, @
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olp i 3 +{, @ olp. D+6 vhq+6{, . 6 frv {, . E @ 6D . E

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oxhjr i vhu ghulydeoh vl
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gh grqgh D @ 6 | E @ <1
8141 GHULYDGD 634
81417 Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq Lqyhuvd

Frurodulr 8143 Fofxor gh ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq lqyhuvd
Vhd i = [ $ Uhfi U ixqflq lqyhuwleoh | ghulydeoh/ ghqrwhprv sru j d od lqyhuvd i 4 / dv j = Uhfi $
[1
Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq d 5 [ _ [ 3 frq ghulydgd i 3 +d, 9@ 3 | j hv ghulydeoh frqwlqxd hq i +d, @ e1
g+i ,4 4
me @ gi
g{ g{ md
Hv ghflu/ od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd i 4 hq e vh fdofxod xvdqgr ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gh od
ghulydgd gh i hq d +uhfrughprv txh i 3 +d, hv qphur uhdo qr qxor,1
Ghprvwudflq= Vh vdeh txh i i 4 +{, @ { | txh od ghulydgd gh { hq wrgr sxqwr hv 4/ xvdqgr od uhjod
gh od fdghqd
+i i 4 ,3 +e, @ 4
i 3 +i 4 +e,, +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 4
Frpr i+d, @ e
i 3 +d, +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 4
|d txh i 3 +d, hv qr fhur srghprv rewhqhu od ljxdogdg | hq
4
+i 4 ,3 +e, @
i 3 +d,
r fdpeldqgr gh qrwdflq
gi 4 4
me @ 3
g{ i +d,

Hmhpsor 6:8 Fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i+{, @ oq+{, hq e 5 U.
Uhfrughprv txh oq+{, hv od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh h{s+{, @ h{ / dv oq e @ d hv htxlydohqwh d e @ hd 1

Xvdqgr frurodulr
g oq 4 4 4
me @ g h{s @ d @
g{ g{ dm h e
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g oq { 4 4
@ r oq3 +{, @ vl { A 3
g{ { {
Hmhpsor 6:9 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh dufwdq+{,1 Uhfrughprv txh od lqyhuvd orfdo gh wdq+{, hv
dufwdq+{,/ hv ghflu/ sdud { dsursldgrv vh wlhqh
dufwdq+wdq+{,, @ { | { @ wdq+dufwj+{,,
Xvdqgr frurodulr hq xq sxqwr e @ wdq+d,/ grqgh vhf5 +d, 9@ 3 whqhprv=

g dufwdq 4 4
+{,me @ 3 @
g{ wdq +d, vhf5 +d,
Frq ho remhwr gh ghmdu ho uhvxowdgr hq wuplqrv gh e xvduhprv od lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd
vhf5 +{, @ wdq5 +{, . 4
Gh hvwd irupd
g dufwdq 4 4
+{,m{@e @ @ 5
g{ wdq5 +d, . 4 e .4
Frpr e hud vor xq uhsuhvhqwdqwh/ whqhprv
4
dufwdq3 +{, @
{5 . 4
Dqorjdphqwh vh sxhgh suredu txh
4
duffrwj3 +{, @
{ .4
5
vor txh dtx gheh xwlol}du rwud lghqwlgdg wuljrqrpwulfd1 + fvf5 { @ fwj 5 { . 4,
Revhuydflq= Dkrud txh khprv orjudgr xqd wfqlfd sdud hqfrqwudu ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv lqyhuvdv
fuhhprv txh hv exhqr kdfhu qrwdu or txh hv ho uhvxowdgr gho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd1
Whruhpd 8144 +Ixqflq lqyhuvd, Vhd i = L $ U/ xqd ixqflq/ L xq yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i vhd ghulydeoh
hq d frq ghulydgd qr qxod +i 3 +d, 9@ 3,1
Hqwrqfhv h{lvwh K yhflqgdg gh d+K L, | M yhflqgdg gh i +d, wdo txh i = K $ M hv lqyhuwleoh frq
lqyhuvd glihuhqfldeoh i 4 = M $ K yhulfd od vljxlhqwh ljxdogdg
gi 4 4
me @ 3 4
g{ i +i +e,
hv ghflu
gi 4 4
me @ +i 4 ,3 +e, @ 3 > grqgh d @ i 4 +e,
g{ i +d,
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vxv ghulydgdv vrq qr qxodv1
Sru uhjod gh od fdghqd vh wlhqh
i 3 +j+{,,j 3 +{, @ 4
| frpr vh wudwd gh od pxowlsolfdflq gh grv qphurv uhdohv/ dperv ghehq vhu qr qxorv/ pdv dq/ xqr gheh
vhu ho lqyhuvr pxowlsolfdwlyr gho rwur1
Uhfrughprv txh vhqr hv xqd ixqflq gh U hq U txh qr hv lq|hfwlyd | wdpsrfr hv vreuh|hfwlyd/ frpr
vroxflq d hvwr owlpr srgudprv frqvlghuduod frpr vhq = U $ ^4> 4`/ shur ho sureohpd gh od lq|hfwlylgdg
dq shupdqhfh1 Hq ghqlwlyd qr vh sxhgh shqvdu txh vhq whqjd lqyhuvd gh ^4> 4` hq U/ shur gg{ vhq
+{,m{@ @
4 txh hv glvwlqwr gh 3/ oxhjr ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd1
BcFxo hv od frqwudglfflq hqwuh hvwdv owlpdv grv iudvhvB
Qlqjxqd/ sxhvwr txh ho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd qr kdeod gh xqd ixqflq lqyhuvd gh vhq frq grplqlr
hq ^4> 4` | uhfruulgr U/ vlqr txh qrv jdudqwl}d od h{lvwhqfld gh xqd lqyhuvd orfdo1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh h{lvwh
M yhflqgdg gh i +d, | K yhflqgdg gh d wdo txh i = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1 Hq ho fdvr gh i+{, @ vhq { h{lvw M
yhflqgdg gh fhur grqgh i+, @ 3 | K yhflqgdg gh wdo txh vhq = K $ M wlhqh lqyhuvd1
Frq ho whruhpd gh od ixqflrq lqyhuvd srghprv orjudu yduldu lqyhuvdv orfdohv |d txh edvwd wrpdu sxqwrv
{3 txh vdwlvidjdq od klsrwhvlv
g vhq {
m{3 9@ 3
g{
Hq orv sxqwrv grqgh vh dqxod od ghulydgd gh vhqr +sru hmhpsor hq @5, hv lpsrvleoh hqfrqwudu xqd
lqyhuvd orfdo gh hood/ |d txh sdud wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr txh frqwhqjd ho sxqwr/ vhqr vlhpsuh vhu qr
lq|hfwlyd1
\d txh khprv kdeodgr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ vhq {/ fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh
i 4 +{, @ dufvhq {/ sdud { dsursldgr hq ho hmhuflflr txh vljxh
Hmhuflflr 6:: Fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh i 4 +{, @ dufvhq {

8151 GHULYDGD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU 636
Vroxflq= Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, grqgh vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frvd A 3 vl d 5` @5> @5^ |
+i 4 ,3 +e, @ frv4 d
s
Vhd } @ frv d hqwrqfhv } 5 @ frv5 d @ 4 vhq5 d1 oxhjr } @ 4 vhq5 d sxhv } A 3 shur d dufvhq e oxhjr
s s
} @ 4 vhq+dufvhq+e,, } @ 4 e5
Sru or wdqwr
4
dufvhq3 { @ s
4 {5
Hq fdpelr vl frqvlghudprv vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^ hqwrqfhv frv d ? 3 vl d 5`@5> 6@5^ | +i 4 ,3 @ 4
d
shur
frv
s s
frv d @ 4 vhq5 d @ 4 vhq+dufvhq e,,
sru or wdqwr vl frqvlghudprv i 4 sru dufvhq {/ vh whqgu
4
+dufvhq,3 +{, @ s
4 {5
frqvlghudqgr vhq =`@5> 6@5^$` 4> 4^=
Revhuydflq= Vh dfrvwxpeud d uhvhuydu dufvhq d od lqyhuvd gh od ixqflq vhqr ghqd hq vx udpd sulqflsdo/
hv ghflu
vhq =` @5> @5^$` 4> 4^
|
4
+dufvhq,3 +{, @ s
4 {5
Dqorjdphqwh vh fdofxod odv ghulydgd gh odv lqyhuvdv gh frvhqr/ frwdqjhqwh/ vhfdqwh | frvhfdqwh/ ghqlgd
hq vx udpd sulqflsdo rewhqlhqgr=
4 4
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4 {5 4 {5
4 4
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4 4
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815 Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru

Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i+{, @ 6{7 . 8 vhq5 {/ txh frpr |d khprv ylvwr vx ghulydgd hv
gi +{,
@ 45{6 . 43 vhq { frv { @ j+{,
g{
Srghprv qrwdu txh j wdpelq hv ghulydeoh | wlhqh frpr ghulydgd d
gj +{, @ 69{5 . 43 frv5 { 43 vhq5 { @ k+{,/ qxhydphqwh srghprv fdofxodu od ghulydgd gh hvwd | rewhqhu
g{
gk +{,=
g{
gi od ixqflq k hv od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq
Vh glfh txh j hv od ghulydgd gh sulphu rughq | vh dqrwd g{
gh i | vh dqrwd g{
gi / gk fruuhvsrqgh d od ghulydgd gh whufhu rughq gh i | vh dqrwd gi 6 1
5
5 g{ g{6
Ghqlflq 8145 Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ | vhd g{gi vx ghulydgd/ vh ghqh od ghulydgd gh
vhjxqgr rughq gh i hq f 5`d> e^ frpr
gi +f . k, gi +f,
olp g{ g{
k$3 k
| vh ghqrwd hvwh oplwh sru gg{i5 +f,1

5
Vh glfh txh i wlhqh ghulydgd gh rughq 5 hq `d> e^ vl i wlhqh ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq hq fdgd sxqwr gh
`d> e^1
H{lvwlhqgr od ghulydgd gh vhjxqgr rughq gh i hq `d> e^ vh sxhgh ghqlu hq irupd dqdorjd od ghulydgd gh
whufhu rughq hq f 5`d> e^ frpr ho vljxlhqwh oplwh +vl hv txh h{lvwh ,1
g5 i +f . k, g5 i +f,
olp g{ g{5
5
k$3 k
dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh od ghulydgd gh rughq q . 4 frpr ho oplwh txh lqyroxfud od ghulydgd gh rughq q |
vh dqrwdu sru gg{q.4i +f,1
q.4
Qrwdflrqhv=
g5 i g6 i gq i
G5 i +f, @ i 33 +f, @ +f,> G6 i +f, @ i 333 +f, @ +f,> Gq i+f, @ i +q, +f, @ +f,=
g{6 g{6 g{q
Vh ghqhq orv vljxlhqwhv frqmxqwrv
F 3 `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv frqwlqxd hq `d> e^j
F 4 `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv ghulydeoh hq`d> e^ frq ghulydgd frqwlqxdj
F 5 `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq`d> e^ frq ghulydgd frqwlqxd j
F q `d> e^ @ ii =`d> e^$ U = i hv q yhfhv ghulydeohv hq`d> e^frq ghulydgd frqwlqxdj
Frq hvwrv frqmxqwrv srghprv ghqlu od vljxlhqwh ixqflq/ oodpdgd rshudgru glihuhqfldeoh1
G = F q `d> e^ $ F q4 `d> e^
i :$ Gi +{, @ g{
gi +{,
Dv
41 vl i +{, @ 6{5 . vhq {/ Gi +{, @ 9{ . frv {
s
51 vl j+{, @ oq+{ . 4, . { . 4/ Gj+{, @ {.4 4
. 5
s4{.4 1
s
61 vl k+{, @ {5 . {6 / Gk+{, @ 56 {4@6 . 6{5 1
6
Qrwhprv txh od ixqflq j 5 F 4 `3> 5^ shur Gj 95 F 4 ` 5> 5^1 Dqdorjdphqwh vh sxhgh ghqlu ho rshudgru
glihuhqfldo gh rughq n/ Gn
Gn = F q `d> e^ $ F qn `d> e^ > q n

i :$ Gn i+{, @ gg{in +{,
n
Dv
41 vl i +{, @ vhq 8{/ hqwrqfhv G7 i +{, @ 87 vhq 8{
51 vl i +{, @ h{ / hqwrqfhv G53 i +{, @ h{ 1
61 vl i +{, @ {8 / hqwrqfhv G: i +{, @ 3 | G8 i +{, @ 8$1
71 vl i +{, @ h5{ hqwrqfhv G: i+{, @ 5: h5{ 1
Frpr G3 > G4 > G5 > G6 > G7 > G8 > ===/ vrq ixqflrqhv/ vh sxhgh ghqlu od vxpd | pxowlsolfdflq sru hvfdodu
gh hoodv rewhqlhqgrvh rwud ixqflrqhv/ sru hmhpsor1
;G3 . 6G . :G8 7G6 = F q `d> e^ $ F q4 `d> e^
i :$ ;i . g{ +{, . : gg{i6 +{, gg{i6 +{,
gi 8 6
Dtx vh hqwlhqgh txh G3 = F q `d> e^$ F q `d> e^ | G3 i @ i 1

8151 GHULYDGD GH RUGHQ VXSHULRU 638
Hmhuflflr 6:; Vhd O @ 6G5 . G . 7G3 | i+{, @ {6 . :{ vhq {/ j+{, @ 8{5 . frv {/ k+{, @ oq { . wj {1
Fdofxoh Oi> Oj> Ok1
41
g5 i gi
Oi @ 6 . . 7i
g{5 g{
g
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g{
@ 4;{ . 6^: frv { . : frv { :{ vhq {` . : vhq { . :{ frv { . 7{6 . 5;{ vhq {
@ 4;{ . 7{6 . +75 . :{, frv { . +: . :{, vhq {
51
g5 j gj
Oj @ 6 . . 7j
g{5 g{
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@ 63 . 53{5 . frv { . 43{ vhq {
61
g5 k gk
Ok @ 6 . . 7k
g{5 g{
g 4 4
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41 I +{> |, @ {| 7 . {5 | . 6{6 | . 5
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51 I hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq xqd yhflqgdg gho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , 5 U5 + sru hmhpsor
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+{> i +{,,> { 5 L1
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vljxh1
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ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv phqflrqduhprv odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv
41 Odv ixqflrqhv srolqrpldohv hq grv yduldeohv vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv
51 Odv ixqflrqhv wdohv frpr vhqr/ frvhqr/ h{srqhqfldo/ orjdulwpr | udl} q0 vlpd vrq frqwlqxdphqwh
glihuhqfldeohv hq vxv uhvshfwlyrv grplqlrv1
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vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq vxv grplqlrv gh ghqlflq1
Hmhpsor 6<8 Odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv vrq frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeohv
41 I +{> |, @ {6 | . 7{5 | . |5 { . 4
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61 I +{> |, @ vhq+h{| , . {6 | . | 5 { . 4
5
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I +{> |, @ |5 vhq { h{.| . 4
hv frqwlqxdphqwh glihuhqfldeoh hq U5 / hv ghflu/ vdwlvidfh klswhvlv +5, gho whruhpd gh od ixqflq lpsoflwd
Ho sxqwr +{3 > |3 , @ +3> 3, vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq I +{> |, @ 31 Ghwhuplqh vl h{lvwh xqd ixqflq | @ i+{,
ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru od hfxdflq I +{> |, @ 3 | glihuhqfldeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh {3 @ 3
Vroxflq= Frqvlghudqgr od hfxdflq I +{> |, @ 3/ hv ghflu/
|5 vhq { h{.| . 4 @ 3
| ghulydqgr lpsoflwdphqwh frq uhvshfwr d { vh wlhqh>
5||3 vhq { . | 5 frv+{, +4 . |3 ,h{.| @ 3
or txh lpsolfd
g| h{.| |5 frv {
@ |3 @
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CI CI
lpsoflwd/ h{lvwh xqd ixqflq | @ i +{, glihuhqfldeoh hq X +xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh { @ 3,/ ghqlgd lpso
flwdphqwh sru od hfxdflq I +{> |, @ 3 | i +3, @ 31
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hqwrqfhv h{lvwh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq ho sxqwr +3> 3,/ fx|d hfxdflq hv
| |3 @ p+{ {3 ,
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5
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Ghwhuplqh vl h{lvwh xqd ixqflq { @ i +|, +{ hq ixqflq gh |, ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru od hxdflq
I +{> |, @ 3 glihuhqfldeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr gh | @ 41
Vroxflq= 8
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g
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| @ i +{, hq ho sxqwr S @ +4> 5, sdvh sru ho ruljhq/ vdelhqgr txh | @ i +{, hv xqd ixqflq glihuhqfldeoh hq
xq lqwhuydor txh frqwlhqh d { @ 4/ ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru

| 5 . n vhq+ |, @ {| . 5
5
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55 . n+vhq+ 5, @ 4 5 . 5
5
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sxqwr +4> 5,1
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5
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5
5 @ +4,
6 n
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{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8 +8145,
wlhqh wdqjhqwh+v, sdudohod+v, d od uhfwd | @ 7 . { +jufdu od vlwxdflq,
Vroxflq= Ghulydqgr lpsoflwdphqwh dperv odgrv gh od hfxdflq
{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8
frq uhvshfwr d {/ whqhprv>
5{ . 5|| 3 @ 9 7| 3
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9 5{
|3 @ > frq 5| . 7 9@ 3
5| . 7
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shuwhqhflhqwh d od fxuyd1
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9 5{3
| 3 +{3 , @ @4
5|3 . 7
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+, |3 @ 4 {3
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{53 . |35 @ 9{3 7|3 . 8=
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gh grqgh
{3 @ 3 {3 @ 9
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Sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv shglgrv +yhu jxud BB, vrq
S4 @ +3> 4, > S5 @ +9> 8,
Qrwhprv txh od uhodflq

{5 . | 5 @ 9{ 7| . 8
hv htxlydohqwh d>
+{ 6,5 . +| . 5,5 @ 4;
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d | @ 7 . { wlhqhq hfxdflq
|4@{ > |.8@{9
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gh {6 |% @ +{| 3 |,5 1
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g{
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glihuhqfldo
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Vh glfh txh ho fxrflhqwh ij++{{,, hv gho wlsr 33 hq { @ s + r txh ho oplwh hv gho wlsr 33 , vl dpedv ixqflrqhv i |
j wlhqh oplwh 3 fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s1
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lqghwhuplqdgd 4 4 r ho oplwh hv gho wlsr 4
4
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Vhd Ys xqd yhflqgdg gh s1 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv hq Ys isj1
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4 hq { @ s hqwrqfhv
i +{, i 3 +{,
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3 i 3 +{, @ 41
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vhq+{,
olp
{$3 {
Vroxflq= Hvwh oplwh hv gh od irupd 3
3
sxhv
olp vhq+{, @ 3 > olp { @ 3
{$3 {$3
oxhjr fdofxohprv O @ olp{$3
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3
olp{$s ij++{{,, qr h{lvwh/ frpr yhuhprv hq ho hmhpsor txh vljxh1

Hmhpsor 736 Vhd i+{, @ {5 frv+4@{, > j+{, @ {1 Frpr olp{$3 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$3 { @ 3 hqwrqfhv
olp{$3 ij++{{,, hv gh od irupd 33 shur
i 3 +{, 5{ frv+4@{, . {5 + vhq+4@{,,+4@{5 ,

olp 3 @ olp
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@ olp 5{ frv+4@{, . vhq+4@{,
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hvwh oplwh qr h{lvwh/ sxhv olp{$3 5{ frv+4@{, h{lvwh shur olp{$3 vhq+4@{, qr h{lvwh +yhu hmhuflflr 636
fdswxor gh oplwh | frqwlqxlgdg,1
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3
dqltxlod1
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{ hv
gh od irupd 4
4 oxhjr/ fdofxohprv +vl hv txh h{lvwh,
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4 / sxhv
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{
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3
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dufvhq {
olp @4
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e, Fdofxohprv
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dufvhq {
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olp
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hv gh od irupd 33 / yhdprv/
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s { dufvhq {
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s 5 dufvhq {
{
@ olp 4{
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ho fxdo qxhydphqwh hv gh od irupd 3
3
3
s4{{5 dufvhq {
olp
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s4{5 . s {
4{5
4{5
s44 {5
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9
| sru frqvljxlhqwh
O @ h4@9
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olp i+4@{, @ olp i+{,

{$3. {$4
olp i+4@{, @ olp i+{,
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sdud wrgr { A Q> j 3 +{, 9@ 31 hqwrqfhv
d, Vl olp{$4 i +{, @ 3 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 3 +hv ghflu/ ij++{{,, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 33 , | vl
olp{$4 ij3 ++{{,, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$4 ij++{{,, @ O1
3
Dqorjdphqwh vl olp{$4 i+{, @ 4 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 4 |
vl olp{$4 ij3 ++{{,, @ O/ hqwrqfhv olp{$4 ij++{{,, @ O1
3
e, Vl olp{$4 i+{, @ 3 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 3 +hv ghflu/ ij++{{,, wlhqh od irupd lqghwhuplqdgd 33 , | vl
3
Dqorjdphqwh vl olp{$4 i +{, @ 4 | olp{$4 j+{, @ 4 | vl

3
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Hmhpsor 73: Fdofxodu

5 dufwj {
olp
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{5
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4 oxhjr
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olp +h{ {,4@{
5
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shur
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frv {
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5 frv5 {
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4 ,/ oxhjr dsolfdqgr O*Krslwdo
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oxhjr hq BB rewhqhprv
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51 olp{$3 h {+4.
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471 olp{$3 vhq {{
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541 olp{$4 +frv+5@{,,{
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818 Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd

81814 Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpwulfdv
Od dsolfdflq jhrpwulfd pv gluhfwd | fodud reyldphqwh hvw hq ho khfkr txh od ghulydgd qrv shuplwh
hqfrqwudu od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d flhuwdv jufdv gh ixqflrqhv/ h{solfdflq txh khprv gdgr
dqwhv gho frqfhswr gh od ghulydgd/ frpr prwlydflq d hood> shur qr hvw gh pv kdfhu dojxqrv hmhpsorv
Hmhpsor 746 Hqfrqwudu ho sxqwr gh od sduerod
| @ 6{5 . 5{ . 4@7
fx|d uhfwd wdqjhqwh irupd xq qjxor @7 frq ho hmh {1
Vroxflq= wj+@7, @ 4/ dv od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh gheh vhu 41
g|
p@ @ 9{ . 5 @ 4
g{
+, { @ 4@9
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| @ {5 . 7{ ;
Vroxflq= Hq ho yuwlfh od wdqjhqwh wlhqh shqglhqwh fhur

g|
@ 5{ . 7 @ 3 +, { @ 5
g{
Sru or wdqwr ho yuwlfh hvw hq ho sxqwr +5> 45,1
Hmhpsor 748 Xvdqgr ghulydgd pxhvwuh txh hq xqd flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur +k> n, | udglr u1
+{ k,5 . +| n,5 @ u5
od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq ho sxqwr S @ +{3 > |3 , hv shushqglfxodu d od uhfwd txh xqh S frq +k> n, +uhfwd udgldo,
Vroxflq= Vl |3 @ n odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv vrq shushqglfxoduhv do hmh { frq hfxdflq { @ u . k r { @ u k

| od uhfwd udgldo hv | @ n sru or wdqwr vrq shushqglfxoduhv1
Vl |3 9@ n hqwrqfhv
g|
5+{ k, . 5+| n, @3
g{
g| 5+{ k,
+, @
g{ 5+| n,
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k 1
n
Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od flufxqihuhqfld hq S @ +{3 > |3 , hv=
+{3 k,
| |3 @ +{ {3 ,
|3 n
Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd udgldo hq ho sxqwr s hv
|3 n
|n @ +{ k,
{3 k
| fodudphqwh vrq shushqglfxoduhv1
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 65:
81815 Dsolfdflrqhv Ivlfdv

Frqvlghuhprv ho sureohpd gh hqfrqwudu od yhorflgdg hq fxdotxlhu lqvwdqwh gh xq remhwr txh vh pxhyh vreuh
xqd wud|hfwruld uhfwd +prylplhqwr uhfwlolqhr,1
Xqd iupxod px| xwlol}dgd hq od uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv dfhufd gho prylplhqwr gh xqd sduwfxod vreuh
xqd oqhd uhfwd hv
g
y@
w
grqgh y hv od yhorflgdg phgld gxudqwh xq lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr/ w od pdjqlwxg gho lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr | g
hv od glvwdqfld wrwdo uhfruulgd1
Hmhpsoltxhprv hvwd vlwxdflq1 Vxsrqjdprv txh xq dxwrpylo vdoh gh od flxgdg D d odv 44=33 DP |
yldmd d or odujr gh xqd fduuhwhud uhfwd kdvwd xqd flxgdg E txh vh hqfxhqwud d 453 np gh D/ oohjdqgr d odv
4=33 SP1 Dsolfdqgr od iupxod y @ gw frq g @ 453> w @ 5/ yhprv txh od yhorflgdg phgld gho dxwrpylo hv
453
yphg @ @ 93np@kuv
5
Hvwr vljqlfd txh xq dxwrpylo 93np@kuv txh pdqwhqjd vx yhorflgdg d 93np@kuv gxudqwh wrgr ho
wlhpsr/ wrpdud 5 krudv hq uhfruuhu od glvwdqfld hqwuh odv grv flxgdghv1 Shur/
BcFxo hv od yhorflgdg +lqvwdqwqhd, txh pduf ho yhorfphwur +sru hmhpsor, d odv 44 = 63kuvB Qrwhprv
txh ho dxwrpylo sxgr kdehu hvwdgr hq uhsrvr +ghwhqlgr hq xq shdmh, r kdehu pdufdgr vx yhorfphwur
:3np@kuv x rwur ydoru1
Sdud ghwhuplqdu od yhorflgdg frq txh ho dxwrpylo yldmdq flhuwr lqvwdqwh +hq hvwh fdvr d odv 44=63kuv,/
vh qhfhvlwd frqrfhu dojxqd lqirupdflq vreuh od srvlflq gho dxwrpylo douhghgru gh hvd krud1 Sru hmhpsor/
vxsrqjdprv txh d odv 44=63 kuv/ ho dxwrpylo hvw d 53 npv gh D | txh d odv 4=68 krudv hvw d 57/8 npv gh
D/ hqwrqfhv hq 8 plqxwrv od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd hv 7/8 npv1
Vxvwlwx|hqgr hq od iupxod y @ gw whqhprv txh od yhorflgdg phgld gxudqwh hvh lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr hv
y @ 87@>93
8
@ 87np@kuv
Shur hvwh ydoru/ qr hv ho ydoru h{dfwr gh od yhorflgdg d odv 44=63kuv/ hv vor xqd dsur{lpdflq1 Re0
yldphqwh xqd phmru dsur{lpdflq gh od yhorflgdg d odv 44=63 kuv vh rewlhqh vl frqvlghudprv lqwhuydorv
gh wlhpsr pv shtxhrv1 Hvwr qrv oohyd d frqvlghudu ho oplwh gh od yhorflgdg phgld fxdqgr w wlhqgh d
44=63kuv1
Vxsrqjdprv txh vh frqrfh od srvlflq v+w, gh xq sxqwr S hq wrgr lqvwdqwh hq xq lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr/
hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh S hq ho wlhpsr w @ w3 yhorflgdg lqvwdqwdqhd vh ghqh frpr
v+w, v+w3 ,
olp
w$w3 w w3
v+w, vh frqrfh frpr od ixqflq gh srvlflq gh S 1
Ghqlflq 814: Vl xq sxqwr S vh pxhyh vreuh xqd uhfwd gh prgr txh vx srvlflq hq ho wlhpsr w hv v+w,/
frq w 5`w3 > w3 . ^> A 3/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg phgld gh S hqwuh orv wlhpsrv w3 | w hv
v+w, v+w3 ,
y@
w w3
| od yhorflgdg lqvwdqwqhd y+w3 , gh S hq ho wlhpsr w3 hv
v+w, v+w3 ,
y+w3 , @ olp
w$w3 w w3
vlhpsuh | fxdqgr ho oplwh h{lvwh/ hv ghflu y+w3 , @ v3 +w3 ,1

Od udslgh} gh S do wlhpsr w @ w3 vh ghqh frpr my+w3 ,m | od dfhohudflq gh S do wlhpsr w3 frpr
y+w, y+w3 ,
d+w3 , @ olp
w$w3 w w3
hv ghflu/
d+w3 , @ y 3 +w3 , @ v33 +w3 ,
xvdqgr rwud qrwdflq
gy g5 v
d+w3 , @ mw@w3 @ 5 mw@w3 d+w3 , @ y+w
b 3 , @ v+w3 ,
gw g{
Hmhpsor 749 Xqd dwohwd fruuh orv flhq phwurv sodqrv9 / gh pdqhud txh od glvwdqfld v+w, txh kd uhfruulgr
d orv w vhjxqgrv hvw gdgd sru
4
v+w, @ w5 . ;w phwurv
8
Fdofxodu od yhorflgdg gho fruuhgru
d, hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd
e, d orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd
f, do fux}du od phwd
Vroxflq= d, Qrwhprv txh hq ho prphqwr gh od vdolgd w @ 3/ od srvlflq gho dwohwd hv v+3, @ 3 phwurv1
Xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ od yhorflgdg gho dwohwd hq w @ 31
v+w, v+3,
y+3, @ olp
w$3 w3
4@8w5 . ;w
@ olp
w$3 w
@ olp 4@8w . ;
w$3
@ ;p@vhj
Txh hv htxlydohqwh d fdofxodu y+w,/ ghulydqgr v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr | oxhjr hydoxdqgr hq w @ 31
Dv/
5
y+w, @ w . ; , y+3, @ ;
8
e, D orv 8 vhjxqgrv gh od vdolgd/ whqhprv
5
y+8, @ 8 . ; @ 43p@vhj
8
f, Do fux}du od phwd/ hv ghflu/ d orv 433 phwurv vh wlhqh/
4
V+w, @ 433 +, w5 . ;w @ 433 +, w @ 43
8
sru or wdqwr d orv 43 vhj ho dwohwd kd fux}dgr od phwd | vx yhorflgdg hv
5
y+43, @ 43 . ; @ 45p@vhj
8
Hmhpsor 74: Grv fduuhwhudv vh fux}dq irupdqgr hq xq qjxor gh 78 1 Vdelhqgr txh hq xq lqvwdqwh w3
grv dxwrpylohv D | E glvwdq gho fuxfh 433 npv/ ho dxwrpylo D dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh ;3 np@kuv
| E dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh 93 np2kuv1
Ghwhuplqh od udslgh} frq txh vh vhsdud xqr gho rwur hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1 +jxud BB,
Vroxflq= Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fuxfh do dxwrpylo D hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ |+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho
fuxfh do dxwrpylo E/ | v+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh D | E/ dghpv yD +w3 ,> yE +w3 , yhorflgdg gh orv dxwrpylo
D/ E uhvshfwlydphqwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1
Sru klswhvlv {+w3 , @ |+w3 , @ 433npv / yD +w3 , @ {3 +w3 , @ ;3np2kuv | yE +w3 , @ | 3 +w3 , @ 93np2kuv1
Qrvrwurv exvfdprv gv
gw +w3 ,1
9 Wr grv orv prylplhqwr vrq frqvlghudgrv uhfwlolqhr1
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 65<
Dsolfdqgr ho whruhpd gho frvhqr do wulqjxor DRE whqhprv

v5 +w, @ {5 +w, . |5 +w, 5{+w,|+w, frv+78 ,>
hv ghflu/
s
v5 +w, @ {5 +w, . | 5 +w, {+w,|+w, 5 +814:,
gw ghulydprv od h{suhvlq 814: frq uhvshfwr d w whqhprv>

Frq ho remhwr gh rewhqhu gv
gv g{ g| s g{ s g|
5v
@ 5{ . 5| 5| 5{ = +814;,
gw gw gw gw gw
Hydoxdqgr hq w3 od h{suhvlq 814: rewhqhprv od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv dxwprylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 1
t s
v+w3 , @ {5 +w3 , . | 5 +w3 , 5{+w3 ,|+w3 ,
t s
v+w3 , @ 4335 . 4335 54335
t s
v+w3 , @ 433 5 5
Dv/ xvdqgr: hvwr hq 814; rewhqhprv od yhorflgdg uhtxhulgd
s s
gv 4 5 5
mw@w3 @ s s +433 ;3 . 433 93 433 ;3 433 93,
gw 433 5 5 5 5
s t
gv 473 :3 5 s
mw@w3 @ s s @ :3 5 5
gw 5 5
s s
Oxhjr orv dxwrpylohv hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d xqd yhorflgdg gh :3 5 5np2kuv1
sRwud irupd gh gdu hvwd uhvsxhvwd hv= Oxhjr orv dxwrpylohv hq ho lqwdqwh w3 vh vhsdudq d ud}q gh
s
:3 5 5np2kuv1
81816 Ud}q gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflq

D frqwlqxdflq yhuhprv xqd gh odv powlsohv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd/ od txh uhhuh d yduldflq r ud}q
gh fdpelr1 Sru hmhpsor/ od yhorflgdg txh kd vlgr ghqlgd dqwhulruphqwh hv od yduldflq gh od srvlflq
v+w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr +vx udslgh} gh yduldflq,1 Od dfhohudflq d+w, gh S do wlhpsr w hv od ud}q gh
fdpelr gh od yhorflgdg frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr1
Frqvlghuhprv od vljxlhqwh vlwxdflq jhqhudo>
Vhd | @ i+w, grqgh i hv xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w
41 Od wdvd +r ud}q, phgld gh yduldflq gh | @ i +w, hq ho lqwhuydor ^w> w . k` hv
i +w . k, i +w,
k
51 Od wdvd +r ud}q, gh yduldflq gh | @ i+w, frq uhvshfwr d w hv
g| i +w . k, i +w,
@ | 3 +w, @ olp
gw k$3 k
Qrwdu txh hvwd ghqlflq hv dqorjd do frqfhswr gh yhorflgdg1
Odv xqlgdghv txh ghehq xvduvh hq odv ghqlflrqhv dqwhulruhv ghshqghq gh od qdwxudoh}d gh od fdqwlgdg
uhsuhvhqwdgd sru i1
: Frpr or pv gluhfwr | iflo gh rewhqhu vEwf xvdqgr 814:/ ho hvwxgldqwh frphwh ho huuru gh kdfhu ho fofxor/ s huglhqgr gh
ylvwd txh od hfxdflq 814: oh s huplwh fdofxodu od ghulydgd1
Vh dfrqvhmd do ohfwru d sodqwhdu vlhpsuh orv sureohpdv gh hvwh wls r hq yduldeohv/ vlq hydoxdu kdvwd ghvsxv gh ghulydu1
Hmhpsor 74; Ho yroxphq Y +hq slh6 , gh xqd shtxhd uhsuhvd gxudqwh od srfd gh ooxyld/ hvw gdgr sru
Y @ 8333+w . 4,5
grqgh w vh plgh hq phvhv | 3 w 61 Od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv ho xmr
lqvwdqwqhr kdfld od uhsuhvd1 Fdofxoh ho xmr hq orv wlhpsrv w @ 3 | w @ 5 Bc Fxo hv ho ydoru gho xmr
fxdqgr ho yroxphq hv gh 44=583slh6 B
Vroxflq= Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv gY gw 1
Hq hvwh sureohpd gY uhsuhvhqwd ho xmr kdfld od uhsuhvd/ hqwrqfhv ghulydqgr od ixqflq Y uhvshfwr gho
wlhpsr whqhprv
gw
gY
@ 43=333+w . 4,
gw
hydoxdqgr hq w @ 3 | w @ 5 rewhqhprv ho xmr>
gY
mw@3 @ 43=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
gY
mw@5 @ 63=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
Vl ho yroxphq Y @ 44=583 slh6 hqwrqfhv
44=583 @ 8=333+w . 4,5
gh grqgh w @ 3=8 phvhv

gY
mw@3=8 @ 48=333slh6 @phvhv
gw
Hmhpsor 74< Od Whpshudwxud W +hq judgrv Fhovlxv, gh xqd vroxflq do wlhpsr w +hq plqxwrv, hvw gdgd
sru
6
W +w, @ 43 . 7w .
w.4
sdud 4 w 43
41 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr r yduldflq gh od whpshudwxud gxudqwh ho lqwhuydor

gh wlhpsr ^5> 5=68`1
51 Fdofxoh od wdvd gh yduldflq r ud}q gh fdpelr gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w hq w @ 5 | w @ <1
Vroxflq=
41 Vxvwlwx|hqgr w @ 5> k @ 3=68 hq od ghqlflq vh rewlhqh txh od wdvd phgld gh fdpelr gh W hq ^5> 5=68`
hv
W +5=68, W +5,
6=:
3=68
51 Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh yduldflq gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv
6
W 3 +w, @ 7
+w . 4,5
Dv/
6 6
W 3 +5, @ 7 W 3 +<, @ 7
+5 . 4,5 +< . 4,5
Hmhpsor 753 Orv h{wuhprv gh xq deuhydghur gh 6 pw gh odujr wlhqhq od irupd gh wulqjxor htxlowhur frq
odgrv gh 93fp +shuo,1 Vh vxplqlvwud djxd do deuhydghur d ud}q gh 53 O2plq1 BcFxo hv od udslgh} gh
fdpelr r yduldflq gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv gh 53fpB +4O+olwur,@ 4333fp6 ,
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 664
Vroxflq= Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ Y +w, ho yroxphq gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ u+w, od
orqjlwxg txh vh pxhvwud hq od jxud BB
Oxhjr ho yroxphq Y +w, hvw gdgr sru
Y +w, @ 633k+w,u+w,
shur sru whruhpd gh Wkdohv/ hq ho wulqjxor FGE/ vh wlhqh
63 u+w,
s @
63 6 k+w,
s
grqgh 63 6 hv od dowxud gho wulqjxor htxlowhur DFE1 Oxhjr u+w, @ ks+w6, | Y +w, @ 633 ks+6w, 1
5
Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w/ whqhprv

gY 633 gk
@ 5 s k+w,
gw 6 gw
gh grqgh s
gk 6 gY
@ =
gw 933k+w, gw
Hydoxdqgr fxdqgr k @ 53fp whqhprv
s
gk 6
@ 53333 fp6 @plq
gw 933 53
s6
Dv od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv 53fp hv 8
6
fp6 @plq1
Hmhpsor 754 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd hv xq uhfwqjxor gh 93 slh gh odujr | 63 slh gh dqfkr1 Vx surixq0
glgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slh hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slh | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr
qlyho orv 53 slh uhvwdqwhv frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud BB/ od fxdo uhsuhvhqwd xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Od
slvflqd vh hvw oohqdqgr d ud}q gh 833 jdo2plq gh djxd1 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho prphqwr hq txh>
41 Od surixqglgdg hq od sduwh pv krqgd hv gh 7 slh +4jdo 3=466:slh6 ,1

51 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 9 slh1
61 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 8 slh1
Vroxflq=
41 Hq ho hmhpsor 43: gho fdswxor gh ixqflrqhv rewxylprv txh od ixqflq yroxphq hq wuplqr gh k hv

933k . 453k5 3?k?8
Y +k, @
933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8, 8 k <
grqgh k hv ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Oxhjr sdud fdofxodu od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr fxdqgr k @ 7 slh frqvlghudprv od ixqflq yroxphq sdud
3 ? k ? 8>
Y +k, @ 933k . 453k5
Dv/ ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ sru +uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv
gY gk gk
@ 933 . 453 5k
gw gw gw
sru or wdqwr
gk gY 4
@
gw gw 933 . 573k
gw @ 833 3=466:slh @plq | k @ 7slh oxhjr

grqgh k @ k+w,/ shur gY 6
gk 4
mk@7 @ 833 3=466: 3=375<slh6 @plq
gw 933 . 573 7
Dv od udslgh} gh fdpelr gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh hq txh ho qlyho gho djxd hv 7 slhv hv
dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3=375<slh@plq1
51 Sdud fdofxodu od ud}q gh fdpelr fxdqgr k @ 9 vh surfhgh gh pdqhud dqorjd d od sduwh +d, frq0
vlghudqgr
Y +k, @ 933k . 6333 . 4533+k 8,
sxhv hvwd ixqflq hvw ghqlgd sdud 8 k <1
61 hmhuflflr sdud ho ohfwru
Hmhpsor 755 Xq wdqtxh fqlfr gh 45 slh gh dowxud | ; gh glphwur hq od wdsd/ vh oohqd frq djxd d xqd
ud}q frqvwdqwh1 Do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho d phgld dowxud/ od ud}q gh fdpelr gh hvwd dowxud hv gh 4slh2plq1
Bc Fxqwr wdugdud hq oohqduvh ho wdqtxhB
Vroxflq= Vhd k od dowxud gho qlyho gh djxd | u od orqjlwxg gho udglr gho frqr fxdqgr od dowxud hv k +yhu
jxud BB,1
Frpr gY gw @ n grqgh n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv Y @ nw . F1 Frpr Y @ 3 hq w @ 3 hqwrqfhv F @ 3 Oxhjr
Y @ nw +814<,
shur
4
Y @ u5 k
6
oxhjr
4 5
Y @ nw @ u k +8153,
6
shur gho wulqjxor DEF vh wlhqh
7 u
@
45 k
gh grqgh u @ 46 k1 Dv uhhpsod}dqgr hq + 8153, whqhprv
4 4
nw @ + ,5 k6
6 6
ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr d w whqhprv
4 gk
n@ 6k5 +8154,
5: gw
shur do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho gho djxd d phgld dowxud/ hv ghflu/ fxdqgr k @ 9 vh wlhqh>
gk
mk@9 @ 4
gw
Dv hydoxdqgr od h{suhvlq + 8154, fxdqgr k @ 9>

n @ 95 4 @ 7
<
Sru or wdqwr
Y @ 7w
Sru rwud sduwh ho wdqtxh hvw oohqr fxdqgr Y @ 46 75 45 @ 97/ hv ghflu ho wdqtxh vh oohqd fxdqgr 7w @ 97
gh grqgh w @ 491
Dv ho hvwdqtxh wdugdud hq oohqduvh 49 plqxwrv1
Qr wdq vor lqwhuhvd odv ud}rqhv gh fdpelr frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr/ vlqr wdpelq frq uhvshfwr d rwudv
yduldeohv1
Ghqlflq 814; Vhd | @ i +{, grqgh { hv fxdotxlhu yduldeoh
41 Od wdvd phgld gh yduldflq gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hq ho lqwhuydor ^{> { . k` hv ho fxrflhqwh
i+{ . k, i +{,
k
51 Od wdvd lqvwdqwqhd gh yduldflq gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv ho oplwh gh od ud}q surphglr fxdqgr

k wlhqgh d 3/ hv ghflu/
g| i +{ . k, i+{,
@ olp
g{ k$3 k
Hvwr vljqlfd txh vl od yduldeoh { fdpeld/ hqwrqfhv | fdpeld d ud}q gh g{

g| xqlgdghv sru xqlgdg gh
fdpelr gh {1
Hmhpsor 756 Od uhodflq hqwuh od whpshudwxud I hq od hvfdod Idkuhqkhlw | od whpshudwxud F hq od hvfdod

Fhovlxv hvw gdgd sru
8
F @ +I 65,
<
Bc Fxo hv od ud}q gh fdpelr gh I frq uhvshfwr d FB
Vroxflq= Ghulydqgr frq uhvshfwr d F/ whqhprv
8 gI
4@
< gF
gh grqgh od ud}q gh fdpelr gh I frq uhvshfwr d F hv
gI <
@
gF 8
Hmhpsor 757 Ghpxhvwuh txh od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq gh xqd hvihud frq uhvshfwr do udglr hv ljxdo
do uhd gh od vxshuflh
Vroxflq= Ho yroxphq | ho uhd gh xqd hvihud hvwq gdgrv sru odv iupxodv
7
Y @ u6 > D @ 7u5
6
grqgh u hv ho udglr1 Hv fodur txh vl ghulydprv Y frq uhvshfwr d u whqhprv
gY 7
@ 6u5 @ 7u5 @ D>
gu 6
hv ghflu/ od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq hv ljxdo do uhd gh od vxshuflh1
Hmhpsorv wslfrv
Sureohpd gh od vrpeud
pwv
Sdxolqd/ gh 4> 5 phwurv gh dowr/ fruuh hq od qrfkh dohmdqgrvh gh xq srvwh d od yhorflgdg gh 8 > ho irfr
vhj
gho srvwh txh loxplqd d Sdxolqd hvwd d :> 8 phwurv gh dowxud1 D phglgd txh vh dohmd gho srvwh od vrpeud
gh ohood fuhfh +hv yhugdgB r uhdophqwh ghfuhfhB,1
Frqwhvwhprv odv vljxlhqwhv suhjxqwdv
d10 D tx yhorflgdg fdpeld ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh Sdxolqd B
e10 Ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd wdpelq gho srvwh/ od yhorflgdg gh hvwh dohmdplhqwr hv od plvpd
yhorflgdg gh od qldB r hv od plvpd yhorflgdg gdgd frpr uhvsxhvwd d od suhjxqwd dqwhulruB1
Vhd=
{+w, od glvwdqfld gh od qld do srvwh hq ho lqvwdqwh w>

v+w, ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh od qld hq ho wlhpsr w
g{+w,
Hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg gh od qld hv | hq wuplqr gh hvwdv yduldeohv/ or txh exvfdprv sdud frqwhvwdu
gw
gv+w,
od sulphud suhjxqwd hv
gw
Or txh ghehprv kdfhu hv hqfrqwudu xqd uhodflq hq grqgh dsduh}fd v+w, | ghvsxv ghulydu1
Frpr orv wulqjxorv DEF | GHE vrq vhphmdqwhv +wlhqhq orv plvprv qjxorv,/ vh gd od vljxlhqwh uhodflq
hqwuh orv odgrv
DF DE
@
GH GE
| gh hvwd irupd whqhprv
:> 8 {+w, . v+w,
@
4> 8 v+w,
Txh hv or plvpr txh
:> 8v+w, @ 4> 8{+w, . 4> 8v+w,

9v+w, @ 4> 8{+w,
v+w, @ 3> 58{+w,
ghulydqgr d dperv odgrv

gv+w, g{+w, pwv pwv
@ 3> 58 @ 3> 58 +8, @ 4> 58
gw gw vhj vhj
Od suhjxqwd e vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh od vxpd {+w, . v+w, | frpr frqrfhprv fdgd ghulydgd/ od
pw
uhvsxhvwd hv qr hv ljxdo d qlqjxqd gh odv grv vxjhulgdv/ od yhorflgdg gho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud hv 9> 58 =
vhj
np
Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh Shgulwr hv ho txh fruuh/ shur d 53 >
ku
Fxo fruuh pv uslgr/ Shgulwr r od qldB
Vl Shgulwr plgh 468fp> D tx yhorflgdg ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd gho srvwhB

Sureohpd gh od hvfdohud
Xqd hvfdohud gh phwdo frq uxhgdv hq vx edvh hvwd dsr|dgd hq xqd pxudood gh wdo irupd txh vx h{wuhpr
vxshulru hvwd d 6pwv gho vxhor1 Ho eortxhr gh vxv uxhgdv oh lpslgh pryhuvh1 Od hvfdohud plgh 7pwv gh
odujr | hv shvdgd gh prgr wdo txh fxdqgr vh ghveortxhdq odv uxhgdv od hvfdohud vh ghvol}d hq od pxudood
pw
prylhqgrvh vx h{wuhpr vxshulru d od yhorflgdg gh 433 = Fxdqgr hvwd d xq phwur gho vxhor d tx
vhj
yhorflgdg vh pxhyhq odv uxhgdv hq hvh lqvwdqwhB
Sdud frqwhvwdu hvd suhjxqwd qhfhvlwdprv ghqlu dojxqdv yduldeohv | kdfhu xq gldjudpd gho sureohpd
Ho gldjudpd gho sureohpd hv=1
Vhdq=
u+w, od glvwdqfld gh odv uxhgdv d od pxudood |

k+w, od glvwdqfld gho h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud do vxhor1
gk pw gu
Sru or wdqwr +w, @ 433 | or txh exvfdprv hv hq w3 txh hv ho lqvwdqwh hq txh od hvfdohud hvw
gw vhj gw
d 4phwur gho vxhor/ hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ 4 phwur1
Frpr vh yh/ od pxudood frq od hvfdohud | ho vxhor hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor dvl
whqhprv ho whruhpd gh Slwjrudv/
+k+w,, . +u+w,, @ +7, >

5 5 5
ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv gh od ljxdogdg +| xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd, whqhprv
gk+w, gu+w,
5k+w, . 5u+w, @3
gw gw
gu+w, k+w, gk+w,
@
gw u+w, gw
| sru or wdqwr hq ho lqvwdqwh w3
gu k+w3 , gk 4 pw
+w3 , @ +w3 , @ 433 Q
gw u+w3 , gw u+w3 , vj
Xvdqgr srghprv rewhqhu u+w3 ,

Iljxuh 815=
+k+w3 ,, . +u+w3 ,, @ +7, / +4, . +u+w3 ,, @ 49

5 5 5 5 5
s
u+w3 , @ 48
Sru or wdqwr odv uxhgdv vh ghvol}dq d od yhorflgdg gh
gu 4 pw pw
+w3 , @ s 433 58> ;53
gw 48 vj vj
Sru tx qrv gl xqd uhvsxhvwd qhjdwlydB

Sru ho vlvwhpd gh uhihuhqfld hohjlgr> frpr od glvwdqfld k+w, glvplqx|h/ od yhorflgdg gh fdlgd gh od hvfdohud
pw pw
ghehud vhu qhjdwlyd/ hv ghflu/ hq yh} gh kdehu sxhvwr hq Q 433 ghehuldprv kdehu sxhvwr 433 =
vj vj
Sureohpd gh od Vrpeud 5
Hq ho fuxfh gh grv fdoohv/ txh wlhqhq dqfkr 44 phwurv fdgd xqd/ kd| xq srvwh gh 6 phwurv gh dowr hq
pw
xqd gh odv hvtxlqdv1 Hq od qrfkh Shgulwr/ gh 4> < phwurv/ fdplqd d4> 6 dohmdqgrvh gh od hvtxlqd sru od
vj
yhuhgd frqwuduld do srvwh | d xq phwur gh od rulood gh od fdooh1
D tx yhorflgdg vh dodujd od vrpeud gh Shgulwr fxdqgr hvwh vh hqfxhqwud d 46 phwurv gh od rulood gh
od fdooh txh uhflhq fux}B
Frpr srghprv yhu hq ho gldjudpd hvwh vh sxhgh vlpsolfdu d xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor frpr vljxh
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 66:
Vhd
s+w, glvwdqfld gh Shgulwr d od edvh gho srvwh +s+w, @ DF,

v+w, odujr gh od vrpeud gh Shgulwr +v+w, @ FG,
h+w, glvwdqfld gh Shgulwr d od fdooh wudqvyhuvdo d od fdooh grqgh fdplqd +h+w, @ FI ,
Vhd w3 ho lqvwdqwh txh Shgulwr hvwd d 46 phwurv

gv
Tx exvfdprv B/Ho ydoru gh +w3 ,/
gw
gh pw
Tx frqrfhprvB +w3 , @ 4> 6
gw vj
Frpr whqhprv grv wulqjxorv uhfwqjxorv vhphmdqwhv
6 s+w, . v+w,
@
4> < v+w,
+6 4> <,v+w, @ 4> <s+w,
gv+w, 4> < gs+w,
@
gw +6 4> <, gw
gv gs
+w3 , @ 4> :5: 6 +w3 ,
gw gw
gs
Sru or wdqwr qhfhvlwdprv frqrfhu +w3 ,= Frpr DI F irupd xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor/ whqhprv
gw
+s+w,,5 @ +44 . 4,5 . +h+w,,5 I
ghulydgr
gs gh
5s+w, @ 5h+w,
gw gw
dvl/ hq ho lqvwdqwh w3
gs h+w3 , gh 46 pw
+w3 , @ +w3 , @ 4> 6
gw s+w3 , gw s+w3 , vj
Hq ho lqvwdqwh w3 > xvdqgr I whqhprv

+s+w3 ,,5 @ 477 . +h+w3 ,,s

5
@ 477 . 49< @ 646
s+w3 , @ 646
gs 46 pw
Gh hvwd irupd orjudprv +w3 , @ s 4> 6 > | dv/
gw 646 vj
gv 46 pw pw
+w3 , @ 4> :5: 6 s 4> 6 4> 983 3
gw 646 vj vj
Ho jorer gh Shgulwr
np
Hq xqd fduuhwhud xq dxwr yd d <3 > hq ho lqwhulru yd Shgulwr frq xq jorer frq kholr1 Shgulwr vxhowd
ku
pw
ho jorer | hvwh vxeh hq irupd shushqglfxodu d 43 = Yhdprv d tx yhorflgdg vh vhsdud Shgulwr gho jorer
vj
ghvsxv gh : vhjxqgrv1
Hvtxhpd gho sureohpd
Vhd w @ 3 ho lqvwdqwh txh Shgulwr vxhowd ho jorer | vhd {+w, @ DE od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho jorer | ho dxwr/
j+w, @ FE od glvwdqfld gho jorer do vxhor/ d+w, @ DF od glvwdqfld gho dxwr do sxqwr gh F / grqgh vh irupd
xq qjxor uhfwr1
g{
Tx exvfdprvB1 Uhvsxhvwd = +:,
gw
gj pw gj pw
Tx whqhprvB1 Uhvsxhvwd = +w, @ 43 > hq sduwlfxodu +w3 , @ 43 >
gw vhj gw vhj
gd
+w,> ho fxdo hvwd hq nlophwurv sru krud/ dvl txh ghehprv fdpelduod d phwurv vhjxqgrv
gw
gd np 4333phwurv phwurv
+w, @ <3 @ <3 @ 58
gw krudv 6933vhjxqgrv vhjxqgrv
Frpr DEF irupd xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor
{5 +w, @ j 5 +w, . d5 +w, }

g{ gj gd
5{+w, +w, @ 5j+w, +w, . 5d+w, +w,
gw gw gw
g{ j+:, gj d+:, gd
+:, @ +:, . +:,
gw {+:, gw {+:, gw
g{ j+:, pw d+:, pw
+:, @ 43 . 58
gw {+:, vhj {+:, vhj
8181 DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GHULYDGD 66<
sru or wdqwr qhfhvlwdprv j+:,> {+:,> d+:,

gj pw
+w, @ 43 > ghvsxv gh : vhjxqgr ho jorer hvwd d 43 : @ :3 phwurv
gw vhj
gd phwurv
+w, @ 58 ghvsxv gh : vhjxqgr ho dxwr hvw d 58 : @ 4:8 phwurv | xwlol}dqgr } hq w @ :
gw vhjxqgrv
{5 +:, @ j5 +:, . d5 +:, @ :35 . +4:8, @ 68 858

5
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv wrgd od lqirupdflq sdud srqhuod hq

u
g{ 4 pw pw
+:, @ :3 43 . 4:8 58
gw u 68 858 vhj vhj
g{ 4 pw 478 pw
+:, @ +:3 43 . 4:8 58 , @ s
gw 68 858 vhj 8 vhj
Od Whohwq
Ho fufxor gh od jxud uhsuhvhqwd xq hvfhqdulr uhgrqgr/ gh udglr 6 phwurv/ xelfdgr do fhqwur gho Hvwdglr
Qdflrqdo | txh jlud d 3> 8 uhyroxflrqhv sru plqxwrv1 Grq Iudqflvfr fdplqd ghvgh ho fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr
+sxqwr R, hq irupd uhfwd kdvwd ho sxqwr P xelfdgr d od rulood gho hvfhqdulr Od uhfwd RP irupd xq qjxor

@ frq od uhfwd txh xqh R frq od xelfdflq gh Sdxod txh hvwd hq od jdohuld +sxqwr S , d grflhqwrv phwurv
7
gho fhqwur1
pw
D txh yhorflgdg yduld od glvwdqfld hqwuh Grq Iudqflvfr | Sdxod vl Grq Iudqflvfr fdplqd d 3> 5 B1
vhj
Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh Grq Iudqflvfr | Sdxod hq ho wlhpsr w>
gp pw
p+w, od glvwdqfld gh Grq Iudqflvfr do fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr hq ho wlhpsr w> dvl +w, @ 3> 5
gw vhj
+w, ho qjxor txh irupd od uxwd gh Grq Iudqflvfr hq ho hvfhqdulr frq od uhfwd RS1
g{
Or txh exvfdprv hv +w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh Grq iudqflvfr oohjd d P=
gw
Frpr od xelfdflrq gh Grq Iudqflvfr/ Sdxod | ho fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq
wulqjxor/ xvduhprv od oh| gho frvhqr
{5 +w, @ p5 +w, . 5335 5p+w, 533 frv++w,,
Ghulydqgr hq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr qrv txhgd

g{ gp gp g
5{+w, +w, @ 5p+w, +w, . 3 5 +w,533 frv++w,, . 5p+w, 533 vlq++w,, +w,
gw gw gw gw
g{ 4 gp gp g
+w, @ p+w, +w, 533 +w, frv++w,, . 533p+w, vlq++w,, +w, K
gw {+w, gw gw gw

Frpr hq w3 > p+w3 , @ 6 phwurv | +w3 , @ => xwlol}dqgr orjuduhprv {+w3 ,
7

{5 +w3 , @ p5 +w3 , . 5335 5p+w3 , 533 frv++w3 ,, @ 65 . 5335 5 6 533 frv+ ,
u 7
4s
{+w3 , @ 73 33< 4533 5
5
Gh hvwd irupd K qrv txhgd

g{ 4 gp gp g
+w3 , @ u 6 +w3 , 533 +w3 , frv+ , . 933 vlq+ , +w3 ,
gw 4s gw gw 7 7 gw
73 33< 4533 5
5
g{ 4 gp gp g
+w3 , @ u 6 +w3 , 533 +w3 , frv+ , . 933 vlq+ , +w3 ,
gw 4s gw gw 7 7 gw
73 33< 4533 5
5
g{ 4 4s 4s
+w3 , @ s s 6 3> 5 533 5 3> 5 . 933 5 3> 8
gw 4 5 5
493 369 7;35 5
5
g{ 4 s pw
+w3 , @ s s 3=9 . 463 5 3=<75 68 =
gw 4 vhj
493 369 7;35 5
5
Sureohpd gho wuhq d ydsru=
Hq od jxud kd| xqd ydulood gh odujr O md +hq ho sxqwr E,/hq ho dur gh xqd uxhgd gh udglr U ho rwur
h{wuhpr gh od yduulood +D, vh pxhyh hq irupd krul}rqwdo +hmh {,1 Od uxhgd urwd md hq vx fhqwur R frqwud
ho vhqwlgr gho uhorm d 6 uhyroxflrqhv sru vhjxqgr
Yhdprv od yhorflgdg gho prylplhqwr gho h{wuhpr D1

Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld ghvgh ho fhqwur R kdvwd ho sxqwr D +RD, hq ho wlhpsr w1 Frq hvwd qrwdflrq
g{
srghprv ghflu txh ex|vfdprv +w,=
gw
Vhd +w, ho qjxor txh irupd ho hmh krul}rqwdo frq ho udglr txh xqh ho fhqwur frq ho h{wuhpr E gh od
ydulood hq ho wlhpsr w=
Xwlol}dqgr od oh| gho frvhqr hq ho wulqjxor RED
O5 @ {5 +w, . U5 5{+w,U frv +w,
ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv +qr roylgdu od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr | od uhjod gh od fdghqd,whqhprv
g{ g{ g
5O 3 @ 5{+w, +w, . 5U 3 5 +w,U frv +w, . 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w,
gw gw gw
g{ g
+w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w,
gw gw
g{
+w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 9{+w,U vlq +w,
gw
g{ 6{+w,U vlq +w,
+w, @
gw U frv +w, {+w,
Tx uhodflq ghehq fxpsolu U | OB
Hq txh srvlflq gho qjxor vh wlhqh pd|ru yhorflgdgB
Hq txh prphqwr vh wlhqh yhorflgdg 3 B
Frq xq plvpr = Odv yhorflgdgghv dxphquwdq r glvplqx|hq vl od uxhgd hv pdv judqghB1
Sureohpd gh duhqd
Hq xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd gh frqr flufxodu uhfwr gh udglr U | dowxud K vh ghmd fdhu duhqd gh wdo irupd
txh d phglgd txh vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vh irupd grv frqrv ljxdohv1
p6
Vl vh ghmd fdhu D Frq tx yhorflgdg vxeh ho h{wuhprv gh vxshulru gh od slod gh duhqd fxdqgr vh
vhj
khfkd ho p{lpr gh duhqdB
Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gh od duhqd hq od sduhg gho flolqgur hq ho wlhpsr w/ u+w, ho udglr gh orv frqrv dvrfldgrv
do qlyho k+w,=
g5k
Gdgd hvwdv qrwdflrqhv/ vh sxhgh ghflu txh exvfdprv +w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh vh oohqd ho
gw
hvwdqtxh / hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ K=
Vl Y +w, ghqrwd ho yroxphq gh od duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w> frpr ho yroxphq wrwdo gh duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w
hv grv yhfhv ho yroxphq gho frqr uhfwr gh dowxud k+w, | udglr u+w,> vh wlhqh
4
Y +w, @ 5 k+w,u5 +w,
6
g5k
Gh hvwd uhodflq vh sxhgh rewhqhu +w3 , yld ghulydflq/ shur wdpelq dsduhfhud od ghulydgd gh u+w,/
gw
frpr vh yh dfrqwlqxdflq
gY 4 gk 4 gu
+w, @ 5 +w,u5 +w, . 5 k+w,5u+w, +w, v
gw 6 gw 6 gw
Shur vl yhprv ho wulqjxor glexmdgr do odgr gho frqr +frpr prghor pdwhpwlfr,/ yhprv grv wulqjxorv
vhphmdqwhv/ sru or wdqwr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh uhodflq hqwuh vxv odgrv
U K
@
u+w, k+w,
| sru or wdqwr
U gu U gk
u@ k | +w, @ +w,
K gw K gw
uhhpsod}dqgr hq v whqhprv
5 % 5 &
4 gk U 4 U gk gk 5 U 7 U
D@5 +w, k+w, . 5 k+w,5u+w, +w, @ +w, k+w, . k+w,u+w,
6 gw K 6 K gw gw 6 K 6 K
gk D 4 D
+w3 , @ 5 @
gw 5 U 7 U 5 U5
K . KU
6 K 6 K
Fxdqgr ho qlyho vxeh pv uslgr/ fxdqgr od dowxud gh od duhqd hv pv srfd fxdqgr hvw fhufd gh KB
819 P{lpr | Pqlpr

Khprv ylvwr dojxqdv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd1 Dkrud yhuhprv txh od ghulydgd dghpv qrv gd lqirupdflq
vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflrqhv/ | qrv shuplwdu hqfrqwudu orv sxqwrv grqgh kd|
p{lprv r pqlprv1
Kd| grv wfqlfdv gluhfwdv sdud hqfrqwudu wdohv sxqwrv/ hvwdv wfqlfdv jhqhudophqwh vh ghqrplqdq fulwhulr
gh od sulphud ghulydgd | fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
Sdud hqwudu hq pdwhuld qhfhvlwdprv ghqlu frq suhflvlq txh hqwhqghuhprv sru p{lpr/ pqlpr/ hwf1
Ghqlflq 814< Vhd i = D U $ U/ gluhprv txh i +d, hv ho ydoru p{lpr gh od ixqflq i + Ydoru
P{lpr devroxwr gh i r vlpsohphqwh ho p{lpr gh i, vl sdud wrgr hohphqwr { 5 D vh fxpsoh i +{, i +d,
Hq irupd wrwdophqwh dqorjd vh ghqh pqlpr devroxwr r p qlpr1 i +d, hv ho ydoru pqlpr devroxwr
hq D vl
i +d, i+{, ;{ 5 D
Qrwh txh qhfhvduldphqwh ho ydoru p{lpr +ho ydoru pqlpr, hv od lpdjhq gh xq sxqwr d 5 D @ Grpi>
Vh glfh hq d hvw ho p{lpr gh i +hq d hvw ho pqlpr gh i%,1
Vl i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sxhgh h{lvwlu ydulrv rwurv hohphqwrv gh D grqgh i dofdqfh ho ydoru p{lpr r ho
ydoru pqlpr/ vlq hpedujr ho ydoru p{lpr r ho ydoru pqlpr devroxwr vl h{lvwhq vrq qlfrv1
Sru hmhpsor od ixqflq i +{, @ vhq { qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ ho ydoru p{lpr gh i hv 4 | ho ydoru pqlpr gh i
hv 4 | hvwrv ydoruhv vrq dofdq}dgrv hq pv gh xq sxqwr1
Kd| rwur frqfhswr gh p{lpr +r pqlpr, gh i txh hv phqrv h{ljhqwh/ hvwh hv p{lpr orfdo r uhodwlyr
+pqlpr orfdo r uhodwlyr,1
Hq ho jufr gh yhqwdv gh xq surgxfwr hq ho dr/ xqd pxowlwlhqgd wlhqh grv judqghv phvhv gh yhqwdv
Pdu}r | Glflhpeuh +yhu jufr vljxlhqwh,
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR 676
shur fodudphqwh dperv qr vrq p{lpr devroxwrv1
Ghqlflq 8153 d, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh hq 5 D kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr r

p{lpr orfdo vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh od ixqflq
i mY / hv ghflu/ i+, i+{, ;{ 5 Y / dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh pqlpr orfdo
e, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq 5 D vl h{lvwh xqd

yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, A i +{, ;{ 5 Y @ Y ij1 Dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh p qlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr
Hmhpsor 758 Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd frq jufd gdgd hq od jxud
1 Fodudphqwh i +g, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr/ d glihuhqfld gh orv ydoruhv i +d,> i +o, txh vrq vrodphqwh
p{lpr uhodwlyr | gh orv ydoruhv i +h,> i+e, txh vrq pqlprv uhodwlyrv xqlfdphqwh +i +g,> i +f, vrq wdpelq
uhodwlyrv,
Ghqlflq 8154 Gluhprv txh xq ydoru i +d, frq d 5 D hv xq ydoru h{wuhpr gh i hq D vl hv ho p{lpr
r pqlpr gh dojxqd hvshflh hq D | sxqwr h{wuhpr do sxqwr d grqgh dofdq}d ho ydoru h{wuhpr1
Hmhpsor 759 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . 5> { 5 ^7> 4` 1

Od jufd gh i hv xq wur}r gh xqd sduerod | fodudphqwh vh sxhgh qrwdu phgldqwh vx jufd txh
i +3, @ 5 hv ho pqlpr devroxwr | txh i +7, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr +wdpelq uhodwlyr, | i +4, p{lpr
devroxwr hvwulfwr1
Hq hvwh fdvr i wlhqh wuhv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i+3,> i +7,> i +4,1
Hmhpsor 75: Vhd i +{, @ h5{ > { 5 ^ oq+8,> oq+:,` 1

Frpr od ixqflq hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh i wlhqh vor grv ydoruhv h{wuhprv
i+ oq+8,, @ 58 txh hv ho p{lpr devroxwr hq D1
i+oq+:,, @ 7<
4
txh hv ho pqlpr devroxwr hq D1
Hmhpsor 75; Vhd i +{, @ 6{ 5> { 5`5> 8`1

Fodudphqwh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ sru or wdqwr ho p{lpr vh hqfxhqwud hq 8/ | hvwh hv i+8, @ 461
Shur hvwd ixqflq qr wlhqh xq pqlpr/ |d txh 5 95 Grpi / vlq hpedujr i+{, hv dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru
7/ sxhv
7 ? i +{, > ;{ 5`5> 8`
Qr srghprv ghflu txh 7 hv pqlpr devroxwr ql orfdo |d txh o gheh vhu lpdjhq gh xq hohphqwr gho
grplqlr txh vh hvw xwlol}dqgr/ hq hvwh fdvr `5> 8`
Hq hvwrv grv owlprv hmhpsorv vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du or wlo txh uhvxowd whqhu od lqirupdflq uhodwlyd do
ghfuhflhqwr r fuhflhqwr gh xqd ixqflq1
Frqvlghuhprv od jxud I
Iljxud I
Vxsrqjdprv txh hood uhsuhvhqwd od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` | glihuhqfldeoh hq `d> e^
Qrwhprv txh hq ho lqwhuydor `d> f^/ grqgh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh/ od shqglhqwh gh od wdqjhqwh d od jufd
gh i hq +x> i +x,, hv srvlwlyd/ sru or wdqwr g{ gi +x, A 3 Hvwr rfxuuh sdud fxdotxlhu x 5`d> f^/ dv i 3 +{, A 3
sdud wrgr { hq `d> f^1
Or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho lqwhuydor `g> e^/ hv ghflu/ i hv fuhflhqwh dk | wdpelq i 3 +{, A 3 hq `g> e^1
Vlq hpedujr hq ho lqwhuydor `f> g^ od ixqflq hv ghfuhflhqwh | od uhfwd wdqjhqwh wud}dgd hq +y> i+y,, wlhqh
shqglhqwh qhjdwlyd/ dv i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5`f> g^1
Ilqdophqwh/ xvdqgr jxud I vh wlhqh txh odv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd hq orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv f | g wlhqhq
shqglhqwh fhur/ hv ghflu>
i 3 +f, @ 3 a i 3 +g, @ 3
Qrwh txh i +d,> i+e, vrq wdpelq h{wuhprv shur odv ghulydgdv ghuhfkdv h l}txlhugd; %/ gh h{lvwlu qr vrq
qxodv1
Frpr frqfoxvlq gho fdvr dqwhulru whqhprv txh orv h{wuhprv vh sxhghq hqfrqwudu grqgh od ghulydgd vh
dqxod/ grqgh qr h{lvwh od ghulydgd r hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor1
Yhdprv d frqwlqxdflq dojxqrv hmhpsorv grqgh hvwrv fdvrv rfxuuh1
Hmhpsor 75< Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd vh dqxod hq 3/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +3, @ 3 | i wlhqh xq pqlpr

{ :$ {5
hq 3 +yhu jxud > jufr l}txlhugr1,1
Iljxud
Hmhpsor 763 Vhd i = U $ U / od ghulydgd qr h{lvwh hq 3/ vlq hpedujr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq 3

{ :$ m{m
+yhu jxud > jufr fhqwudo1,1
Hmhpsor 764 Vhd d 9@ 3 | vhd i = ^d> e` $ U / od ghulydgd gh i qr vh dqxod hq d/ hv ghflu/ i 3 +d, 9@ 3

{ :$ {6
| i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq d1+yhu jxud > jufr ghuhfkr,1
Whruhpd 8155 Vhd i ghulydeoh hq d 5 D Grpi / D yhflqgdg gh d | i +d, xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hqwrqfhv
i 3 +d, @ 31
Ghprvwudflq= Frpr i+d, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh wlhqh txh
i +d, i +d . k, sdud k 5` %> %^ + dojq %,
Gh hvwd irupd
i +d . k, i +d, 3
Dv/ vl k A 3
i +d . k, i +d,
3
k
| vl k ? 3
i +d . k, i +d,
3
k
; od i in

Ed ' *4k<f.
i Ednk3i Ed i olpk<f i Ednkk3i Ed 1
ghulydgd ghuhfkd gh hq d hv
k | od ghulydgd l}txlhugd gh hv
oxhjr
3 +d, @ olp i+d . k, i +d, 3 +d, @ olp i+d . k, i+d, 3
i. 3 a i
k$3. k k$3 k
| frpr i hv ghulydeoh hq d vl wlhqh rewhqhprv od vljxlhqwh fdghqd
3 +d, @ i 3 +d, @ i 3 +d, 3
3 i .
gh grqgh vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +d, @ 3
Frurodulr 8156 Vhd i +P , xq ydoru p{lpr gh i / i ghulydeoh hq P/ hqwrqfhv i 3 +P, @ 3
Ghprvwudflq= Vl i+P, hv xq ydoru p{lpr gh i/ i +P , hv xq ydoru pqlpr gh i/ sru whruhpd

dqwhulru i 3 +P, @ 31

Revhuydflq= Vl i 3 +d, @ 3/ qr qhfhvduldphqwh i wlhqh xq h{wuhpr hq d1
Sru hmhpsor> i +{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq U wlhqh ghulydgd hq { @ 3 shur qr wlhqh h{wuhprv/ d shvdu txh hq 3
od ghulydgd hv dqxod1
Frqfoxvlq= Vl i hvwd ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s | i 3 +s, @ 3 +sru or wdqwr hv ghulydeoh hq s, hqwrqfhv
sxhgh rfxuulu txh=
d, i+s, vhd xq p{lpr uhodwlyr1
e, i+s, vhd xq pqlpr uhodwlyr1
f, i+s, qr vhd ydoru h{wuhpr1
Shur fpr ghflglu fxo gh hvwrv fdvrv vh fxpsohB

Sulphur yhdprv fpr ghflglu hq ho fdvr txh vhdq h{wuhprv/ wudedmdqgr frq xqd ixqflq i frqwlqxd
ghqlgd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^1
Sru or wdqwr/ vl i hv xq ixqflq ghulydeoh hq `d> e^| frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` srghprv dvhjxudu txh i dofdq}d
ho p{lpr | ho pqlpr hq dojq sxqwr f 5`d> e^grqgh i 3 +f, @ 3 r hq orv erughv { @ dr { @ e1
Dv/ sdud ghwhuplqdu fxo hv ho ydoru p{lpr | fxo hv ho ydoru pqlpr edvwd hydoxdu od ixqflq hq orv
h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydorv { @ d r { @ e/ | orv sxqwrv grqgh od ghulydgd vh dqxod | frqvlghudu ho ydoru p{lpr
| ho ydoru pqlpr hqwuh hvwrv ydoruhv1
Hmhpsor 765 Vhd i = ^4> 6` $ U =

{ :$ {5 4
Whqhprv txh i hv frqwlqxd hq ^4> 6` | ghulydeoh hq ` 4> 6^1
Sxhvwr txh i 3 +{, @ 5{ @ 3 +, { @ 3 5`4> 6^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr i hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 4> { @ 6
rewhqhprv>
i +3, @ 4 i +4, @ 3 i+6, @ ;
Dv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh i hv ; | ho pqlpr devroxwr hv 41
Hmhpsor 766 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq rohrgxfwr gh xq sxqwr D d rwur sxqwr E txh glvwdq 8np | vh hq0
fxhqwudq hq ulehudv rsxhvwdv gh xq ur gh fdxfh uhfwr gh 6np gh dqfkr1 Ho rohrgxfwr lu edmr ho djxd gh D
d xq sxqwr S hq od ulehud rsxhvwd | oxhjr vreuh ho vxhor gh S d E1
Ho frvwr sru nlophwur gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv ho fxguxsoh gho frvwr vreuh wlhuud1 Fdofxoh od srvlflq
gh S txh plqlpl}du ho frvwr +ghvsuhflh od shqglhqwh gh ohfkr gho ur,1
Vroxflq= Vhd {od glvwdqfld +hq npv, gho sxqwr Rdo sxqwr S yhu jxud
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR 67:
jxud
1
Sru Slwjrudv hq ho wulqjxor DREvh wlhqh
5
RE . 65 @ 85
oxhjr RE @ 7/ gh grqgh S E @ 7 {1
Dghpv/ hq ho wulqjxor DRS / vh wlhqh
5 s
DS @ 65 . {5 , DS @ < . {5
Vhd f ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud vreuh wlhuud/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru np gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv 7f
Oxhjr od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr gh frqvwuxflq gho rohrgxfwr hv
s
F+{, @ 7f < . {5 . f+7 {,
grqgh 3 { 71
Frpr F+{,hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^3> 7`| ghulydeoh hq `3> 7^ hqwrqfhv F+{,dofdq}d vx p{lpr hq
dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydorv ^3> 7`1
7f{
F 3 +{, @ s f
< . {5
s
Frpr F 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 848s5`3> 7^/
hydoxdqgr od ixqflq F+{, hq { @ 848 | hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3 | { @ 7 vh wlhqh>
s
48 s
F+3, @ 49f F+7, @ 53f F+ , @ 6 48f . 7f
8
s
Frpr f A 3 | +6 48 . 7,f ? 49f ? 53f/
s s48
hqwrqfhv ho pqlpr frvwr hv +6 48 . 7,f | od srvlflq gho sxqwr S gheh vhu 7 8 npv gho sxqwr E1
Hmhpsor 767 Xq fdpsr shwurohur wlhqh rfkr sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv gh fuxgr do gd1
Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv gldulrv BcFxqwrv
sr}rv dglflrqdohv vh ghehq irupdu sdud rewhqhu od pd|ru surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gdB
Vroxflq= Vhd {= ho qphur gh sr}rv dglflrqdohv> { 3> { 5 ]1 Vl vh wlhqh ; sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo
gh 4933 eduulohv hqwrqfhv od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 eduulohv gldulrv1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh
vh wlhqh od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv oxhjr/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv
533 43{
sru or wdqwr od surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gd hv
S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,
Frpr { 3 | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 533 43{ 3 +gh grqgh 3 { 53,1

Hq frqvhfxhqfld od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv>
S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,/ frq { 5 ^3> 53`1
Frpr S hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^3> 53` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 53^/ S dofdq}d vx
p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3 r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor1
S 3 +{, @ +533 43{, . +; . {,+43,
oxhjr>
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 9 5`3> 53^=
Dv do hydoxdu od ixqflq S gh surgxfflq hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @ 9> { @ 53 whqhprv>
S +3, @ 4933 S +9, @ 4<93 S +53, @ 3
Gh hvwd irupd od surgxfflq p{lpd vh rewlhqh frq 9 sr}rv dglflrqdohv1
Hmhpsor 768 Ho surslhwdulr gh xq kxhuwr gh pdq}dqd/ fdofxod txh vl vlhpeud 57 uerohv sru dfuh/ hqwrqfhv
fdgd uero dgxowr gdu 933 pdq}dqdv do dr1
Sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd uero
glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr1 BcFxqwrv uerohv vh ghehq sodqwdu sru dfuh sdud rewhqhu ho pd|ru qphur srvleoh
gh pdq}dqdv do drB
Vroxflq= Vhd 6{ ho qphur gh uerohv txh vh sodqwdq +vreuh orv 57 uerohv, sru dfuh1
Sxhvwr txh sru fdgd wuhv uerohv pv txh vh sodqwhq sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh surgxfh fdgd
uero glvplqx|h hq 45 do dr/ hqwrqfhv vl vh sodqwdq +57 . 6{, uerohv sru dfuh ho qphur gh pdq}dqdv txh
surgxfh fdgd uero vhu 933 45{/ oxhjr od surgxfflq gh pdq}dqdv do dr vhu>
S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{,=
Frpr { 3> { 5 ] | S +{, 3/ hqwrqfhv 933 45{ 3 +gh grqgh { 83,1

Dv>
S +{, @ +57 . 6{,+933 45{, frq { 5 ^3> 83`
Oxhjr
S 3 +{, @ 6+933 45{, . +57 . 6{,+45,
S 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 54=
Gdgr txh S hv frqwlqxd hq ^3> 83` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 83^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @
54> { @ 83 whqhprv
S +3, @ 47733 S +54, @ 635:9 S +83, @ 3
oxhjr od p{lpd surgxfflq gh pdq}dqd vh rewlhqh fxdqgr vh sodqwdq 96 uerohv pv sru dfuh hv/ hv ghflu/
;: uerohv sru dfuh1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR 67<
81914 Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd

Revhuydflq= Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv vor edvw hydoxdu hq orv sxqwrv grqgh i 3 +s, @ 3 | hq orv
erughv gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ shur hq jhqhudo vl txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh xqd ixqflq qhfhvlwdprv
lqirupdflq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflq i hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
Dv/ sdud A 3 vh rewlhqh orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv=
d, Vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg l}txlhugd gh s/ `s > s^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh

hq od yhflqgdg ghuhfkd gh s/ `s> s . ^ vh wlhqh txh i+s, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 +jxud I
l}txlhugd,1
Iljxud I
e, Dqorjdphqwh vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq `s > s^ | i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq `s> s . ^

hqwrqfhv i +s, hv xq pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr +jxud I jufr ghuhfkr,1
f, Vl qr rfxuuh dojxqd gh odv grv dowhuqdwlydv dqwhulruhv/ i+s, qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr1

Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh qhfhvlwdprv xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du fxdqgr i hv fuhflhqwh | fxdqgr hv
ghfuhflhqwh1 Frq hvh remhwr hqxqflduhprv orv whruhpdv vljxlhqwhv1
Ghqlflq 8157 Xq sxqwr f 5 Grpi/ vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i vl rfxuuh xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv
srvlelolgdghv>
i 3 +f, @ 3 elhq i 3 +f, qr h{lvwh
Hmhpsor 769 Vhd i +{, @ 6+{ 5,5 1

{ @ 5 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i/ sxhv i 3 +5, @ 31
Hmhpsor 76: Vhd i +{, @ m{ 8m oxhjr whqhprv txh vx ghulydgd hv=

4 {A8
i 3 +{, @
4 { ? 8
Sxhvwr txh 8 95 Grpi 3 / { @ 8 hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr

s
Hmhpsor 76; Vhd i +{, @ {5 / hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh i 3 +{, @ 56 { 6 vl { 9@ 31 Sru or wdqwr { @ 3 hv xq
6 4
sxqwr fu wlfr1
81915 Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh

Whruhpd 8158 +Whruhpd gh Urooh, Vhd i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq
ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `d> e^/ wdo txh i+d, @ i +e,/ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr fuwlfr hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu/
h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ 31+yhu jxud KI jufr l}txlhugr,1
Iljxud KI
Ghprvwudflq= <
d, Vl od ixqflq hv frqvwdqwh hq ^d> e`/ vx ghulydgd hv fhur hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu i 3 +{, @ 3> ;{ 5`d> e^
e, Vl qr rfxuuh or dqwhulru/ i qr hv frqvwdqwh | whqhprv grv fdvrv/ +l, h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor grqgh od ixqflq
fuhfh | oxhjr ghfuhfh r elhq +ll, i ghfuhfh hq xq lqwhuydor sdud oxhjr fuhfhu +|d txh i+d, @ i +e,,1
Hq ho sulphu fdvr vh rewlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo i +f, | hq ho vhjxqgr xq pqlpr orfdo i +f, hq dperv fdvr
od wdqjhqwh hq hvrv sxqwrv vhu gh shqglhqwh fhur i 3 +f, @ 31 Gh hvwd irupd f hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr 1

Xqd jhqhudol}dflq hq hvwh whruhpd hv ho whruhpd gh ydoru phglr txh vh sxhgh prwlydu gh od vljxlhqwh
irupd1
Frqvlghuhprv xq dxwr +xq mhhs sdud hvwdu hq rqgd, txh sduwh gh Yld d odv 44=63 krudv | oohjd d xqd
sduwh fhufdqd d Vdqwldjr d odv 46=33 krudv1 Vl uhfruuh 463 nlorphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg surphglr r
phgld hv
+463 3,nlophwurv 463
@ @ ;9> 9np@k=
+44 = 63 46 = 33,krudv 4> 8
Hvwr vljqlfd txh do phqrv dojq prphqwr gh vx yldmh ho yhorfphwur pduf ;9> 9np@k/ hv ghflu/ od yhorflgdg
lqvwdqwqhd hq dojq prphqwr hqwuh 44=63 | odv 46=33 krudv ixh gh ;9> 9np@k1
Hq od jxud KI vh kd judfdgr od uhfwd O txh lqglfd od yhorflgdg phgld +uhfwd vhfdqwh d od jufd
gh od ixqflq v+w, txh qrv g od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd sruho pylo hq ho wlhpsr
w 5`44 = 63> 46 = 33^,
< Frpr i hv frqwlqxd/ od jufd gh i hv frpr xqd fxhugd txh xqh orv sxqwrv Ed> i Ed> Ee> i Ee1 Frpr hvwrv sxqwrv hvwdq
do plvpr qlyho/ r elhq od fxhugd hvwd whqvd +frqvwdqwh, r elhq wlhqh rqgxodflrqhv +kd| p{lpr |2r pqlpr orfdohv,1
Odv uhfwdv O4 > O5 > O6 vrq sdudohodv d O/ oxhjr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh> hoodv hvwq
gdgdv sru odv ghulydgdv hq ho sxqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr rewhqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od vhfdqwh
v+e, v+d,
ed
txh hv ljxdo odv shqglhqwh gh odv wdqjhqwhv hq f4 > f5 / f6 / hv ghflu/ d orv ydoruhv v3 +f4 ,/ v3 +f5 ,/ v3 +f6 ,1
Dv whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld d or phqrv gh xq sxqwr f 5`d> e^ hq hvwh fdvr +f @ f4 > f @ f5 > f @ f6 , wdo txh
v+e, v+d,
v3 +f, @
ed
Whruhpd 8159 +Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq D/ ^d> e` D wdo txh
41 i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^d> e`

51 i vhd ghulydeoh hq `d> e^
Hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh do phqrv xq f 5`d> e^ wdo txh
i +e, i+d,
i 3 +f, @
ed
Ghprvwudflq= Od ixqflq
i+e, i+d,
j+{, @ i+{, î +d, . +{ d,`
ed
vdwlvidfh odv klswhvlv gho whruhpd gh Urooh sru or wdqwr h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh j3 +f, @ 3 r i 3 +f, i +ee,
d @ 3
i +d,

Revhuydflq= Or txh glfh hv txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,> +e> i +e,,
hv sdudohod do phqrv d xqd gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i hqwuh orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv1
Od dsolfdflq pv gluhfwd gh hvwh whruhpd hv hq od ghprvwudflq gho vljxlhqwh whruhpd
Whruhpd 815: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq vx grplqlr1
41 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1

51 Vl i 3 +{, A 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1

61 Vl i 3 +{, 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`
71 Vl i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `d> e^/ vh wlhqh txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ^d> e`1
Ghprvwudflq= Prvwuduhprv vor +7,
Whqhprv txh vxsrqhu txh {> | 5 ^d> e` | ghehprv suredu txh= { ? | , i+{, A i+|,
Vhdq {> | 5 ^d> e`> { ? |1 Frpr i vdwlvidfh ho whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr/ whqhprv txh h{lvwh f 5 ^{> |`
wdo txh
i+|, i +{,
@ i 3 +f,
{|
Frpr | { A 3 | i 3 +f, ? 3 vh wlhqh txh i+|, i +{, ? 31 Dv vh kd suredgr txh
+;{> | 5 ^d> e`,+{ ? | , i +{, A i +|,,

Hmhpsor 76< Vhd i xqd ixqflq fx|d ghulydgd hv i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+7 {,+{ 8,1
Ghwhuplqh hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od wdeod gh vljqrv
6 7 8
{6 0 3 . . .
7{ . . 3 0 0
{8 0 0 0 3 .
i 3 +{, . 3 0 3 . 3 0
whqhprv i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `6> 7^/ sru or wdqwr i+{, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh dool/ or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho
lqwhuydor ^8> 4^1
Hmhpsor 773 Vhd i+{, @ h{ / frpr i 3 +{, @ h{ hv srvlwlyd sdud wrgr ydoru {/ vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulf0
wdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ vlq hpedujr j+{, @ h6{ / j3 +{, @ 6h6{ / sru or wdqwr j hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 774 Vhd i +{, @ orjd +{,> { A 3> 3 ? d 9@ 4/ frpr
g 4
orjd +{, @
g{ { oqd +{,
| od yduldeoh { hv srvlwlyd/ vh wlhqh txh oq d ghwhuplqd ho vljqr gh od ghulydgd gh i sru or wdqwr whqhprv
txh=
41 Vl d A 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
51 Vl d ? 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Hmhpsor 775 Vdh i +{, @ oq+ {{ 4
,/ yhdprv hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv ghfuhflhqwh
Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv ` 4> 5^^`4> 4^/ | vx ghulydgd od rewhqhprv xwlol}dqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd
.5
| od ghulydgd gh xq fxrflhqwh
{ . 5 +{ . 5, +{ 4,
i 3 +{, @ + ,+ ,
{4 +{ . 5,5
6
@
+{ 4,++{ . 5,
Frpr i 3 +{, A 3 hq vx grplqlr vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od fdgd lqwhuydor +qr
srghprv ghflu txh hv fuhflhqwh hq od xqlq,1
Huuqhdphqwh srguldprv ghflu txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^/ od ud}q gho huuru hv txh od ixqflq
qr hvwd ghqlgd hq hvwh lqwhuydor/ dv txh hv lpsrvleoh txh i 3 +{, hvwh ghqlgd hq xq frqmxqwr pd|ru1
Hmhpsor 776 Vhd y+w, @ w6 85w . 9w . ; od yhorflgdg gh xq pylo hq ho wlhpsr w/ w 5 ^3> ;`1
6 5
Ghwhuplqhprv orv lqwhuydorv gh wlhpsr grqgh ho pylo hvwd dxphqwdqgr gh yhorflgdg +dfhohudqgr, | hq
txh prphqwr hvw glvplqx|hqgr vx yhorflgdg +iuhqdqgr r dfhohudflq qhjdwlyd,
Vroxflq= Qhfhvlwdprv ghwhuplqdu ho vljqr gh y3 +w, @ w5 8w . 9 @ +w 6,+w 5,1

Whqhprv txh y+w, ? 3> ;w 5 ^5> 6` / dv ho pylo hvwd iuhqdqgr hqwuh orv ydoruhv w 5 ^5> 6`/ dghpv y3 +w, A 3
hq +` 4> 5^^`6> 4^, _ ^3> ;`1 Sru or wdqwr ho pylo dfhohud ghvgh 3 d 5 | srvwhulruphqwh dfhohud gh 6 d ;1
BcFxdqgr vh ghwlhqh ho pylo
Revhuydflq= Hq whruhpd dqwhulru hv vor gh od irupd s , t |d txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {6 hv hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh hq U shur i 3 +{, @ 6{5 qr hv srvlwlyd vlhpsuh |d txh i +3, @ 31
Edvdgrv hq ho whruhpd dqwhulru srghprv hqxqfldu ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd sdud p{lprv |2r
pqlprv uhodwlyrv hvwulfwr1
Whruhpd 815; +Fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd, Vhd i frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` @ D | ghulydeoh hq `d> e^
qr qhfhvduldphqwh hq s 5 D
d, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s > s^ | i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
e, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s > s^ | i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Jhqhudophqwh/ odv klswhvlv hq +d,/ sdud xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ vh hvfuleh uhvxplgdphqwh dv
{ s s s.
i 3 +{, . 0
i+{, ( )
| odv klswhvlv sdud xq pqlpr uhodwlyr vh hvfuleh>
{ s s s.
i 3 +{, 0 .
i+{, ) (
Hmhpsor 777 Vhd i +{, @ 6{5 . :{/ frpr i 3 +{, @ 9{ . :
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : A 3 +, { A :9
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : ? 3 +, { ? :9
Oxhjr
{ :@9
i 3 +{, 0 3 .
i +{, ) (
gh grqgh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ` :9 > 4^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> :9 ^/ dv sru
ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv frqfoxlu txh i + :9 , hv xq ydoru pqlpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr/ txh
dghpv hv devroxwr1
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq or srghprv rewhqhu judfdqgr od sduerod txh uhsuhvhqwd d | @ i+{, @ 6{5 . :{
frq yuwlfh hq + :9 > i + :9 ,,
Hmhpsor 778 Frqvlghuh xqd ixqflq i ghulydeoh wdo txh
i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+{ . 5,+{ 8,=
Ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh i1

Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv hq tx lqwhuydorv i 3 +{, A 3 | grqgh i 3 +{, ? 31 Sdud hvwr iruphprv xqd wdeod
sdud od ixqflq i 3 txh qrv lqgltxh uhvxplgdphqwh grqgh hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1
5 6 8
{6 0 0 3 . .
{.5 0 3 . . .
{8 0 0 0 3 .
Gh hvwd irupd whqhprv lqirupdflq vreuh i uhvxplgdv hq ho vljxlhqwh fxdgur>
{ 05 6 8
i 3 +{, 0 3 . 3 0 3 .
i +{, ) 3 ( 3 ) 3 (
Gho uhvphq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh i +5,> | i +8, vrq pqlpr orfdohv hvwulfwr | i +6, hv xq p{lpr orfdo
hvwulfwr1
Hmhpsor 779 Vhd i +{, @ +{ 4,5@6 1 Ghwhuplprv orv h{wuhprv gh i1
Vroxflq= Grpi @ U | i 3 +{, @ 56 +{ 4,4@6 @ 6 s

6 {4 >
5
{ 5 U i4j qrwhprv txh i qr hv ghulydeoh
hq { @ 4/ vlq hpedujr hv frqwlqxd |
vl { A 4> i 3 +{, A 3
vl { ? 4> i 3 +{, ? 3
hv ghflu/
{ 4
i+{, 3
i 3 +{, 0 9< .
i+{, ) (
oxhjr sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq qqlpr hq { @ 4 txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +qrwdu
txh ho Grpi @ U qr hv dfrwdgr,/ i qr wlhqh p{lpr1
Hmhpsor 77: Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwlfduhprv qxhv0
wudv uhvsxhvwd1
d, Vhd A 3/ od ixqflq i+{, @ h{ / ghqlgd hq vx grplqlr p{lpr wlhqh vor xq ydoru h{wuhpr1
5

vhq5 +4@{, { 9@ 3
e, Od ixqflq i+{, @ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
3 {@3
f, Od ixqflq i+{, @ {6 h5{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4> 6@5^

s
g, Od ixqflq i+{, @ { 6 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
5
{ frv5 +4@{, 4 { ? 3
h, Od ixqflq i+{, @ wlhqh p{lpr | pqlpr1
vhq { 3{4
i, Od ixqflq i+{, @ h{ 5h{ ghqlgd hq ` 4> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr vl A 51
j, Od ixqflq i+{, @ {6 ghqlgd hq ^4> 5^ qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
Vroxflq=
d, Yhugdghur1 Grpi @ U i 3 +{, @ 5{h{ > { 5 U/ frpr h{ A 3> ;{ 5 U hqwrqfhv>

5 5
i 3 +{, A 3 +, 5{ A 3 +, { ? 3 sxhv A 3

Gh hvwd irupd
{ 3
i+{, . 4 .
i 3 +{, . 3 0
i+{, ( )
Sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +sxhv
od ixqflq vxeh | edmd vor xqd yh},/ | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
e, Idovr1 Sru ghqlflq hv fodur txh i wlhqh xq p qlpr orfdo devroxwr hq { @ 3/ sxhv
i+{, @ vhq5 +4@{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi @ U
sru or wdqwr i+{, 3> ;{ 5 Grpi1

f, Yhugdghur1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 h5{ . {6 h5{ 5 @ {5 h5{ +6 . 5{, dqdol}dqgr orv vljqrv gh i 3 +{,/ rewhqhprv
{ 6@5 3
i +{, 0 0 3 .
i 3 +{, 0 3 . 3 .
i +{, ) ( (
Oxhjr i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 6@5^1

Revhuydflq= Qrwdu txh sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv dupdu txh i wlhqh xq
pqlpr hq { @ 6@5/ pv dq o hv ho pqlpr devroxwr1
g, Idovr1 Grpi @ ^6> 4^ dghpv i 3 +{, @ 5s{4 6 A 3 ;{ 5 ^6> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
| ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 6 5 Grpi / oxhjr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq { @ 61
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq hv fodur judfdqgr od ixqflq i =
h, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^4> 4`/ oxhjr
sru ho whruhpd gh orv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i wlhqh xq p{lpr | pqlpr txh vrq devroxwrv1
i, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i 3 +{, @ i +{, @ + 5,h{ 1 Vl A 5 hqwrqfhv
i 3 +{, A 3 ;{ 5`4> 8`/ oxhjr i hv fuhflhqwh hq vx grplqlr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru { @ 8 5 Grpi
gh hvwd irupd i wlhqh xq p{lpr +devroxwr, txh hv i +8,1
j, Idovr1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 3 ;{ 5 ^4> 5^
oxhjr i hv ghfuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 4 5 ^4> 5^/ dv i wlhqh
frpr p{lpr i +4,> fodudphqwh srghprv yhu txh i qr wlhqh pqlpr1
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr kdvwd ho prphqwr/ srghprv judfdu dojxqdv ixqflrqhv
frqvlghudqgr> grplqlr/ grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg/ lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv/ lqwhuydorv gh fuhf0
lplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr/ p{lprv |2r pqlprv1
Hmhpsor 77; Jutxhprv i+{, @ 6{6 {1
Vroxflq=
d, Grpi @ U1
e, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U +ixqflq srolqrpldo,1
f, Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh | S3 @ +3>
s3, s
Lqwhufhswrv frq ho hmh { S4 @ + 4@6> 3,> S5 @ + 4@6> 3,
g, Lqwhuydorv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr= i 3 +{, @ <+{ 4@6,+{ . 4@6,
{ 4@6 4@6
{ 4@6 0 0 3 .
{ . 4@6 0 3 . .
i 3 +{, . 0 .
i +{, ( ) (
Gh od wdeod/ vh wlhqh txh i 3 +{, A 3/ | hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor ` 4

4@6^ | wdpelq hq `4@6> 4^/ | i 3 +{, ? 3+hq frqvhfxhqfld hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh, hq ho lqwhuydor
` 4@6> 4@6^1
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh lqirupdflq gh i>
{ 4@6 4@6
i+{, 5@< 5@<
i 3 +{, ( 3 ) 3 (
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@6 | xq pqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@61 Dv od jufd gh i hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh frpr od gh od jxud
Hmhpsor 77< Vhd i +{, @ vhq5 +{,1 Ghwhuplqhprv orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv | hvshflfduhprv gh txh wlsr vrq1
Vroxflq= i 3 +{, @ 5 vhq+{, frv+{, orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflq
vhq+{, frv+{, @ 3
txh hv htxlydohqwh d od xqlq gh odv vroxflrqhv gh odv hfxdflrqhv
vhq+{, @ 3 frv+{, @ 3
Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ q> { @ 5 . q> q 5 ]1

8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR 68:
Xvdqgr ho vljqr gh odv ixqflrqhv vhq+{, | frv+{, hq orv fxdgudqwhv gh U5 / whqhprv txh=
Hq ho sulphu | whufhu fxdgudqwhv dpedv wlhqh ho plvpr vljqr sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hv srvlwlyd1 hv
ghflu/
6
i 3 +{, A 3 vl { 5`3> ^^`> ^
5 5
| hq orv rwurv fxdgudqwhv vh wlhqh
6
i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5` > ^^` > 5^
5 5
Xvdqgr od shulrglflgdg gh vhq+{, | frv+{, vh rewlhqh ho vljqr gh i 3 +{, hq wrgd od uhfwd uhdo1
Vl
6
{ 5 ^q5] +`5q> . 5q^^`+5q . 4,> . 5q^,> i 3 +{, A 3
5 5
| hq fdvr frqwudulr i 3 +{, 31

Gh hvwd irupd vh wlhqh p{lprv orfdohv hq orv sxqwrv 5 . 5q | 65 . 5q> q 5 ]/ | pqlpr orfdohv
orv sxqwrv q> q 5 ]1 Sru rwud sduwh
6
i +3, @ 3> i+5, @ 3> i + , @ 4> i + , @ 4> i +, @ 3
5 5
Frq od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr/ srghprv kdfhu od jufd gh i hq irupd dsur{lpdgd1
Vdehprv txh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 5 ^ | txh 3 | 4 vrq pqlpr | p{lpr uhodwlyrv
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frpr i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd/ od jufd hq ^3> 5 ` fruuhvsrqgd d xqlu orv sxqwrv +3> i +3,,
| + 5 > 4, hq irupd fuhflhqwh/ d glihuhqfld gh od xqlq gh orv sxqwrv + 5 > 4, | +> 3, txh hv hq irupd ghfuhflhqwh
Ho jufr vh sxhgh kdfhu frpsohwr/ sru od shulrglflgdg edvwd vdehu or txh rfxuuh hq ^3> `1
y 1 y 1
0.75 0.75
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25
0
0
-7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x x
i+{, @ vlq { 5
i+{, @ vlq {
5
Ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd gh dsolfdflq hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu suhyldphqwh xqd ixqflq txh vh exvfdu ho
p{lpr r pqlpr | oxhjr dsolfdu dojq fulwhulr gh rewhqflq gh p{lpr r gh pqlpr1
Hmhpsor 783 Vh lqwhqwd fhufdu xq fdpsr uhfwdqjxodu frq 7 kheudv gh dodpeuh | ghvsxv vxeglylglu ho
fdpsr hq grv sduwhv +frpr hq od jxud , frq xqd fhufd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv/ xwlol}dqgr 5 kheudv
gh dodpeuh1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr gh uhd p{lpd1
Vroxflq= Vhdq { h | odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr/ hqwrqfhv ho uhd hvw gdgd sru od iupxod
D @ {|
shur do glvwulexlu orv 933 phwurv gh dodpeuh vh wlhqh od hfxdflq>
933 @ 43{ . ;|
gh grqgh | @ :8 8{@7 oxhjr>
8
D @ {+:8 {,
7
shur { A 3 | | A 3/ hv ghflu/ { A 3 | :8 7 A 3
8{
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq txh vh qhfhvlwd pd{lpl}du hv>

8{5
D+{, @ :8{
7
ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `3> 93^1
Dkrud dsoltxhprv ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd>
D3 +{, @ :8 {
43
oxhjr
7
D3 +{, A 3 +, :8 85{ A 3
D3 +{, A 3 +, 63 A {
D3 +{, ? 3 +, 63 ? {
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv
{ 63
D+{,, . 4458 .
D3 +{,, . 3 0
D+{, ( )
oxhjr ho uhd p{lpd vh dofdq}d fxdqgr { @ 63 1
Dv odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr vrq
{ @ 63pwv > | @ 6:> 8pwv
Revhuydflq= Dtx qr vh hydod hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor/ sxhv qr hvwq frqvlghudgrv hq ho grplqlr
gh od ixqflq1
8191 P[LPR \ PQLPR 68<
Whruhpd 815< +Fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr
txh frqwlhqh d s wdo txh i 3 +s, @ 31 +hv ghflu/ s hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr,1
d, Vl i %+s, ? 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s1

e, Vl i %+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Revhuydflq= +4, Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh d glihuhqfld gho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd hvwh
fulwhulr h{ljh txh i / vhd ghulydeoh grv yhfhv hq s frq i 3 +s, @ 31
+5, Vl i%+s, @ 3 hvwh fulwhulr qr qrv g lqirupdflq/ | vh gheh uhfxuulu do fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
Hmhpsor 784 Uhvroydprv ho hmhpsor 783 xvdqgr hvwh qxhyr fulwhulr

Od ixqflq d pd{lpl}du hv=
8{5
D+{, @ :8{ > frq { 5`3> 93^
7
Ghwhuplqhprv s 5`3> 93^ wdo txh D3 +s, @ 31
43{
D3 +{, @ :8 +, { @ 63
7
Oxhjr s @ 63 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr txh ghehprv hydoxdu hq od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1 Frpr
43
D%+{, @ ?3 ;{ 5`3> 93^
7
hq sduwlfxodu D%+63, ? 3/ dv srghprv dupdu txh D+63, hv ho p{lpr exvfdgr1
Hmhpsor 785 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhfwr | vhplhvihud hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhdvh od jxud Q, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq sru slh fxdgudgr gh
orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh do gh od sduwh floqgulfd1 Tx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr/ vl od fdsdflgdg
ghvhdgd gho wdqtxh hv gh 43slh6 B
Iljxud Q
Vroxflq= Vhd S ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh od sduwh floqgulfd hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh orv
h{wuhprv hv 5S 1
Sxhvwr txh hq od sduwh floqgulfd vh wlhqh 5uk slh5 | hq orv h{wuhprv 7u5 slh5 hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gh
frqvwuxfflq hv
F @ 5ukS . 7u5 5S
shur ho yroxphq hv
7
Y @ u5 k . u6 @ 43
6
hqwrqfhv
43 76 u6
k@
u5
| od ixqflq frvwr hq wuplqrv gh u hv>
43 7u
F+u, @ 5u+ ,S . 7u5 5S
u5 6
hv ghflu>
8 7u5
F+u, @ 7S + . ,
u 6
Frpr u A 3> k A 3 hqwrqfhv
43 76 u6
k@ A3
u5
t
gh grqgh u6 ? 63 / oxhjr 3 ? u ? 6 63
Dv od ixqflq frvwr d plqlpl}du hv

7 7
u
8 7u5 63
F+u, @ 7S + . , > u 5`3> ^
6
u 6 7
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho pqlpr sru ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd +qrwhprv txh F+u, hv grv yhfhv
glihuhqfldeoh hq vx grplqlr,
8 ;u
F 3 +u, @ 7S + 5 . ,
u 6
oxhjr
8 ;u
F 3 +u, @ 3 +, . @3
u5 6
48
+, u6 @
s 7
6
48
+, u @
5
s6
Frpr 548 5 GrpF | F 3 +u, hv ghulydeoh srghprv dsolfdu ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
Od ghulydgd gh F 3 +u, hv
43 ;
F%+u, @ 7S + 6 . ,
u 6
s6 s6
oxhjr F%+ 548 , A 3/ gh grqgh F wlhqh xq pqlpr hq u @ 548 5 GrpF1
Odv glphqvlrqhv txh plqlpl}dq ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq gho wdqtxh vrq
s s
6
48 73 7 6 48
u@ > k@ s
5 6
48 9
81: Frqfdylgdg
Ghqlflq 8163 Vhd i = L $ U/ L xq lqwhuydor
41 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqyh{d r frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw dedmr gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, |
+e> i+e,, jxud^_ jufr l}txlhugr1
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 694
51 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqfdyd r frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw vreuh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, |
+e> i +e,, jxud ^_ jufr1 ghuhfkr
Iljxud ^_
Hmhpsor 786 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d1

Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd1
Od ixqflq | @ vhq { hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq ho lqwhuydor ^3> ` | frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor
^> 5`1
Ghqlflq 8164 Vhd i xqd ixqflq | vhd { 5 Grpi 1
41 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d hq ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L1
51 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L1
Revhuydflq=
41 Gh od ghqlflq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh frqfdylgdg vh uhhuh d xqd surslhgdg gh od jufd1
Hq ho fdvr gh whqhu xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor L @ ^d> e` vh sxhgh whqhu txh
i vhd frqfdyd hq L r frqyh{d hq L r hq xq vhfwru frqfdyd | hq rwur frqyh{d +yhu jxud ,/ or plvpr
vh sxhgh ghflu gh xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Iljxud
51 Frpr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,/ +e> i +e,, hv
i +d, i+e,
|@ +{ d, . i +d,
de
r
i+d, i +e,
|@ +{ e, . i +e,
de
Ghflu txh sdud d ? { ? e/ ho sxqwr hvwd ghedmr gh od vhfdqwh vljqlfd sru or wdqwr
i +d, i+e,
i +{, ? +{ d, . i +d, +8155,
de
| txh
i +d, i +e,
i +{, ? +{ e, . i +e, +8156,
de
rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8155
i+d, i +e,
i +{, i +d, ? +{ d,
de
dkrud rshudqgr hq od ghvljxdogdg 8156
i+{, i+e, i +e, i+d,

A
{e ed
Xvdqgr odv owlpdv ghvljxdogdghv vh wlhqh txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled vl | vor vl d ? { ? e vh wlhqh
i+{, i +d, i+e, i+d, i+{, i+e,

? ?
{d ed {e
61 Kd| xqd fdudfwhul}dflq jhrpwulfd pdv fodud sdud ho fdvr gh xqd ixqflq txh vhd ghulydeoh hq xq
sxqwr {3
+d, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh
frqwlhqh d {3 / wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvw sru hqflpd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, jxud
/ jufd l}txlhugd
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 696
Iljxud
1
+e, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{4 > i+{4 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d
{4 wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvwd sru dedmr gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, jxud > jufd
ghuhfkd
Iljxud RK
71 Hq od jxud RK l}txlhugd whqhprv od jufd gh xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho
lqwhuydor L/ hq hood khprv glexmdgr glvwlqwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ odv shqglhqwhv gh hvwdv uhfwdv dxphqwdq
d phglgd txh qrv pryhprv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd1 Frpr odv shqglhqwhv hvwdq ghwhuplqdgd sru odv
ghulydgdv vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +{, hv fuhflhqwh1 Vl od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv wdpelq ghulydeoh vh frqfox|h txh
i %+{, hv srvlwlyd r fhur sru ho khfkr txh i 3 +{, hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
Hq od jxud RK ghuhfkr khprv glexmdgr yduldv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i/ fx|dv shqglhqwhv
vrq orv ydoruhv gh odv ghulydgdv gh i/ i 3 1 i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh |d txh odv shqglhqwhv gh odv wdqjhqwhv
glvplqx|h d phglgd txh fdpeldq gh sxqwrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd hq od jufd gh od ghuhfkd gh
jxud RK1
Frpr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh/ gh vhu hood ghulydeoh/ vx ghulydgd hv qhjdwlyd r fhur/ hv ghflu/
i %+{, 3> ;{ 5 L1
Whruhpd 8165 Vhd i = L $ U/ grv yhfhv ghulydeoh hq ho lqwhuydor delhuwr L
41 i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
51 i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L +, i %+{, 3 sdud wrgr { 5 L1
Od irupd frpr jhqhudophqwh vh dsolfd hvwh whruhpd hv= xvdqgr od lqirupdflq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
vh rewlhqh od frqfdylgdg r frqyh{lgdg gh od jufd
Frurodulr 8166 Vhd i = L $ U> {3 5 L> i ghulydeoh hq L | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh gg{i5 +{3 ,1
5
41 gg{i5 +{3 , A 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,

5
51 gg{i5 +{3 , ? 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,

5
Frq hvwh frurodulr txhgd delhuwr ho fdvr txh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh dqxoh1
Ghqlflq 8167 Xq sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, gh od jufd gh i vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lrq vl h{lvwh
xq delhuwr L wdo txh sdud wrgr { 5 L i{3 j/ i %+{, h{lvwh | dghpv i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq {3 1
Hmhpsor 787 Vhd i+{, @ 6{5 . 9{ . ; xqd sduerod1 Frpr vh glmr dqwhulruphqwh hv ho hmhpsor pv
vlpsoh gh frqfdyd kdfld duuled/ i %+{, @ 9 A 31
Hmhpsor 788 Vhd i +{, @ 9{5 . 9{ . ;/ i%+{, @ 9 txh hv qhjdwlyd/ sru or wdqwr od jufd gh i +od
sduerod, hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv oh ghehuldq shuplwlu uhfrugdu fxdo hv ho vljqr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd h{ljlgr
sdud frqfdylgdg | fxdo hv h{ljlgr sdud frqyh{lgdg1
Hq orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv qr whqhprv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq/ d frqwlqxflq yhuhprv xqr
Hmhpsor 789 Vhd i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:/ yhdprv vl i wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1
i 3 +{, @ 9{5 . 43{ > i %+{, @ 45{ . 43

sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq wlhqh sulphud frpsrqhqwh txh suredeohphqwh vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq
i %+{, @ 3/ hq hvwh fdvrv { @ 8@91 Frpr i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 8@9 vh wlhqh txh +8@9> i+8@9,, hv
ho sxqwr gh lq h{lq1
Srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd | vx frqfoxvlq
{ 8@9
i%+{,, 0 .
jufd gh i Frqfdyd Lq h{lq Frqyh{d
Dkrud xvdqgr od sulphu ghulydgd srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq
pd|ru suhflvlq
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, 9{5 . 43{ @ 3

Dv/ orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq { @ 3 | { @ 8@61
{ 8@6 8@9 3
i 3 +{, . 3 0 0 3 .
i %+{, 0 0 3 . .
i+{, ( ) ) (
jufd gh i Frqfdyd Frqfdyd Frqyh{d Frqyh{d
r xqd wdeod pdv uhvxplgd | jufd pdv h{soflwd hq od owlpd oqhd
{ 8@6 8@9 3
i 3 +{, . 3 0 0 3 .
i %+{, 0 0 3 . .
i +{, ) ( ( )
_ _ ^ ^
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 698
Dv/ od jufd gh i ghehud vhu od xqlq gh odv sxqwrv +8@6> i +8@6,, / +8@9> i+8@9,,/ +3> i +3,,
frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ rewhqhprv gh hvwd irupd ho jufr gh od jxud
i+{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:
Hmhpsor 78: Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv srgud oohydu d shqvdu txh orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq vlhpsuh vh rewlhqh
gh od hfxdflq i%+{, @ 31 Do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gh ydoruhv h{wuhprv hvwrv qr vh rewlhqh vlhpsuh gh od
hfxdflq i 3 +{, @ 31 Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud hq txh rwurv fdvrv dsduhfhq orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1
Vhd i +{, @ +{ 7,8@6 . :1 Ho grplqlr gh i +{, hv U | vxv ghulydgdv gh rughq 4 | gh rughq 5 vrq
uhvshfwlydphqwh1
8 43
i 3 +{, @ +{ 7,5@6 i %+{, @ +{ 7,4@6
6 <
Fodudphqwh i%+{, @ 3 qr qrv duurmd vroxflq/ shur vl srghprv qrwdu txh i %+{, qr h{lvwh hq { @ 7 |
txh vx i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 7 sru or wdqwr +7> i +7,, @ +7> :, hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lq
{ 7
i %+{,, 0 9< .
jufd gh i frqfdyd frqyh{d
Wdeod uhvxphq sdud jufd gh | @ +{ 7,8@6 . : hq od jxud

i +{, @ +{ 7,8@6 . :
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 7
{ 7
i 3 +{, 0 3 .
i %+{, 0 <2 .
i +{,
Hmhpsor 78; Judtxhprv od ixqflq i+{, @ +{45,7 / lqglfdqgr lqwhuydor gh fuhflplhqwr/ gh ghfuhf0
lplhqwr/ frqfdylgdg | frqfdylgdg kdfld duuled/ | vl orv kxelhuh/ ydoruhv h{wuhprv | sxqwr gh lq h{lq1
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh Grpi @ U i5j/ Uhfi @ U. sru or wdqwr od jufd hv vreuh
hmh {1
5,8 | i %+{, @ +{5,9 1
Odv ghulydgdv vrq i+{, @ +{7 53
{ 5
i 3 +{, . 9< 0
i%+{, . 9< .
i+{, ^ 9< ^
Vhjq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv ghehuldprv xqlu sxqwrv gh odv jufdv frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd
gh od wdeod/ shur qr hv srvleoh |d txh qr kd| wdohv sxqwrv +Qrwd +4> i +4,,/ +5> i+5,,/ +4> i +4,, qr vrq
sxqwrv gh od jufd, shur srghprv yhu d txh ydoruhv wlhqghq fxdqgr { $ 5 / { $ 4 | fxdqgr { $ 4
olp i +{, @ 3 > olp i +{, @ 3 > olp i +{, @ .4

{$4 {$4 {$5
Gh hvwd irupd od jufd ghehud vhu frpr vh lqglfd hq jxud

81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 69:
Dv gh od plvpd wdeod srghprv ghflu txh
i hv fuhflhqwh hq ` 4> 5^1
i hv ghfuhflhqwh hq `5> 4^1
i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ` 4> 5^ | wdpelq hq `5> 4^1
i qr wlhqh ydoruhv h{wuhprv + 4 qr hv ydoru h{wuhpr |d txh qr shuwhqhfh d U,1
i qr wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq |d txh ho qlfr fdqglgdwr d wdo hud +5> i+5,,/ shur qr shuwhqhfh d od jufd
gh i + i +5, qr h{lvwh, dpq gh txh i%+{, qr fdpeld gh vljqr hq { @ 51
81:14 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=

Orv uhvxowdgrv gh frqfdylgdg hqxqfldgrv hq ho frurodulr dqwhulru qrv shuplwhq hq pxfkrv fdvrv fodvlfdu
udslgdphqwh orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv hq p{lpd orfdohv r pqlprv orfdohv phgldqwh or txh vxhoh oodpduvh
fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
Hmhpsor 78< Gh xqd sodqfkd phwolfd gh 433 fp 5 pwv vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu grv wxerv gh 5 phwurv gh
odujr xqr frq vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo xqd flufxqihuhqfld | rwur vhfflq fxdgudgd BcFrpr vh gheh fruwdu od
sodqfkd d or odujr gh wdo irupd txh od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv lqwhulruhv vhd p{lpr1 BcFxdqgr hv pqlprB
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sodqfkd vh fruwdq hq {fp5pwv | +433 {, fp5pwv/ frq od sulphud
kduhprv ho flolqgur gh udglr u/ hqwrqfhv 5u @ { | frq od vhjxqgd ho wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd/ hv ghflu/
fdgd odgr hv gh + 4337{ ,fpv1
Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv
{
u5 5333fp6 @ + ,5 5333fp6
5
Ho yroxphq gho rwur wxer hv
433 { 5
+ , 5333fp6
7
Od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv gh orv wxerv hq wuplqr gh { hv

{5 +433 {,5
Y +{, @ 833+ . ,> frq 3 { 433
7
gY 5{ 533 5{
@ 833+ + ,,
g{ 7
Sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq vroxflq gh od hfxdflq
;{ 533 . 5{
@ 3
7
+; . 5,{ @ 533
433
{3 @
7.
Frpr gg{Y5 @ 833+ 5 . 45 ,/ gg{Y5 +{3 , A 3> vh wlhqh gh hvwd irupd txh frq ho fruwh hq 433 vh rewlhqh grv
5 5
7.
wxerv fx|d vxpd gh orv yroxphqhv hv or pqlpr srvleoh gh rewhqhu1
Frpr qr vh rewxyr rwur sxqwr fuwlfr yld od ghulydgd/ ho r orv p{lprv ghehq hqfrqwuduvh hq od iurqwhud
gho lqwhuydor ^3> 433`1
d, Vl kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr { @ 4331
833+433,5 8+43,9
Y +433, @ @

e, Vl vor kdfhprv xq wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd { @ 3
833+433,5 8+43,9
Y +3, @ @
7 7
Frpr ? 7 vh wlhqh txh fxdqgr vor kdfhprv xq wxer floqgulfr rewhqhprv p{lpr yroxphq1
Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud xqd yh} pv txh orv h{wuhprv vh exvfdq qr wdq vor grqgh od ghulydgd vh
dqxod/ vlqr txh wdpelq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor fhuudgr grqgh od ixqflq hvw ghqlgd1
Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=
Vhd i xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr43 ^d> e` | vxsrqjdprv txh hv ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ =
gi g5 i
Vl 5 `d> e^ hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i +l1h1/ vx ghulydgd vh dqxod/ +, @ 3 , | +, h{lvwh vh wlhqh
g{ g{5
g i
grv srvlelolgdghv ghshqglhqgr gho vljqr gh +,
5
g{5
g i
410 Vl +, A 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq pqlpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +,
5
g{5
g i
510 Vl +, ? 3 vh frqfox|h txh hq kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ hvwh hv i +,
5
g{5
g5 i
Frpr sxhghv qrwdu vl +, @ 3> qr vh glfh qdgd/ srgud rfxuulu fxdotxlhu frvd frpr vh sxhghq yhu
g{5
hq odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ {6 hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr fhufd gho fhur qr wlhqh p{lpr ql pqlpr hq fhur/
i+{, @ {7 > wlhqh xq pqlpr hq fhur |
i+{, @ 5{7 wlhqh xqd p{lpr hq fhur
Revhuydflq= Hvwr gh srqhu xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr hv vor sdud jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh ydoruhv h{0
wuhprv/ shur ho whvw hv dsolfdeoh hq rwurv fdvrv |d txh vh gheh fxpsolu odv klswhvlv hq xqd yhflqgdg gho
sxqwr fuwlfr1
Uhfxhugh txh wdpelhq sxhgh kdehu p{lpr r pqlprv hq oxjduhv txh od ixqflq qr hv ghulydeoh/ dvl
phqrv vhu grv yhfhv ghulydeoh | hq hvh fdvr vor qrv txhgd ho whvw gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
43 Sru or wdqwr |d vdehprv txh hood wlhqh p{lpr | plqlpr
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 69<
81:15 Oplwh Lqqlwr

Frpr xq hohphqwr pv txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlq hvwxglduhprv orv vljxlhqwhv wlsrv
gh oplwhv
4, olp{$4 i +{, 5, olp{$4 i +{,
6, olp{$d i+{, @ 4 7, olp{$d i +{, @ 4
Od ud}q gh hvwxgldu dsduwh hvwh wlsr gh oplwhv hq irupd vhsdudgd d orv rwurv vh gheh do khfkr txh .4
| 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr wlhqhq vhqwlgr odv h{suhvlrqhv 4. 4/ .4 4 | hq jhqhudo
rshudflrqhv txh hvwdq ghqlgd hqwuh qphurv uhdohv1 Sru or dqwhulru qr srghprv kdeodu gh yhflqgdg 4
frpr vh ghql dqwhulruphqwh |d txh gh khfkr qr kd| vxefrqmxqwrv gh U txh frqwhqjd d lqqlwr/ shur
sdud dpsoldu qxhvwud ghqlflq gh oplwhv d hvwh fdvr/ gdprv od ghqlflq vljxlhqwh1
Ghqlflq 8168 =
41 Wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd `Q> 4^> Q 5 U hv xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ xqd yhflqgdg gh 4
hv fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd ` 4> P ^> P 5 U
51 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1
Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr YQ wdo txh
i +YQ , YO> %
Lqwurgxflhqgr od qrwdflq dqwhulru/ qdwxudo gh hvwh fdvr/ h lqglfdqgr or txh vljqlfd odv yhflqgdghv
whqhprv
olp i+{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { A Q , mi +{, Om ? %,
{$4
61 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d phqrv lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1
Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwr/ Y4>P / wdo txh
i+Y4>P , YO> %
Ghqlflq 8169 Hv dv txh

olp i +{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { ? P , mi+{, Om ? %,
{$4
Hmhpsor 793 Vl i+{, @ {4 vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i+{, @ 31
Hvwd dupdflq hv yolgd sru od surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd sxhvwr txh
4
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+ ? %,=
Q
Gh hvwd irupd/ vl { A Q vh wlhqh {4 ? Q4 ? %/ oxhjr
4
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q , ? %,
{
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 Q,+{ A Q , mi +{, 3m ? %,
Hmhpsor 794 Vl i+{, @ {4n > n 4/ vh wlhqh txh olp{$4 i +{, @ 31
Ghprvwudflq= Sdud { 5 ^4> 4^ vh wlhqh txh 3 ? {4n ? {4 1

Frpr olp{$4 3 @ 3> olp{$4 {4 @ 3/ vh wlhqh/ phgldqwh ho whruhpd gh dfrwdplhqwr +txh hv yolgr
wdpelq dtx, olp{$4 {4n @ 3
Hmhpsor 795 Hq jhqhudo/ sdud 5 U vh wlhqh

olp @ 3 vl n A 3
{$4 {n
Revhuydflrqhv Lpsruwdqwhv
4, Wrgd ho dojheud gh oplwhv vh fxpsoh hq hvwh wlsr gh o plwhv
5, Ho Whruhpd gh vxvwlwxflq wdpelq
6, Vhdq s+{, @ d3 .d4 {. .dq {q > t+{, @ e3 .e4 {. .eo {o srolqrplr gh judgr q | o uhvshfwlydphqwh
hqwrqfhv dq
s+{, eq q @ o
olp @
{$4 t+{, 3 q?o
Ghprvwudflq= Fdvr +4, vxsrqjdprv txh q @ o1
s+{, d3 . d4 { . . dq {q 4@{q
olp @ olp
{$4 t+{, {$4 e3 . e4 { . . eq {q 4@{q
d3 . d4 . . d
@ olp {e3
q {q4 q
=
{$4 q . qe44 . . eq
{ {
Sru hmhpsor dqwhulru vh wlhqh txh orv q sulphurv oplwhv gho qxphudgru | orv q sulphurv oplwhv gho
ghqrplqdgru vrq qxorv/ dv
s+{, dq
olp @
{$4 t+{, eq
Fdvr+5, q ? o
s+{, d3 . d4 { . . dq {q 4@{o
olp @ olp
{$4 t+{, {$4 e3 . e4 { . . eo {o 4@{o
d3 . d4 . . dq
o4 {oq
@ olp { e3 { e4
o
{$4 o . o4 . . eo
{ {
3.3..3
@ @3
3 . 3 . . eo
Hmhpsor 796 Fdofxohprv

6{5 . 8{6 . :{ . 5
olp
{$4 7{5 . 9{ . 48{6 . <
Vroxflq= 4@6
Hmhpsor 797 Fdofxodu s

6 ;{9 . :{5 . 5
olp
{$4 8{5 . 9{ . :
Vroxflq=
s
6 ;{9 . :{5 . 5
s6 {9 {5
5
; .: .5
olp @ olp {
{$4 8{5 . 9{ . : {$4{5 .9{.:
5
8
t {
6 ; {9 . : {5 . 5
{9 {9 {9
@ olp
{$4 8 . { . {:
9
s6;.3.3 5
@ @
8.3.3 8
Hmhpsor 798 Fdofxohprv
frv {6
olp
{$4 {6
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:4
Frpr frv {6 hv dfrwdgd hqwuh 4 | 4 vh wlhqh txh
4 frv {6 4
6
{6 {6 {
| frpr dghpv olp{$4 {46 @ 3 xvdqgr dfrwdplhqwr vh rewlhqh
frv {6
olp @3
{$4 {6
Hmhpsor 799 Xq pdwhuldo udglr dfwlyr hq ho wlhpsr w wlhqh xqd pdvd p+w, @ nhw grqgh n> 5 U. 1
Pxhvwuh txh od pdvd wlhqgh d ghvdsduhfhu fxdqgr w $ 4
Vroxflq= olpw$4 nhw @ olpw$4 hnw shur frpr
hw 4 . w 3> ;w 5 U.
Dv/
n n
3 olp w olp @3
w$4 h w$4 4 . w
81:16 Dvqwrwdv
Dvlqwrwdv Krul}rqwdohv
Vhd i ghqlgd hq U. | frq olp{$4 i +{, @ O1
Frpr olp{$4 i +{, @ O vh wlhqh txh sdud wrgr % A 3/ h{lvwh Q 5 Q wdo txh vl
{ A Q> mi+{, Om ? %/ shur hvwr owlpr hv htxlydohqwhphqwh d O % ? i+{, ? O . %/ ;{ A Q 1
Wrpdprv od uhfwd | @ O/ uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vh wlhqh txh d phglgd txh { vh dfhufd do lqqlwr i vh dfhufd
d hvwd uhfwd frpr od jxud1
Dvqwrwd Krul}rqwdo
Hq ho fdvr gh olp{$4 i+{, @ O rfxuuh or plvpr sdud ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv hq grplqlr txh frqwhqjd
lqwhuydor gh od irupd ` 4> Q `/ |d txh
+; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+{ ? Q , mi+{, Om ? %, +,

+; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+{ ? Q , O % ? i+{, ? O . %,
Hq od jxud vljxlhqwh vh loxvwud hvwd vlwxdflq
Dvqwrwd Krul}rqwdo
Ghqlflq 816: Vhd i = D U $ U ixqflq wdo txh D frqwlhqh xq lqwhuydor gho wlsr `Q> 4^1 Gluhprv
txh od uhfwd | @ O hv xqd dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv gh i vl
olp i +{, @ O r elhq olp i+{, @ O

{$4 {$4
Hmhpsor 79: Fdofxoh odv dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo gh
:{5 . 8{
i +{, @
7{5 . 5{ 7
Frpr olp{$4 i+{, @ :7 > | @ :7 > hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo1

Frpr olp{$4 i+{, @ :7 > | @ :7 vh rewlhqh od plvpd dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv1
Hmhpsor 79; Fdofxoh odv dvqwrwdv krul}rqwdohv gh

s
8 5{5 . 7
i +{, @
{.6
Vroxflq= t
8 4 . {75 s
8 5.3 s
olp i +{, @ olp @ @8 5
{$4 {$4 { .6
{ 4.3
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:6
s
oxhjr | @ 8 5 hv xqd dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo1
t
8 4 . {75 s
8 5 . 3 s
olp i+{, @ olp @ @ 8 5
{$4 {$4 { .6
{ 4.3
s
+Uhfxhugh txh {5 @ m{m,1
s
Sru or wdqwr | @ 8 5 hv rwud dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo1
Dkrud hvwxglduhprv oplwhv txh ydq d lqqlwr/ frpr hv ho fdvr gh
4 4
olp r olp
{$3 m{m {$< m{ <m
Ghqlflq 816;
4, Gluhprv txh ho oplwhv gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s hv lqqlwrv +| or ghqrwdprv sru olp{$s i+{, @ 4,
vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ Y4>Q / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh
i +Ys> , Y4> %
Kdflhqgr od wudgxfflq gh odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv
olp i +{, @ 4 +, +;Q,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , i +{, A Q,

{$s
Hq irupd dqdorjdphqwh vh wlhqh
5, Gluhprv txh ho oplwhv gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d s hv phqrv lqqlwrv +| or ghqrwdprv sru olp{$s i+{, @
4, vl sdud wrgd yhflqgdg gh phqrv lqqlwrv Y4>Q h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys> wdo txh
i +Ys> , Y4> %
Kdflhqgr od wudgxfflq gh odv yhflqgdghv whqhprv
olp i +{, @ 4 +, +;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpi , i+{, ? Q ,

{$s
Hmhpsor 79< Ghprvwuhprv txh
4
olp @4
{$3 m{m
Vhd Q 5 U. / hqwrqfhv sru surslhgdg Dutxlphgldqd whqhprv h{lvwh P 5 Q wdo txh Q ? P 1

Vhd @ P
4
/ oxhjr vl
4 4
3 ? m{m ? , Q ? P @ ? @ i +{,
m{m
hv ghflu/
+;Q ,+< A 3,+3 ? m{ 3m ? , Q ? i +{,,
Hmhpsor 7:3 Fdofxohprv

4
olp
{$< m{ <m
Vroxflq= Vhd x @ { </ dv vl { $ < vh wlhqh txh x $ 3 sru or wdqwr
4 4
olp @ olp
{$< m{ <m x$3 mxm
Hvwh owlpr oplwh hv 4 sru hmhpsor dqwhulru
Revhuydflq= Uhfxhugh vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv m{mn ? m{m> ;n 41 Gh hvwd irupd vl m{m ? 4 hqwrqfhv
m{m ? m{mn 1
4 4
Hmhpsor 7:4 Fdofxoh
l, olp{$3 m{4mn > n 4 ll, olp{$3 m{4smn > n 4

lll, olp{$3 {4n > n lpsdu ly, olp{$3 +{4s,n > n lpsdu 4
Vroxflq=
l, olp{$3 m{4m @ 4 | frpr m{4m m{4mn vl m{m ? 4 | n 4/ vh wlhqh
4
olp @4
{$3 m{mn
ll, Wrpdqgr x @ { d/ vh wlhqh

4 4
olp @ olp
{$s m{ smn x$3 mxmn
lll, Gdgr Q 5 U > Q 5 U. h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh

4
3 9@ m{m ? , AQ
m{m
Dv
4
? { ? 3 , AQ
{
Sru or wdqwr
Gdgr Q 5 U > < A 3 wdo txh ? { ? 3 , {4 ? Q / hv ghflu/
4
olp @ 4
{$3 {
Frpr {4n ? {4 vl 4 ? { ? 3/ n lpsdu/ vh wlhqh
4
olp n @ 4
{$3 {
ly,
4 4
olp @ olp @ 4
{$s +{ s,n x$3 xn
Frpr 4 / 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ qr vh sxhgh xwlol}du ho dojheud gh oplwhv |d txh qr wlhqh
vhqwlgr h{suhvlrqhv gho wlsr 6 . 4/ 4 4/ 7 41
Ho vljxlhqwh whruhpd qrv d|xgdu d fdofxodu dojxqrv oplwhv1
Whruhpd 816< Vl olp{$s i +{, @ 4 | olp{$s j+{, @ > 5 U vh wlhqh
41 olp{$s +i . j,+{, @ 4
51 Sdud A 3
i
olp +ij,+{, @ 4 olp +{, @ 4
{$s {$s j
61 Sdud ? 3
i
olp +i j,+{, @ 4 olp +{, @ 4
{$s {$s j
71 olp{$s ij +{, @ 3
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6:8
Ghprvwudflq= +7, Vhd srvlwlyr/ frpr olp{$s j+{, @

+; % A 3,+< j A 3,+3 ? m{ sm ? a { 5 Grpj , % ? j+{, ? . %,
Sru rwur odgr/ frpr olp{$s i +{, @ 4/ sdud wrgr Qi 5 U. h{lvwh i wdo txh
4 4
3 ? m{ sm ? i a { 5 Grpi , i +{, A Qi + oxhjr A =,
Qi i +{,
Vhd @ plqi j > i j hqwrqfhv
j+{, . %
;{ 5 Grpj@i a 3 ? m{ sm ? ,
i +{, Qi
Dv/ wrpdqgr Qi vxflhqwhphqwh judqgh vh rewlhqh or uhtxhulgr1 Hv dqdorjdod ghprvwudflq sdud ho
fdvr ? 31
Revhuydflq= Ho whruhpd dqwhulru vljxh vlhqgr yolgr sdud oplwhv odwhudohv1
Hmhpsor 7:5 Fdofxohprv
{5 . 7
olp 5
{$5 m{ 7m
Vroxflq= olp{$5 m{ @ 4 | olp{$5 m{{.5 m @ 51 Sru whruhpd dqwhulru sduwh +5, whqhprv
5 .7
5m
4
{5 . 7
olp @4
m{5 7m
Dvqwrwdv Yhuwlfdohv
Ghqlflq 8173 Vhd i ghqlgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s vdoyr hq s1 Gluhprv txh i wlhqh frpr dvqwrwd
yhuwlfdo d od uhfwd s vl
olp i +{, @ 4 r olp i +{, @ 4
{$s. {$s.
olp i +{, @ 4 r olp i +{, @ 4
{$s {$s
yhu jxud
Hmhpsor 7:6 Vhd i +{, @ +{8{5,+.8

5
{.7,
Frpr olp{$5. i +{, @ 4/ olp{$5 i +{, @ 4/ olp{$7 i +{, @ 4 |
olp{$7. i+{, @ 4/ vh wlhqh txh odv uhfwdv { @ 5 | { @ 7 vrq dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv1 Sru rwud sduwh/ frpr
olp{$4 i +{, @ 8 | olp{$4 i+{, @ 8 vh frqfox|h txh i+{, wlhqh frpr dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo d od uhfwd | @ 81
81:17 Rwudv dvqwrwdv

Ghqlflq 8174 Vhd i frq grplqlr txh frqwhqjd d xq lqwhuydor gho wlsr `q> 4^ r ` 4> Q ^1 Gluhprv txh
od uhfwd | @ d{ . e hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd gh i vl
olp mi +{, d{ em @ 3 r> olp mi+{, d{ em @ 3

{$4 {$4
Dvlqwrwdv Reolfxdv
Hmhpsor 7:7 Vhd i +{, @ 6{

{7 / pxhvwuh txh | @ 6{ . 5 hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd
5 43{.:
Vroxflq=
6{5 43{ . :
olp mi +{, 6{ 5m @ olp m 6{ 5m
{$4 {$4 {7
6{5 43{ . : 6{5 . 45{ 5{ . ;
@ olp m m
{$4 {7
48
@ olp m m@3
{$4 { 7
Hmhpsor 7:8 Vhd i +{, @ 6{ . 8 . 7h{ Ghwhuplqh wrgdv odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv
Vroxflq= mi +{, d{ em @ m6{ . 8 . 7h{ d{ em1 Vl d @ 6 | e @ 8 whqhprv txh
olp mi+{, 6{ 8m @ olp m7h{ m @ 3=

{$4 {$4
Sdud srghu frpsuredu txh qr kd| pv dvqwrwdv qhfhvlwdprv od vljxlhqwh sursrvlflq
Sursrvlflq 8175 Vhd i xqd ixqflq wdo txh ho grplqlr gh i frqwlhqh d xq frqmxqwr gho wlsr `Q> 4^ r
` 4> Q^ hqwrqfhv
Od uhfwd | @ d{ . e hv xqd dvqwrwd gh i vl | vor vl
i +{,
olp @ d | olp i+{, d{ @ e
{$ 4 { {$ 4
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG 6::
Hmhpsor 7:9 Vhd i +{, @ 8{ :{{.5.vhq { / Pxhvwuh txh | @ 8{ 5 hv xqd dvqwrwdv reolfxd1
5
4
Vroxflq= mi+{, +8{ 5,m @ m vhq
{4 m1 vhq {
{
Frpr olp{$4 m {4 m @ 3 | olp{$4 m +{4, m @ 3 vh wlhqh txh | @ 8{ 5 hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd
vhq {
Hmhpsor 7:: Pxhvwuh txh odv dvqwrwdv gh od klsuerodv |e5 {d5 @ 4 vrq | @ de { / | @ de {1
5 5
Vroxflq= Xqd gh odv ixqflrqhv gh od klsuerod fruuhvsrqgh d ho dod vxshulru

u
{5
| @e 4. 5
d
u
e {5 e
m| {m @ me 4 . 5 {m
d d d
u
{5 {
@ em 4 . 5 m
d d
5 5
4 . {d5 {d5
@ et
m 4 . {d5 . {d m
5
e
@ t
m 4 . {d5 . {d m
5
Frpr olp{$4 m| de {m @ 3 vh wlhqh txh | @ de { hv xqd dvqwrwd reolfxd1

Ho oplwh fxdqgr { $ 4 qrv g od plvpd dv qwrwd
Od rwud ixqflq +dod lqihulru, qrv g od rwud dvqwrwd/ |d txh hq hvwh fdvr
u
{5
| @ e 4 . 5
d
u
e {5 e
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61 Od Sduerod
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71 Od Holsvh
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{5 |5
5 @ 4 |
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E1514 Wudvodflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv
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ud} srvlwlyd gh od hfxdflq
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qdgdv sroduhv1
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hfxdflq hv
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E1614 Glvwdqfld
Od glvwdqfld hqwuh orv qphurv uhdohv d | e od khprv fdofxodgr xvdqgr ydoru devroxwr1
md em @ glvwdqfld hqwuh d | e
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vljxh s
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gh od jxud ghuhfkd/ |d txh reyldphqwh od glvwdqfld hqwuh S4 | S5 fruuhvsrqgh d od klsrwhqxvd gh hvwh
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r htxlydohqwhphqwh
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s s
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s
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s
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DG @ EH
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E171 FQLFDV 6<8
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f
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E1715 Sduerod
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E171 FQLFDV 6<:
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s s
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frq d | e frqvwdqwhv srvlwlydv wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq xqd holsvh/ frq fhqwur hq ho sxqwr +k> n,/ frq
yuwlfhv Y4>5 @ +k d> n, Y6>7 @ +k> n e,
Ghshqglhqgr gh fxohv gh orv grv hv pd|ru hqwuh d | e vh wlhqh fxdo hv ho yuwlfh sulqflsdo | hvwr
hv lpsruwdqwh |d s txh orv irfrv hvwq hqwuh orv yuwlfhv sulqflsdo1 Dv/ vl d A e orv irfrv wlhqhq
s frpr
frrughqdgdv +k d5 e5 > n,/ | vl e A d hqwrqfhv orv irfrv wlhqhq frpr frrughqdgdv +k> n e5 d5 ,
Sru ho vljqlfdgr gh d | e qrv gdprv fxhqwd txh ghshqglhqgr gh od glihuhqfld hqwuh hoorv ghshqghu od
pd|ru r phqru uhgrqgh} gh od holsvh1 Hvwr qrv oohyd d od vljxlhqwh ghqlflq
H{fhqwulflgdg1 Xvdqgr od qrwdflq | vljqlfdgr gh orv wuplqrv gh od hfxdflq E19 vh ghqh od
h{fhqwulflgdg+h, gh xqd holsvh sru s
md5 e5 m
h@
pd{id> ej
6<; DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUD DQDOWLFD
Srghprv qrwdu txh vl d @ e/ h @ 3 | E19 uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld1

Od sulphud oh| gh Nhsohu dupd= Od uelwd gh fdgd sodqhwd hq ho vlvwhpd vrodu hv xqd holsvh frq ho
vro hq xqr gh orv irfrv1%
Od h{fhqwulflgdg sdud od uelwd gh od wlhuud hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3> 34: | sdud ho frphwd Kdooh| 3> <9:>
hv ghflu od uelwd gh od wlhuud hv pv uhgrqgd% txh od gho frphwd1
Ho frphwd Kdooh| wlhqh xq shurgr gh :9> 5 drv +hv ghflu/ vh ghprud hvh wlhpsr hq uhfruuhu od holsvh
txh irupd vx uelwd,1 Od glvwdqfld pqlpd gho frphwd do vro hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh 3> 8;:XD +xqlgdghv
dvwurqplfdv5 ,/ hvwr fruuhvsrqgh d od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho irfr | ho yuwlfh sulflsdo uhvshfwlyr/ hv ghflu/
d s 3> 8;:
frpr h @ ds 3> <9:
s 3> <9:d 3> <9:+s . 3> 8;:,

s 3> <9:s . 3> 89;
Sru or wdqwr s 33>>89;

366
4:> 51 Dvod glvwdqfld p{lpd gho frphwd do vro hv
d . s 4:> ; . 4:> 5 68XD
or txh ixh srvleoh ghwhuplqdu frqrflhqgr od glvwdqfld pqlpd | od h{fhqwulflgdg gh vx uelwd
E1717 Klsuerod
Vhdq I4 I5 grv sxqwrv gh U5
Xqd klsuerod K hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv sxqwrv +{> |, gho sodqr wdohv txh od glihuhqfld gh vxv
glvwdqfld d orv sxqwrv mrv I4 | I5 / oodpdgrv irfrv/ hv xqd frqvwdqwh%1 Gh hvwd irupd
K @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = mg+I4 > +{> |,, g+I5 > +{> |,,m @ frqvwdqwhj
Sdud hqfrqwudu odv irupdv pv vlpsoh gh od hfxdflq gh xqd klsuerod wrphprv irfrv I4 @ +s> 3,> I5 @
+s> 3, | od frqvwdqwh ljxdo d 5d +fodudphqwh d ? s,1 Dvod hfxdflq gh hvwd klsuerod hvw gdgd sru
mg++{> |,> I4 , g++{> |,> I5 ,m @ 5d

s s
m +{ s,5 . +| 3,5 +{ . s,5 . +| 3,5 @ 5d
holplqdqgr odv udfhv vh sxhgh oohjd d od h{suhvlq
{5 |5
5 @4
d5
s d5
Ghqrwdqgr e5 @ s5 d5 vh wlhqh
{5 | 5
5 @4 +E1:,
d5 e
Sru orv wuplqrv fxdguwlfrv srghprv qrwdu txh od klsuerod hv vlpwulfd frq uhvshfwr d dperv hmhv>
orv sxqwrv Y4 @ +d> 3, | Y5 @ +d> 3, vrq orv yuwlfhv gh od klsuerod/ ho ydoru e txh vdwlvidfh
s5 @ d5 . e5
qrv vluyh sdud fdofxodu odv dvqwrwdv gh od klsuerod | @ de { +jxud 0d,1

Od klsuerod
| 5 {5
5 @4
e5 d
5 XD ' bf fff fff
= = N p1
E171 FQLFDV 6<<
s
wlhqh vxv irfrv
s | vxv yuwlfhv hq ho hmh R\ +jxud 0e, +Y4 @ +3> e,/ Y5 @ +3> e,/ I4 @ +3> e5 . d5 ,/
I5 @ +3> e5 . d5 ,,1
Iljxud
Od s
klsuerod gdgd hq E1:swlhqh vxv yuwlfhv | irfrv hq ho hmh R[ vlhqgr hvwrv Y4 @ +d> 3,/ Y5 @ +d> 3,/
I4 @ + e5 . d5 > 3,/ I5 @ + e5 . d5 > 3,
Od hfxdflq
+{ k,5 +| n,5
@4
d5 e5
wlhqh frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd xqd klsuerod frq=
Fhqwur +k> n, / yuwlfh | irfrv hq hmh R[ +|d txh od srwhqfld fxdguwlfd gh | hv qhjdwlyd,
Yuwlfhv= Y4 @ +k . d>s n,> Y5 @ +k d> n, s

Irfrv= I4 @ +k . d5 . e5 > n,> I5 @ +k d5 . e5 > n,
Hfxdflrqhv gh dvqwrwdv= | ns@ de +{ k, | n @ de +{ k,
H{fhqwulflgdg= h @ d d.e
5 5
Hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv= { k @ dh { k @ dh
Od hfxdflq
+| n,5 +{ k,5
@4
e5 d5
wlhqh wdpelq frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd xqd klsuerod shur hq hvwh fdvr ho hmh txh frqwlhqh orv yuwlfhv
| irfrv hv ho hmh R\ 1
Yuwlfhv= s Y5 @ +k> n e,
Y4 @ +k> n . e,> s
Irfrv= I4 @ +k> n . d5 . e5 ,> I5 @ +k> n d5 . e5 ,
Hfxdflrqhv gh dvqwrwdv= | ns@ de +{ k, | n @ de +{ k,
H{fhqwulflgdg= h @ d e.e
5 5
Hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv= { k @ he { k @ he
E1718 Hfxdflrqhv Fxdguwlfdv | Fqlfdv

Xqd hfxdflq fxdguwlfd gho wlsr
d{5 . e| 5 . 5j{ . 5i| . 5k{| . f @ 3 +E1;,

733 DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUD DQDOWLFD
frq d> e> f> k> i> j frqvwdqwh +uhdohv,/ wlhqh glvwlqwdv uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv jufdv/ ghshqglhqgr gh orv ydoruhv gh
odv frqvwdqwhv1
Vl d @ e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd uhfwd
Vl e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd sduerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R\
Vl d @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd sduerod frq hmh sdudohor do hmh R[
Vl d @ e | k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; srgud vhu xqd flufxqihuhqfld ghshqglhqgr gho ydoru f1
Vl vljqr gh d 9@ vljqr gh e | k @ 3 E1; vhud xqd klsuerod
Vl vljqr gh d @ vljqr gh e | k @ 3 E1; vhud xqd holsvh1
Sdud whqhu pv lqirupdflq +wdohv frpr frrughqdgdv gh yuwlfhv/ irfrv/ fhqwur / hfxdflrqhv gh dvqwrwdv
| hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv,/ hv qhfhvdulr oohydu E1; d xqd gh odv h{suhvlrqhv gdgdv dqwhulrphqwh | @ {5 /
{ @ | 5 / {d5 . |e5 @ 4/ {5 . |5 @ u5 / {e5 |e5 @ 4/ |e5 {d5 @ 4 r vlpsohphqwh d d{ . e| @ f txh uhsuhvhqwdq
5 5 5 5 5 5
d sduerod/ holsvh/ flufxqihuhqfld/ klsuerod r vlpsohphqwh od uhfwd1

Ho wuplqr pl{wr k{| hq od hfxdflq fxdguwlfd E1; lqglfd xqd urwdflq gh hmhv/ dvtxh sdud srghu
lghqwlfdu od fqlfd od hfxdflq E1; gheh vxiulu sulphudphqwh xq fdpelr gh frrughqdgdv sdud oohydu od
hfxdflq E1; d xqd hfxdflq E1;3 grqgh qr dsduh}fd ho wuplqr pl{wr fxdguwlfr {|1
Whqlhqgr xqd hfxdflq E1;3 hv ghflu/ k3 @ 3/ sdud vdehu tx fqlfd wlhqh frpr jufd edvwd frpsohwdu
fxdgudgrv1
Hmhpsor 7<; Yhdprv tx jufd wlhqh sru hfxdflq
74{5 . 67| 5 57{| 58 @ 3 +E1<,
Vroxflq= Frpr sdud holplqdu ho wuplqr {| gh od hfxdflq D{5 . E{| . F|5 . G{ . H| . I @ 3 +sru
vxsxhvwr txh E 9@ 3, edvwd wrpdu xqd urwdflq hq xq qjxor wdo txh
DF
fwj+5, @
E
vh wlhqh hq hvwh fdvr txh hv wdo txh
vhq @ 7@8 | frv @ 6@8
Dvho qxhyr vlvwhpd RX Y hvwd gdgr sru
6 7 7 6
{@ x y | @ x. y
8 8 8 8
txh do vhu vxvwlwxlgr hq od hfxdflq E1< qrv txhgd
x5 . 5y5 @ 4
r htxlydohqwhphqwh
x5 y5
. s @4
4 +4@ 5,5
Dv/ qxhvwud hfxdflq wlhqh frpr uhsuhqwdflq jufd xqd holsvh frq yuwlfh vhfxqgduld Y6 @ +3> s45 ,/
Y7 @ +3> s45 ,/ fhqwur +3> 3, | yuwlfhv pd|ruhv Y4 @ +4> 3,/ Y5 @ +4> 3, hq orv hmhv x y +jxud,
E171 FQLFDV 734
Holsvh urwdgd
733 DSSHQGL[ E1 JHRPHWUD DQDOWLFD
Dsshqgl{ F
Ixqflrqhv Uhdohv gh Grv Yduldeohv
Ghqlflq F14 Oodpduhprv hvsdflr hxfolgldqr q0glphqvlrqdo do frqmxqwr Uq gh wrgrv orv duuhjorv
rughqdgrv +q0xsodv, +{4 > {5 > {6 > > {q , gh qphurv uhdohv1
Xq hohphqwr +{4 > {5 > {6 > > {q , 5 Uq vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr hq Uq 1

Vh wlhqh txh +{4 > {5 > > {q , @ +|4 > |5 > > |q , vl | vor vl {4 @ |4 > {5 @ |5 > > {q @ |q
Uq @ i+{4 > {5 > > {q , = {l 5 U> l @ 4 qj

Orv hvsdflrv U> U5 > U6 vh lghqwlfdq hq irupd qdwxudo frq od uhfwd/ ho sodqr | ho hvsdflr uhvshfwlydphqwh
+yhu jxud txh vljxh,1
Ghqlflq F15 Xqd ixqflq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv frq grplqlr D/ i = D U5 $ U hv xqd fruuhvsrq0
ghqfld wdo txh sdud fdgd sdu +{> |, hq D U5 h{lvwh xq qlfr hohphqwr } 5 U wdo txh } @ i+{> |,1
Qrwdflq= Hq irupd dqorjd/ vh ghqh ixqflq uhdo gh q0yduldeohv
i = D $ U
frq D Uq
Revhuydflq=
41 Qrwhprv txh xqd ixqflq uhdo wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd ho frqmxqwr +r xq vxefrqmxqwr, gh orv
qphurv uhdohv U1 Gluhprv txh xqd ixqflq hv xqd ixqflq frpsohmd vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho
frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv frpsohmrv F r xq vxefrqmxqwr gh o/ | d xqd ixqflq od oodpduhprv ixqflq
yhfwruldo vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho hvsdflr Up / frq p A 41
734
735 DSSHQGL[ F1 IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV
51 Ho grplqlr Dgh xqd ixqflq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv
i = D $ U
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 / hv ghflu/ hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gho sodqr1 Sru rwud sduwh od jufd gh od ixqflq
itxh vh ghqh frpr
Judii @ i+x> i +x,, = x 5 D U5 j

@ i+{> |> i +{> |,, = +{> |, 5 D U5 j
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U6
Dv/ od jufd gh i hvw hq ho hvsdflr wulglphqvlrqdo | vh ghqrplqd Vxshuflh/ d glihuhqfld gh xqd
ixqflq uhdo gh xqd yduldeoh fx|d jufd hvw hq U5 | vh ghqrplqd fxuyd hq ho sodqr1
61 Do ljxdo txh sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vl } @ i +{> |, uhsuhvhqwd xqd ixqflq uhdo gh
grv yduldeohv/ hqwrqfhv vxehqwhqghprv txh ho grplqlr gh i hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 sdud ho fxdo od
h{suhvlq i +{> |, shuwhqhfh d U1
Hmhpsor 7<< Ghwhuplqhprv | judtxhprv ho grplqlr gh od vljxlhqwh ixqflq uhdo

s
i+{> |, @ 4 {5 | 5 =
s
i vhu ixqflq vl od h{suhvlq 4 {5 | 5 hvw ghqlgd hq U> oxhjr 4 {5 |5 3 gh grqgh
Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 4j
fx|d uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd hv ho fufxor xqlwdulr +jxud ,
Iljxud
Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh odv lpjhqhv gh hvwd ixqflq shuwhqhfhq do frqmxqwr oodpdgr Uhfruulgr
gh i/ ho fxdo hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U
736
Ho uhfruulgr hvw irupdgr sru orv ydoruhv uhdohv txh wrpd } @ i +{> |, frq +{> |, 5 Grpi/ hv ghflu/
Uhfi @ ii+{> |, 5 U = +{> |, 5 Grpi j

s
Dvsru hmhpsor> vl } @ 4 {5 |5
hqwrqfhv } wrpd ydoruhv uhdohv qr qhjdwlyrv/ hv ghflu/ } 31 Dghpv/ hohydqgr do fxdgudgr whqhprv
} 5 @ 4 {5 | 5
{5 . | 5 @ 4 } 5
shur {5 . | 5 3/ oxhjr 4 } 5 3 | } 31
Sru or wdqwr
3}4
Dv/
Uhfi @ ii +{> |, = +{> |, 5 Grpi j @ ^3> 4`
Qr vlhpsuh hv iflo ghwhuplqdu ho uhfruulgr gh xqd ixqflq gh grv r pv yduldeohv | hq od pd|rud gh orv
fdvrv/ ghvsxv gh kdehu judfdgr od ixqflq hq U6 / vh revhuyd sdud tx ydoruhv gh } h{lvwhq suhlpdjhq+hv,
+hvwr hv sur|hfwdqgr od jufd gh i vreuh ho hmh },1
Hmhuflflr 833 Ghwhuplqdu | judfdu orv grplqlrv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv1
s
4, i+{> |, @ {{5 8, n+{> |, @ {|
5 | 5
.| 5
5, j+{> |, @ {5 |5
{| 9, o+{> |, @ oq+7 m{ . |m,
s s
6, k+{> |, @ 7 {5 | :, s+{> |, @ s m{m m|m
s +4.7{,+4.9| ,4
7, m+{> |, @ 7{5 . | 5 49 ;, t+{> |, @ 5{.6|
Vroxflq=
41 Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 9@ 3j @ U5 i+3> 3,j
51 Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 | 5 9@ 3j
61 Grpk @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = | 7 {5 j
71 Grpm @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {7 . |49 4j

5 5
81 Grpn @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 3 a | 3, b +{ 3 a | 3,j
@ +^3> 4^ ^3> 4^, ^ +` 4> 3`` 4> 3`,
91 Grpo @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{ . |m ? 7j
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = 7 ? { . | ? 7j
:1 Grps @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{m A m|mj

@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{m ? | ? m{mj
;1 Grpt @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +4 . 7{,+4 . 9|, 3 a 5{ . 6| 9@ 3j

+Yhu odv jufdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv gh odv 9 owlpdv hq odv jxudv txh vljxhq,1
F141 JUILFD GH IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV 738
Hmhuflflr 834 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq
i = D U5 $ U.
+{> |, $ i+{> |, @ m{| 4
{4m
Judtxh Grpi 1
Vroxflq= Od h{suhvlq m{| {4m hvwdu ghqlgd hq U vl { 4 9@ 3/ dghpv i +{> |, 5 U vl m{4m 3/ shur
4 . {|4
m{ 4m 3/ oxhjr {| 4 3 gh grqgh
Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 4 3 a { 9@ 4j
fx|d jufd hvwd do odgr l}txlhugr gh jxud >
Iljxud
Hmhuflflr 835 Frqvlghuh

j = D U5 $ ^4> 4^
+{> |, $ 5{{.5 |
Judtxh Grpj
Vroxflq= Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = { 9@ 3 a 5{{.5 | 5 ^4> 4^j
5{ . | 5{ . |
5 ^4> 4^ +, 4
{5 {5
+, 5{ . | {5
+, {5 5{ |
+, +{ 4,5 | . 4
Sru or wdqwr
Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 4,5 | . 4 a { 9@ 3j
fx|d jufd hvwd do odgr ghuhfkr gh jxud
F14 Jufd gh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv

Lqwhqwhprv dkrud judfdu od vxshuflh s
}@ 4 {5 | 5
Vhd } xqd frqvwdqwh/ hv ghflu mhprv }/ | yhdprv tx suhlpdjhq r suhlpjhqhv oh fruuhvsrqgh1 Hv

ghflu/ vhd } wdo txh f @ }/ grqgh f xqd frqvwdqwh uhdo/ oxhjr/
s
f@ 4 {5 |5 frq f 3
,{ .|5 5
@ 4 f5 > 4 f5 3
hqwrqfhv vl f hv xqd frqvwdqwh +wdo txh 4 f5 3 | f 3,/ od hfxdflq
{5 . |5 @ 4 f5
s
uhsuhvhqwd xqd flufxqihuhqfld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq | udglr 4 f5 +jxud BB0d,1
Sru hmhpsor vl f @ 3 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4
3 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ 4j
s
Vl f @ 4@7 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 7
48
48
4@7 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ j
49
s
Vl f @ 4@5 vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 5
6
6
4@5 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 @ j
7
Vl f @ 4 vh wlhqh ho sxqwr
4 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @ 3j @ i+3> 3,j
s
Hq jhqhudo sdud fdgd f 5 ^3> 4` vh wlhqh od flufxqihuhqfld gh udglr 4 f5
s
f @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 @ + 4 f5 ,5 j
Hvwdv flufxqihuhqfldv vh ghqrplqdq Fxuydv gh qlyho sdud lqglfdu txh do qlyho f +hq ho hmh }, vh
hqfxhqwud od flufxqihuhqfld f +jxud QQ l}txlhugd ,1
Vl } 5 Uhfi @ ^3> 4` hqwrqfhv odv suhlpjhqhv gh } vrq orv +{> |, 5 U5 txh shuwhqhfhq d od flufxqihuhqfld
{5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 grqgh } @ f
Orv sxqwrv gh od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwdq od jufd gh } @ i+{> |, vrq gh od irupd
+{> |> i +{> |,, frq +{> |, 5 Grpi
hv ghflu/
+{> |> f, 5 U6 wdo txh {5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 frq f 5 ^3> 4`
jxud QQ
F151 DOJHEUD GH IXQFLRQHV 73:
Hq od pd|rud gh orv fdvrv/ sdud judfdu od vxshuflh qrv edvwd glexmdu dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv gh Judii 1
dqwhulru qrv edvwd judfdu odv fxuydv gh qlyho +jxud QQ fhqwur, do qlyho f/ sdud rewhqhu
Hq ho hmhpsor s
od judfd gh } @ 4 {5 | 5 +jxud QQ0ghuhfkd,1 s
Revhuydu txh od jufd gh i/ hv ghflu od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwd d } @ 4 {5 | 5 hv od plwdg gh od
hvihud xqlwduld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq1 s
Dqorjdphqwh/ srghprv rewhqhu odv jufdv gh odv vxshuflhv= } @ 7{5 . | 5 oodpdgd frqr hoswlfr |
} @ {5 . | 5 oodpdgr sduderorlgh +jxud I,
I
1
F15 Dojheud gh ixqflrqhv

Do ljxdo txh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vh ghqh ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv +r pv
yduldeohv,
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv wdo txh G @ Grpi _Grpj 9@ !/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwhq ixqflrqhv
i . j> i j> i j frq grplqlr G | od ixqflq i@j frq grplqlr i+{> |, 5 G = j+{> |, 9@ 3j grqgh
4, +i . j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, . j+{> |,

5, +i j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, j+{> |,
6, +i j,+{> |, @ i +{> |, j+{> |,
7, +i @j,+{> |, @ ij++{>|
{>|,
,
s
Hmhpsor 836 Vl i+{> |, @ oq+{ . |, | j+{> |, @ { vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv
Grpi @ i+{> |, = { . | A 3j>

Grpj @ i+{> |, = { 3j
oxhjr G @ Grpi _ Grpj 9@ !/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwh od ixqflq i . j ghqlgd hq G

s
+i . j,+{> |, @ oq+{ . |, . {
Revhuydflq= Pxfkrv gh orv frqfhswrv ghqlgrv sdud ixqflrqhv gh xqd yduldeoh +frpr sru hmhpsor orv
xwlol}dgrv hq ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv,/ wdpelq vh ghqhq sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv r pv yduldeohv/ shur qr hv
srvleoh jhqhudol}du wrgrv hoorv d hvwh wlsr gh ixqflrqhv1 Xqr gh hvwrv hv ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq fuhflhqwh |
ghfuhflhqwh/ ho txh qr vh sxhgh ghqlu sdud ixqflq gh grv yduldeohv/ |d txh U5 qr hv xq frqmxqwr rughqdgr
+qr wlhqh vljqlfdgr/ sru hmhpsor/ od vljxlhqwh h{suhvlq +{> |, ? +{3 > | 3 ,,4 1
4 Hv ghflu/ qr kd| xq vljqlfdgr txh vhd frpsdwleoh frq odv rshudflrqhv gh U2 1
73; DSSHQGL[ F1 IXQFLRQHV UHDOHV GH GRV YDULDEOHV
Sru rwud sduwh/ sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv i | j gh grv yduldeohv qr srghprv ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i
sxhv Uhfj _ Grpi @ !1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl frqvlghudprv odv ixqflrqhv
i = D U5 $ U | j = E U $ U
hqwrqfhv wlhqh vhqwlgr ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i vl Uhfi _ Grpj 9@ !/ grqgh
Grpj i @ i+{> |, 5 Grpi = i+{> |, 5 Grpjj | +j i ,+{> |, @ j+i +{> |,,
Qrwh txh vl sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 Grpi> Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1
Hmhpsor 837 Vhd

i = D U5 $ U j = U $ U
s
+{> |, $ {| { $ {5
hqwrqfhv
D @ Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j
|
Uhfi @ U. Grpj @ U
oxhjr Grp+j i, @ Grpi |
s
+j i,+{> |, @ j+i+{> |,, @ j+ {|, @ {| hq D
Dqorjdphqwh=
Hmhpsor 838 Vhd
j= U5 $ U i = U. $ sU
+{> |, $ +{ d,5 . +| . e,5 { $ {
3
hqwrqfhv s
+i j,+{> |, @ i ++{ d,5 . +| e,5 , @ +{ d,5 . +| e,5 frq +{> |, 5 U5
Vhd V @ i j/ grqgh GrpV @ Grpi j @ Grpj @ U5
Qrwhprv txh od ixqflq s
V+{> |, @ +{ d,5 . +| e,5
uhsuhvhqwd od glvwdqfld gh xq sxqwr fxdotxlhud +{> |, hq ho sodqr d xq sxqwr gdgr +d> e,1
Dsshqgl{ G
Sureohpdv Plvfhoqhrv Sduwh L
L1 Ghwhuplqh fxohv gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
41 +;{> | 5 U,+{ . | 9@ 3 , s
{
s 54 5 ,
{5 .| 5
s
+{.| , { .|
51 +;{ 5 U,+ 7{ @ 5m{m,

5
61 +;{ 5 U,+{5 @ 49 +, { @ 7 b { @ 7,

71 +;{,+;|,+{> | 5 U. ,+ {|
4
{4 ,
81 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv d
e
?4
91 i{ 5 U @ mm
mm
4
{
{
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m4 {mj
:1 +;{ 5 U i3j, +{ ? 43 , 434
? 4,
sd5.e5 {
;1 +;d 5 U i3j,+;e 5 U,+ d 4,
<1 +;d 5 U. ,+;e 5 U. ,+;f 5 U. ,+d e , d ef,
431 +;{> | 5 U i3j, + {5m.
{m
|5
m{m,
441 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +6m{m m|m , s m5{m 5 45 ,
{ .|
451 +;{> | 5 U i3j, +{5 | 5 , mm{|mm 4,

t s s
461 i{ 5 U @ 4 {
{
4j @ i{ 5 U @ { 4 {j
471 Vhdq d> e 5 U1 Vl d ? e hqwrqfhv 4 ? e

d
481 i{ 5 U @ mm
mm
5
{
{
A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m5 {mj
491 +;{ 5 U i3j, +{ : ? 3 , 4: A {4 ,
s 5 5
4:1 +;{ 5 U i3j,+;| 5 U,+ { 4,
{ .|
4;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

{
s ?3
{ {
hv ydfr
4<1 +;{ 5 U, +{5 {7 ,
s
531 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . 6{5 7 @ 3j @ 5
541 Ho qpr gh i{ 5 U@ 5{{.8 A 4j hv 08
551 Ho vxsuhpr gho frqmxqwr D @ i4 4
q
mq 5 Qj hv 31
73<
743 DSSHQGL[ G1 SUREOHPDV PLVFHOQHRV SDUWH L
561 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1

orj8 {
4 hv ^6> 4^
orj8 +4@6,
s
581 5 orj 5 . +4 . 4
, orj 6 orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflq srvlwlyd
591 Vl orjd e @ 6 | orjd f @ 5 hqwrqfhv orjf e5 @ 6 | ef @ d8
5{
5:1 i{ 5 Um 4
A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
5
orj +{,
5;1 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1
s
5<1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5
631 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d5 ,,
641 Od lqhfxdflq
orj4@5 +d{5 . 4, ? orj4@5 +d,
wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr vroxflq wrgrv orv uhdohv vl | vor vl d 5`3> 4^
651 +;e 5 U. i4j, +orje +{, 4 , { e,
661 Vl i hv lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh
s
671 Vhd i+{, @ {5 4 > j+{, @ { . 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
681 +;d 5 U. , +orj+d, ? orj+d6 ,,
691 +;e 5 U. i4j, +orje + {4 , 4 , 4 {e,
6:1 Vl i hv el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv fuhflhqwh r elhq ghfuhflhqwh
s
6;1 Vhd i+{, @ {5 . 4> j+{, @ { 4/ hqwrqfhv ho Grp+i j, @ U
6<1 Ho ydoru pqlpr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ {+{ 6, hv <@7
731 Vhd i = G $ ^6> 4^
{ :$ h{ 4
hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv ^ oq+7,> 4^
s
741 Vhdq i +{, @ 5 { > j+{, @ oq+{5 . <, ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh od ixqflq
j i hv ` 4> 44^1
751 Vl i hv xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
761 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq orj{ +{ . 4@5, ? 4 hv ydfr1
771 Vl i +{, @ oq+{ . 7, | j+{, @ h{ . 6 vrq ixqflrqhv hqwrqfhv +j i ,+{, @ { . : | vx grplqlr hv U
LL1 Frpsohwdflq=

s
{5
3 hv1111111111111111111
m{ 5m m4 {m

s
{5
3 hv 111111111111111
m6 {m m{ 5m
61 Od lqhfxdflq
4 5 5
6 + ,8{.5{ <d{ 5{
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 51111111111111
744

u
4
m{ 4m hv11111111111111
{5 5{ . 4
81 Od lqhfxdflq
8{.5.{5
4 5
6 <d{ 5{
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 511111111111111111111111

m{ 4m6 +m{ 5m,8

A 3 hv 111111111111111
m{5 . 5m
:1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
m{ . 6m
;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

u
4 6
hv 111111111111111111111
{5 9{ . < 7
<1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

u
4
4 hv 1111111111111
{ . 7{ . 7
5
431 Vhdq d 5 U 5 U. ho frqmxqwr i{ 5 U m m{ dm ? j hv ho lqwhuydor 11111111111111111

441 Vl { 5 U. > | 5 111111111111111111 } 5 U hqwrqfhv vh yhulfd
} }

{| {
451 Od sursrvlflq
+ . 4,{5 7{ . + 4, A 3 +;{ 5 U,
hv yhugdghud vl | vor vl 5111111111111111

461 Od sduerod {5 5{d| 5d.| @ 6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vvl d 51111111111111
471 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 7{ . 6| 5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod
d od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
481 Od uhodflq {5 | 5 7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq fhqwur hq 11111111111111
491 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwrv hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7| 5 @ 971
Hqwrqfhv od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflrq gh } hv= 11111111111111111
4:1 Od uhodflq {5 | 5 . 7{ 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111

s
4;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111
s
4<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111
531 Vhd i = G $ ^h5 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:4h ,6{4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
541 Vhd i +{, @ orj +{, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo
txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydfr hv 11111111111111111
s
551 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
561 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq s s
4 4 {5
i +{, @
{5
hv 11111111111111111111
571 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111
5
{ >{ ? 3 { >{ ? 4
581 Vhd i+{, @ | j+{, @ s hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
5{ > { 3 { >{ 4
591 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru
s
{.4 { ?3 {4 4{8
i+{, @ j+{, @
{.5 { 3 { . : {A8
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111

+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111

+f, +j i ,+{, @
5:1 Grv wxehudv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vrod od oohqdud 8 krudv pv gh sulvd
txh od rwud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehu d wdugdud lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 |
1111111111111111 uhvshfwlydphqwh
5;1 Vhd i = `3> 4î4j $ U
{ :$ { 4
.6
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111
4
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 746
5<1 Vhd i = U i4j $ U i4j

{ :$ 4{
{.4
xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111

631 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq
frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ frpr hq od jxud/ hv i+k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv
11111111111111111
641 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{> |, @
oq+4
{.|
{ |,
hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111 fx|d jufd hv 11111111111
G14 Uhvsxhvwdv d orv Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv

Vroxflrqhv gh od vhfflq 41814

4 3 4 3
41 +d, Idovr1 + , +e, Yhugdghur1 + ,
4 4 3 4
4 3 3 3
+f, Idovr1 + , +g, Idovr1 + ,
5 4 3 4
3 3 3 3
+h, Idovr1 + , +i, Idovr1 + ,
3 4 4 4

41 < shuvrqdv1
51 Ho suhflr gho sulphu | gho vhjxqgr yroxphq hv gh ' 6=333 1
61 6 phwurv | 9 phwurv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
71 Ho sulphu vdfr wlhqh ;3 nlorjudprv | ho vhjxqgr 93 nlorjudprv1
81 Ho shglgr vh frpsohwdu hq 5: gdv1
91 4: nlorjudprv gh freuh | : nlorjudprv gh }lqf1
:1 Ho qphur exvfdgr hv 971
;1 Ho qphur exvfdgr hv 571
<1 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu wuhq hv gh 83 np2k | od gho vhjxqgr 73 np2k1
431 54 np1
441 Od yhorflgdg gho flfolvwd hv gh 45 np2k | od gho frfkh 63 np2k1
451 < krudv ghvsxv gh od vdolgd gho wuhq uslgr1
461 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu flfolvwd hv gh 47 np2k/ | od gho vhjxqgr 4; np2k> ho sulphur hvw d 6 krudv
gho hqfxhqwur hq od fduuhwhud/ ho vhjxqgr/ 5 krudv1
471 <
7
olwurv sru plqxwr> 6 olwurv sru plqxwr1
481 Ho sulphu wudedmdgru wdugdu 47 gdv/ ho vhjxqgr 44 gdv hq uhdol}du lqglylgxdophqwh ho wudedmr1
491 Od sulphud ptxlqd shuirud 5 phwurv gh wqho sru gd/ | od vhjxqgd 6
5
phwurv sru gd1
4:1 Od sulphud fxdgulood sxhgh uhdol}du od uhsdudflq frpsohwd hq 43 gdv/ | od vhjxqgd hq 48 gdv1
4;1 Ho sulphu reuhur sxhgh kdfhu o vror ho wudedmr hq 45 krudv> ho vhjxqgr/ hq 57 krudv1
4<1 Od sulphud wxehud oohqd od slvflqd hq 43 krudv> od vhjxqgd/ hq 48 krudv1
531 Od uxhgd pd|ru gd 533 usp | od phqru 933 usp1
541 Ho sulphu prwru frqvxph 93 judprv gh frpexvwleoh sru krud> ho vhjxqgr/ 7; judprv gh frpexvwleoh
sru krud1
551 Od jud gh pd|ru srwhqfld ghprud 57 krudv hq uhdol}du vrod ho wudedmr frpsohwr/ plhqwudv txh od gh
phqru srwhqfld ghprud 69 krudv1
561 Od dowxud hv k 68> 89fp vx udglr u 4<> 4<fp | ho yroxphq hv Y 46=:4 olwurv1

41 S4 +{> |, @ +5> 3, S5 +{> |, @ +3> 5,
51 S4 +{> |> }, @ +5> 5> 5,
61 S4 +{> |, @ +6> 4, S5 +{> |, @ +4> 6,
71 S4 +{> |, @ +7> 6, S5 +{> |, @ +7> 6,
81 S4 +{> |> , @ +3> 4> 4, S5 +{> |> , @ + 67 > 49

:
> 47 ,
s s s s
91 S4 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 , S5 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 ,
s s s s
S6 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 , S7 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 ,
:1 S @ + 46 > 46 > 46 > 4< ,
;1 S @ +7> 7> 7> 4,

s s s s
<1 V @ i+ 6> 6> ,> + 6> 6> , = 5 Uj
431 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + 65 > 5> 8

5
> 4, S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 65 > 5> 85 > 4,
441 S4 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5, S5 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5,
S6 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4, S7 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4,
s s s s
451 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + s 8@6> 8@6>s 8@6>s 8@45,s
S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 8@6> 8@6> 8@6> 8@45,

Or lqglfdgr hqwuh sduqwhvlv +, hv vor xqd d|xgd sdud xqd fruuhfwd mxvwlfdflq
41 +d, I dovr=+{ @ 4> | @ 5,> +e, I dovr=+{ @ 5> | @ 4,

+f, I dovr=+{ @ 4@6> | @ 4@5,> +g, I dovr=+{ @ 4@;,
+h, Y hugdghur= +i, I dovr=+{ @ 4,>
+j, Y hugdghur= +k, I dovr=+{ @ 4> | @ 3,>
+l, I dovr=+V @ i6j,> +m, I dovr=+V @` 4> 3` ^ ^5> 4^,
+n, I dovr=+U 9@ U i5j,> +o, Y hugdghur=
51 +d, Yhugdghur1 +e, Yhugdghur1 +f, Yhugdghur1

+g, Idovr1 +h, Yhugdghur1 +i, Yhugdghur1
+j, Idovr1 +k, Yhugdghur1 +l, Idovr1
+m, Idovr1
61 +d, ^4> 3` ^ ^4> 4^1 +e, ^3> 4`1 +f, ^3> 4`1 +g, +{ 5 ^4> 4â| 5 U, b +{ @ 3 a | 5 U i3j,1 +i, `4> 4^1
71 +d, V @` 4@6> s
4^1 +e, Vs@`5> <^1 +f, V @`3> 4^1 +g, V @` 4> 3^^`4@:> 4^1
s s s s s
+h, V @`4@5> :9 46 ^^`4> :.9 46 ^1 +i, V @` 4> 45^^` 8> 3^^` 8> 7 44^^`45> 7 . 44^= +j,
V @ ^3> 4^1 +k, V @ ^3> 4^ +l, Vs @ ! +m, V @` 4> 5^ +n, V @ ^9> 4^ +o, V @ ! +p,
V @` 4> 9@46î3j +q, V @ ^ 45 :6 > 5` ^ ^4> 6` +r, V @ ^5> 657` +s, V @ !1 +t, V @ i4j +u,
V @ ! +v, V @ i5j
s s
81 +d, V @ !1 +e, V @ i4j1 +f, V @ i4 6> 5j1 +g, V @ U1
+h, V @` 4> 6@5`^`4@7> 4^1 +i, V @ U`4@7> 6^1 +j, V @` 4> 5^ +k, V @` 4> 5` ^ ^3> 6=8^1
+l, V @ U i3j +m, V @` :> 4^ +n, V @ ^4@6> 6`
s s
+o, V @`3> 4` +p, V @` :> 5^ +q, V @ ^ 8> 8` ^ i45j
+r, V @ ^6> :`1 +s, V @ ^4> 5` +t, V @ U +u, V @ i3j
91 D|xgd= Hvfulelu frpr hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr | txh ho glvfulplqdqwh hv xqd vxpd gh fxdgudgr
+s t,5 | 7d5 1
s
:1 ^ 4;43 ;7 > 4^
s
;1 +d, p @ :1 +e, p @ 5<@:1 +f, `4> 8^ +g, p @ 44 6 44 +h, `8> 4^1
s
<1 n @ 781
431 !
441 +d, Vxsuhpr= 9 <> 4> 9 <> 4> 9 <1 Lqpr= 04 / 3/ 04/ 3 / 04
+e, Vxsuhpr= 9 <> 9 h{lvwv> 9 <> 9 <> 9 <1 Lqpr= 4@5> 9 <> 4@5> 9 <> 4@51
451 +d, vxs D @ :@6 +e, ! +f, :@6
461 D|xgd= ghpxhvwuh txh { . vxs D hv frwd vxshulru gh { . D | dv wdpelq txh vxs+{ . D, { hv frwd
vxshulru gh D1
471 Q qr hv dfrwdgr | Q ]1
481 D|xgd= +l, Frqvlghuh q5.6

q
5q
@ 5 oxhjr 5 hv frwd vxshulru1 +ll, +; A 3,+<Q 5 Q, wdo txh 9
? %
+Surs1 Dutxlphgldqd,1
q q.6
491 D|xgd= +l, {q 3> ;q oxhjr 3 hv frwd lqihulru1 +ll, Sru Dutxphghv <Q wdo txh Q
4
? frq 4
Q
A 5
6q.4
1
4:1 D|xgd= q | frpr Q qr hv dfrwdgr hqwrqfhv D wdpsrfr or hv1

5 5

5q .6
4.5q

5q
4.5q
Vroxflrqhv gh od vhfflq 51:14

41 d, ^4> 4^> ^3> 4@5` s e, U i4j> Us i7j
f, ^5> 7@6`> ^3> 4@
s 6` g, ^4> 4^> ^ 5> 4^
h, ^4@5> 6@5`> ^3> 5` i, ` 4> 5` ^ ^3> 4^> U.

j, ^4> 4^> ^3> 4^ k, U i6j> U i4j
51 d, ` ;> 3^ e, ^4> 5^ f, ^49> 97^

g, ^<> 5934^ h, Qr h{lvwh i, ` 4> 6^^` 5> 5^^`8> 4^
61 d, ^5> 4^ e, `3> 4@6^f, ` 4> 4^

g, ^4> 4^ h, ^3> 4^

41 D+{, @ 5{+O
6
7{,
51 D+{, @ +{ 45 ,+ 4;
{
56 ,
s5
61 w+{, @ { .49
4;
. 43
63
{
s
71 F+{, @ 6 437 +7 {, . 8 437 < . {5
;
A
A 5=83{ 3 { 53
?
5=33{ 53 ? { 83
81 | @
A
A 4=:8{ 83 ? { 433
=
4=83{ 433 ? {
{ {
91 | @ 45
. 3=43+{ 45 45
,
:1 E+{, @ +533 . 53{,+;333 833{, 5333+533 . 53{,
;1 X +{, @ +4533 . 433{,+57 {,
<1 Y +{, @ {+49 5{,+54 5{,

s
431 Y +{, @
6
P{
{
> { 5`3> P ^
;
7 7
A
A 7d5 . ;d{ 3 { ? 7d
?
6<d5 { @ 7d
441 D+{, @
A
A 56d . 7d{ 7d ? { ? :d
=
5
85d5 { @ :d
451 Y +u, @ u5 +45 6u,> u 5`3> 7^1
461 S +{, @ +; . {,+533 43{,> { 5 ^3> 53` _ ]
471 L+{, @ +583 . {,+; 3=34{,> { 5 ^3> 783`1
481 Plq F @ 6{ . 7|
V1D1 5{. 6| 69
5{. 5| 5;
;{. 5| 65
3{/ 3 |
491 Pd{ } @63{ . 53|

V1D1 9{. 6| 87
7{. 9| 7;
8{. 8| 83
3 {/ 3 |
4:1 Pd{ } @6333{ . 5333|

V1D1 {. 5| 9
5{. | ;
0{. | 4
| 5
3 {/ 3 |
G141 UHVSXHVWDV D ORV HMHUFLFLRV SURSXHVWRV 74:
4;1 d,Pd{ } @533F . 433P
V1D1 F. 5P 433
5F. 418P 454
F 83
P 78
3 F/ 3 P
Ho swlpr F@83/ P@47> frqwulexflq p{lpd 44173310
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71 Od uhodflq {5 | 5 7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq yuwlfh hq 11111111111111

77:
81 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwr hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7|5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv
od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflq gh { hv= 11111111111111111
{
91 Od uhodflq {5 |5 . 7{ 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 111111111111111 frq fhqwur hq1111111111111
:1 Sdud d 511111111| e 5 111111111111 od ixqflq +sduerod, i+{, @ {5 . d{ . e hv ghfuhflhqwh hq ^5> 4^

s
;1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 9, 4 hv 1111111111111
s
<1 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{, @ orj+{5 4, 4 hv 1111111111111111
431 Od vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq

orj4@6 +m{m 5,
orj< +6,
orj4@6 7
hv 111111111111111
441 Vl od ixqflq i vh ghqh frpr
i = ` 5> 4î7j $ U
{ :$ m{m
4
7
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq i hv 1111111111111
451 Vhd i = G $ ^h5 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:4h ,6{4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj +{, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh
ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydflr hv 11111111111111111
s
471 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
481 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq s s

4 4 {5
i +{, @
{5
hv 11111111111111111111

d{5 . 4 { 3
491 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq i +{, @ hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 |
{5 . e { ? 3
e 5 111111111111111
4:1 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111

5
{ >{ ? 3 s{ > { ? 4 hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
4;1 Vhd i+{, @ | j+{, @
5{ > { 3 { >{ 4
s
4<1 Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv { wdo txh i+{, @ +{ . 5,+{ 6, wlhqh xq ydoru pqlpr hv 1111111111111111
531 Vhd i = `3> 4î4j $ U hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111

{ :$ {4
4
. 6
541 Vhd i = U i4j $ U i4j xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
{ :$ {.4
4{
551 od ixqflq i+{, @ 5{ m{m ghqlgd hq ^5> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr devroxwr hq { @11111111111 | xq ydoru
pqlpr devroxwr ljxdo d 11111111111
561 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr
gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ hv i +k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111
571 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i+{> |, @ {|, hv ho frqmxqwr 1111111111111

oq+4
{.|
| od jufd gh hvwh frqmxqwr hv 11111111111
s {5
581 Vl i+{, @ h 4
1
+d, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111

+e, i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111
+f, i dofdq}d vx ydoru p{lpr hq 11111111111111
+g, Ho ydoru pqlpr gh i hv 111111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwqjxor gh 73 slhv gh odujr | 53 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx surixqglgdg
dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 6 d : slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 57 slhv | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr
qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 48 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud/ od fxdo pxhvwud xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl od
slvflqd vh hvw ydfldqgr/ dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq Y +k,
gho djxd hq ixqflq gh od dowxud k/ hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr1
51 Od frpsdld gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlphqh}%/ duulhqgd fkhyhwwh d ' 431833 sru gd | 73 shvrv sru
nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdld Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr gh dxwr d ' ;<33
sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1
+d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlorphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh od ixqflq FD +{,txh

uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdld Dudqfleld% hq hvh gd1
+e, Fxdqwrv nlorphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh ph frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od
frpsdld Mlphqh}%1
61 Uhvroyhu od vljxlhqwh lqhfxdflq

orj6{ +<{, . orj6 +{6 , 5
71 Ghwhuplqh ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq

i = G U $ ^5> 4^
{ :$ m{{.5
4
m
Fdswxor 6
41 Vl olpq$4 dq @ O hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq vhq

q h{lvwh1
q
51 Vl idq j hv xqd vxfhvlq ghfuhflhqwh hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq h{lvwh

77<
61 Od vxfhvlq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh grqgh

6
q > q 5333 q6 > q A 5333
d, dq @ e, dq @
q > q A 5333
4 4
q > q 5333
s s s
71 Od vxfhvlq idq j @ i+ q . 4 q, q . 6j frqyhujh d 4@5
LL Frpsohwdflq=
41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh q

q5 6q
olp . s
q$4 q.4 7
49q7 . 8
hv 11111111111111111
51 Vhd dq @ 6q {5q hqwrqfhv
q

dq.4
olp ?4
q$4 dq
vvl { 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh hv
5q 5q . frv+q$,
olp s . hv 111111111111111
q$4 6
q6 . 8 5q.4 . 4
71 Ho oplwh
+5,q . frv+q,
olp @ ==============
q$4 6q . 7
81 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4 hv 1111111111111111111

vhq +q,.+ 4,
q .86q.4
q.8q
91 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olpq$4 mvhq hv 1111111111111111111

6
5+q.4,
.
q ,m
+<
<q 7.8q
:1 Vhd i+{, @ olpq$4 {{5q / hqwrqfhv ho jufr gh i hv 1111111111

5q
4
.4
;1 Ho oplwh
olp h q6 4 @ ============
+ ,
q5 .4
q$4
<1 Ho oplwh olpq$4 q hv 111111111111

vhq +q,
s s
431 Ho oplwh olpq$4 +q+ <q5 . 6 <q5 . 8,, hv 111111111111
441 Vhd dq @ q$+{qq4, hqwrqfhv

q

dq.4
olp ?4
q$4 dq
vl | vor vl { 5111111111111111111111
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh vljxlhqwh s
6
;q6 . 5q frv +4@q,
olp . q
q$4 q 7 .8
hv 111111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Vhd
i = `4> 4^ $ U
s j = U i3j $ U
{ 4
{ :$ orj8 + { 4, { :$ 8{ 8{
8
+d, Ghwhuplqh vl i hv el|hfwlyd + vl qr or hv uhvwulqjlu i gh prgr txh or vhd, | hqfxhqwuh i 4

+hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,
+e, Ghwhuplqh od ixqflq j i +hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr,
+f, Fdofxoh orv vljxlhqwhv oplwhv +vl h{lvwhq,
olp j+q, olp +j i,+{,

q$4 {$5
Fdswxor 7
41 Vhd i +{, xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U | i+q, @ q5 / dghpv/ vhd
olp j+{, @ 8>

{$+4@5,
hqwrqfhv vh sxhgh ghflu txh
olp +i j,+{, @ 8=
{$+4@5,.
51 Ho ydoru gh olpq$4 @q, hv 5 1

5q.4
5 frv+4
6 q .87q 8
61 olpq$4 +q5 . 8q,vhq+ q5 .8

4
q, @ 4
71 Vhd i | j ixqflrqhv1 Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d ij++{{,, qr h{lvwh1
81
m{ 7m 4
olp qr h{lvwh
{$6 6{
91 Ho oplwh olp{$8@5 ^6{` h{lvwh1
:1 Ho oplwh olp{$3 @{, hv 4

vhq +4@{,
+4
;1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq +{,

+{,
hv 4
<1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq +{ ,

+{ ,
hv 4
431 Sdud ghprvwudu txh olp{$5 {5 @ 7> gdgr srvlwlyr/ edvwd wrpdu @ m{.5
/ dvl vh wlhqh m{ 5m ? ,
m
m{5 7m ? 1
441 Vhd
6{ . : { 4
i +{, @
{5 .8{.7 { ? 4
{ 4
5
Ghwhuplqh ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh od vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv
+d, olp{$4 i+{, @ 7

+e, olp{$4 i+{, @ 7
+f, i hv frqwlqxd hq wrgr U
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 vhq{

+{,
4
hv
461 Ho oplwh olp{$3 vhq5 { oq+ {45 , qr h{lvwh1

471 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv1
Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{,j+{, qr h{lvwh1
784
481 olp{$ vhq +6{,

vhq +5{, @ olp{$3 vhq +6{,
vhq +5{,
491 olp{$3 vhq+ {4 . , qr h{lvwh1
4:1 olp{$d i | olp{$d j qr h{lvwhq/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d + ij , qr h{lvwh 1
4;1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$7 ^{`m{ . 7m hv 31

4<1 Vl oplwh gh i fxdqgr { $ d h{lvwh | oplwh gh j fxdqgr { $ d qr h{lvwh/ hqwrqfhv olp{$d +i . j, qr
h{lvwh1
531 Wrgdv odv ixqflrqhv vljxlhqwhv vrq frqwlqxdv hq K
s
+d, i +{, @ {> K @ U. i4j
+e, i +{, @ {{.4
5
4 > K @ U i4j1

6 {4
+f, i +{, @ > K @ U.
vhq +{,
{ { ?4
+
vhq +4@+{4,, { 9@ 4
541 Od ixqflq i +{, @ 4@+{4,
hv frqwlqxd hq 41
{@4
LL Frpsohwdflq=
41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$7 +{vhq +{,

7, frv+{,
hv 111111111111
51 Ho oplwh olp{$8 +{8,5 vhq 6+{8,5 hv 111111111111

4.frw5 + {8, {5 43{.58
s
d{mdm > d ? 3 hv 111111111111
61 Ho oplwh olp{$d d{d5
71 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3 {5
4.frw5 + {, hv 11111111111111111
81 Orv ydoruhv gh D | E wdo txh od ixqflq
;
? {4
vhq 5+{ 4,
>{ A 4
i +{, @ D{5 . 5 >{ @ 4
=
E{ . 8 >{ ? 4
uhvxowd frqwlqxd hq wrgrv orv uhdohv vrq D 5 1111111111111 E 5 11111111

91 Vhd {6 .5:
{3
i+{, @ {5 <
6 frv+{ . , { A 3
Ghqlgd hq xq grqlplr dsursldgr/ vxefrqmxqwr gh U
+d, Ho p{lpr grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg gh i hv 111111111

+e, i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg uhsdudeohv hq orv sxqwrv 111111111
+f, Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv hq txh i wlhqh glvfrqwlqxlgdg luuhsdudeohv hv 111111111111111
s
e5 / frq e ? 3/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gho oplwh gh i +{, fxdqgr { wlhqgh d e hv 111111111111
:1 Vhd i+{, @ {{m em 5
;
? 6{5 . 8 { A 4
;1 Vhd i+{, @ { . 5 { @ 4 Hqwrqfhv orv ydoruhv gh | txh shuplwhq txh od ixqflq i +{,
=
46{ . { ? 4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq @11111111111 | @ 111111111111
<1 Orv ydoruhv gh D / E txh shuplwhq txh

;
5D{ . {5
? > {A4
i+{, @ E+{ 4, . 8 > { @ 4
=
8{ . E > {?4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq 11111111111111
431 Vhd d 5 U wdo txh ; d+4{5 ,

? vhq { 3?{?4
i +{, @
=
{.d {4
od ixqflq i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vvl d @ ====================
441 Vhdq d> e 5 U wdo txh ;

A
?
vhq +d{,
vhq{+e{, {?3
{
i+{, @ 4 {@3
A
= {5 d5
{d { A 3> { 9@ d
i vhu frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vvl d @ ==========> e @ ===========
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
; 4frv+{@6,
A
A >{ ? 3
A
A
{
?
41 i+{, @ 5{ . 5d . 4 > { @ 3 grqgh d> e vrq qphurv uhdohv mrv=
A
A
A
A
= ds{5 .{6
{ .e >{ A 3
+d, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 31

+e, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i hq 31
+f, Fdofxoh orv oplwh odwhudohv gh i hq 041
+g, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 04
+h, Hqfxhqwuh orv ydoruhv gh d | e/ sdud txh i +{, vhd frqwlqxd hq 3
Fdswxor 8
41 Vl j qr hv ghulydeoh hq d shur frqwlqxd hq d | i hv ghulydeoh hq d hqwrqfhv ho surgxfwr i j qr hv

ghulydeoh hq d1
51 Vhdq A 3/ od ixqflq i +{, @ h{ wlhqh vor xq p{lpr hq orv uhdohv1

5
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd ghqlgd lpsoflwdphqwh sru
| @ dufvhq+{|,
hq ho sxqwr +4@5> 3, hv 5{ 5| @ 41
71 Od ixqflq i+{, @ +{ 4,5@6 qr wlhqh pqlpr

s
81 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { 5 qr wlhqh p{lpr | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
91 Vl j+{, @ vhf+8{, . { | i 3 +{, @ 6h5{ hqwrqfhv +i j,3 +3, @ 6h5

786
:1 Vl od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od edvh gh xq wulqjxor hv gh 6 p2vhj | od dowxud 7 p2vhj/ hqwrqfhv

od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh vx uhd hq ho lqvwdqwh txh fxdqgr vx edvh hv gh 45 phwurv | vx dowxud
gh 53 phwurv hv gh 87 p5 2vhj
;1 Wrgd ixqflq dfrwdgd wlhqh h{wuhprv

s
<1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ 7 4 { qr wlhqh h{wuhpr1
LL Frpsohwdflq=
41 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru

s
{.4 {?3 {4 4{8
i+{, @ j+{, @ hqwrqfhv
{.5 {3 { . : {A8
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111

+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111

+f, +j i ,+{, @
+g, Od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq j i hq ho sxqwr 5 hv 11111111111

s
4 d{ { 3
51 Vl i +{, @
6
vhq{ . e { A 3
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111

+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 3 vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 | e 5 111111111111111
61 Ho ydoru gho oplwh
olp +frv {,fvf { hv 11111111111111111111

{$3
71
olp +{5 . frv +5{,,
5
{ hv===========
fvf +6 ,
{$3

vhf { . wdq { 3 ? { ? @5
81 Frqvlghuh j+{, @ s ho ydoru gho oplwh
{ @5 { @5
olp +h+@5{, wdq+{, . j+{,,hv 111111111

{$@5
91 Vl i 3 +{, @ h / j+{, @ frv+ 55 , hqwrqfhv +i j,3 +3, @111111111111111

7{ {
:1 Vl ; 6
A
A { . oq+{, { A 4
A
A
?
i +{, @ 5{ . 4 {@4
A
A
A
A
=
frv+5{, {?4
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
s
;1 Od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ + {,frv { . dufvhq
s6 {7+{ , hv j3 +{, @11111111111111111111
6
<1 Vl ;
A
A 5{ frv +{, {?3
A
A
?
i +{, @ 6{ {@3
A
A
A
A
= s 6
{ . 7{5 {A3
hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 111111111111111
431 Od ghulydgd gh s
6 vhf +{, h{
5
i +{, @
orj8 +{6 . 4,
hv 11111111111111
441 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @ vhq+{5 . 4,dufwdq+{.5,
hv 1111111111111111
451 Od ghulydgd gh
vhq+{ 5, { A 5
i +{, @
{5 {4
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj6 { hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ghulydgd gh i +{, hv Grpi 3 @ 111111111111111
471 Vhd i xqd ixqflq frq ghulydgd g{gi @ 5{ . 4 | j+{, @ frv5 { . vhq{/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh +i j,3 +,
hv 11111111111111111111
s
481 Vhd K+{, @ 6 i +hd{ oq+{,,/ frq i +{, xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq U/ hqwrqfhv K 3 +{, hq U. hv 1111111111111111
491 Vhd i +{, @ +{5 . 4,vhq +{, / hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, hv 11111111111

{.d {A3
4:1 Vhd i +{, @ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru d txh kdfh ghulydeoh od ixqflq i hq @7 hv
vhq+{, { 3
111111111111111
4;1 Vhd i +{,@ +{5 . 47,dufvhq +{ hqwrqfhv g{
gi m @
6
.4,
{@4
s6
4<1 Vhd i +{, @ +vhq+{7 . 5 ,, { .8 sdud { 5` @;> @;^ hqwrqfhv g{
gi hv ljxdo d111111111111111
531 Od ghulydgd gh | @ +{5{ ,6{ frq { 5 U. i4j hv 1111111111

541 Vhd i +{, od ixqflq ghqlgd sru=
Dvhq +{,
{A
i +{, @ {
{6 . E {
Od ixqflq hv ghulydeoh hq vl orv ydoruhv gh D | E vrq 1111111111111

551 Vhd d 5 U > e> f 5 U ; s s
? +{ ,6 . 5d{ { ? s
i+{, @ f s {@
= s
frv+ +{7 . 5 ,@5, . e{
d {A
s
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f111111111111111
s
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f 111111111111111
; 6
? { {A3
561 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+{, { @ 3 hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh i hv 11111111111111111111111
=
7{5 {?3
788
571 Vhd 6{5 | 5 . wdq+| 6 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv hq xq frqmxqwr dsursldgr od ghulydgd gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv=
g{ @1111111111111
g|
s
581 Gdgd od uhodflq vhq+ 7 frv+{6 , . | 5 7, @ 5
hood ghqh fhufd gho fhur xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh i /
hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh g{gi m
{@3 hv1111111111
5
591 Vhd K+{, @ {I 4 +{, frv+I 4 +{,,/ frq I 3 +{, 9@ 3 sdud wrgr { hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh K+{, hv
K 3 +{, @1111111111111
5:1 Orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor gh shuphwur pqlpr frq uhd md D/ dv frpr wdpelq md vx edvh e vrq
1111111111111111
5;1 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq gdgd sdudphwulfdphqwh sru

{ @ 6+w 4,5 . 8
| @ 9w6 vhq+w, > w 5 U
hq ho sxqwr +;> 3, hv 1111111111111111
5<1 Od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 hv fuhflhqwh hq ho vljxlhqwh frqmxqwrv 1111111111111111
631 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd { oq | . | 5 @ vhq+{|, hq +@5> 4, hv 11111111111111111

s
641 Od shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i+{, @ { . 5 hq ho sxqwr +4> 6, hv1111111111111
651 Od ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq i +{, hv i 3 +{, @ 6{ . :vhq+{ 4,+{ 5, . ; | i +4, @ 5> i+5, @ 6 hqwrqfhv
+i 4 ,3 +5, @111111111111111
661 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+6{, frv+5{, . 4/ frq { 5` @;> @;^/ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho
sxqwr 4/ hv ghflu/ gig{ +4, hv 1111111111111111
4
671 vhd i +{, @ 5vhq+{, frv+{,> { 5`@7> 6@7^ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho sxqwr
3/+ gig{ +3,, hv 111111111111111111
4
681 Ho oplwh
4
olp + ,wdq+{,
{$3. {
hv 111111111111111111
691 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$3 +4 . 6{,+4@5{, hv 1111111111
6:1 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 +4 {,frv+{@5, hv 11111111111111
6;1 Gdgd od fxuyd {| . | 6 {5 @ 4 hq irupd lpsoflwd1 Fxdqwrv sxqwrv gh od ixqflq | @ i +{, wlhqh uhfwd
wdqjhqwh sdudohod d hmh { 111111111111111
6<1 Xq mduglq hv glvhdgr frq od irupd gh xq vhfwru flufxodu gh qjxor | udglr u frpr hq od jxud1 Ho
mduglqhur fxhqwd frq vhploodv vhpeudu Dp5 1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho mdugq gh wdo irupd
txh vh jdvwh or phqrv srvleoh hq fhufdor hqwrqfhv od ixqflq d pqlpl}du hq od yduldeoh u hv 111111111111111
731 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od jufd gh | @ {6 / ho hmh R[ +xq odgr vreuh
hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 5 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 11111111111111
741 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od sduerod | @ 7{5 / ho hmh R[ +xqr gh orv odgrv
hq hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 9 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 111111111111111
751 Vhd s+{, @ {6 . d{5 . e{ . f xq srolqrplr frq frhflhqwhv d> e| f/ hqwrqfhv s+{, wlhqh xq p{lpr
orfdo hq { @ 4 | xq pqlpr orfdo hq { @ 6 vl vxv frhflhqwhv vrq ljxdohv d 11111111111111111111
761 Grv wuhqhv vh dohmdq gh xq fuxfh txh irupd xq qjxor gh <3 d yhorflgdghv gh 493np@k | 453np@k1
Fxdqgr ho sulphu wuhq hvwd d ;3np gho fuxfh hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg frq txh vh hvwdq dohmdqgr orv
wuhqhv hv gh 111111111111111
771 Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh i +{, @ {+{65,vhq {
.{5 9{
vrq +hv, 1111111111111111
781 Orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq gh | @ oq+ { {.4

5 , vrq 111111111
5
791 Od jufd gh i+{, @ {5 wlhqh lqqlwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv +xqd sru fdgd sxqwr,1 Grv gh hvwd uhfwdv
wdqjhqwh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +4> 3,/ xqd gh hood hv od wdqjhqwh d rwur sxqwr1 Ho sxqwr hv 11111111111
7:1 Od jufd gh od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq hq 1111111111111
7;1 Od jufd gh i +{, @ +{5 4,7 hv 11111111111111111111
7<1 Vhd i +{, @ {5{4 > i 3 +{, @ +{

5 4,5 >
5{
i%+{, @ 5+6{5 .4, hqwrqfhv
5
+{5 4,6
+d, i hv fuhflhqwh hq 111111111111111

+e, i hv frqfdyd +kdfld duuled, hq 1111111111111
+f, i wlhqh dvqwrwd yhuwlfdo hq 111111111111
+g, i wlhqh dvqwrwd krul}rqwdo hq 1111111111111
831 Odv dvqwrwdv gh | @ s{{55 4

vrq 1111111111
841 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, ghqlgd lpsolflwdphqwh sru od uhodflq
s
wdq+{|7 , 5 oq+ |, @ 3
hq +3> 4, hv 1111111111
851 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd +5{ . 6|,5 +6{ 5|,5 @ 57 hq +4> 4, hv 11111111111111111
861 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 11111111111111111
871 Od ixqflq | @ +vhq{,5 . { ghqlgd hq ^3> ` wlhqh xq p{lpr hq { @ 111111111111111111111
881 Od ixqflq i+{, @ {5 h{ hv hvwulfwdphqw ghfuhflhqwh vor hq ho lqwhuydor 1111111111111
891 Od yhorflgdg gh ghvydorul}dflq gh xq htxlsr sru ho xvr gho plvpr hv sursruflrqdo hq fdgd prphqwr
d vx frvwr uhdo |1 Od h{suhvlq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho hqxqfldgr dqwhulru grqgh n hv xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd
| w hv ho wlhpsr hv 1111111111111
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Ghulyh
s
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6
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61 Xwlolfh od hfxdflq gho Rydor gh Fdvvlql1
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| +5> 5,B
+f, Hqfxhqwuh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh dq orv sxqwrv dqwhulruhv hq orv txh vh sxhgdq1
71 Vhdq 5 U> e 5 U1
Ghwhuplqdu vl od ixqflq | @ hd{ . {hd{ hv vroxflq gh od hfxdflq glihuhqfldo
g5 | g|
5d . d5 | @ 3> d frqvwdqwh
g{5 g{
81 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr | vhplhvihudv hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhu od jxud, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr sru slh fxdgudgr gh orv h{wuhprv
hv ho greoh gho gh od sduwh floqgulfd/ grqgh ho frvwr gho phwur fxdgudgr gho flolqgur hv S 1 BcTx
glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr vl od fdsdflgdg ghvhdgd hv gh 43 slh6 B
D|xgd= Yf @ u5 k Yh @ 76 u6 Df @ 5uk Dh @ 7u5
91 Xq fdpshvlqr wlhqh glqhur sdud frpsudu 4833 phwurv gh dodpeuh gh sxdv/ wdo fdpshvlqr ghvhd fhufdu
frq 8 kheudv gh dodpeuhv xq whuuhqr uhfwqjxodu hq vx suhglr/ hq fdvr txh { uhsuhvhqwh xq odgr gho
uhfwqjxor/ ghwhuplqh od ixqflq D+{, uhd gho whuuhqr fhufdgr frq hvwh dodpeuh hq whuplqrv gh {1
Phgldqwh/ od jufd gh od ixqflq D+{, hqfxhqwuh odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr frq p{lpd uhd
s
:1 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd fqlfd +uhfwr, frq fdsdflgdg sdud ;3336 5 olwurv1 vl 4 olwurv
s
gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh fxeuh 6p5 gh vxshuflh1 BcFxdohv ghehq vhu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr sdud
txh vh xvh xqd fdqwlgdg pqlpd gh lpshuphdelol}dqwh B BcFxqwrv olwurv vh ghehq frpsudu sdud
slqwdu wdo frqrB s
D|xgd= Vxshuflh gh xq frqr gh udglr u | dowxud k hv u u5 . k5 | vx yroxphq hv 46 u5 k1 Fxlgdgr
frq odv xqlgdghv
;1 Grv ieulfdv D | E txh vh hqfxhqwudq d 7 ploodv xqd gh od rwud/ hplwhq kxpr frq sduwfxodv txh
frqwdplqdq ho dluh gh od uhjlq 1 Vxsrqjd txh ho qphur gh sduwfxodv suryhqlhqwh gh fdgd ieulfd hv
gluhfwdphqwh sursruflrqdo d od fdqwlgdg gh kxpr h lqyhuvdphqwh sursruflrqdo do fxer gh od glvwdqfld
ghvgh od ieulfd1 Bc Tx sxqwr hqwuh D | E whqgu od phqru frqwdplqdflq vl od ieulfd D hplwh ho
greoh gh kxpr txh od ieulfd E B
<1 Fdofxodu odv glphqvlrqhv gho frqr lqyhuwlgr +gh prgr txh orv hmhv frlqflghq, gh yroxphq p{lpr txh
vh sxhgh lqvfulelu hq xq frqr gh dowxud d fp | udglr e fp1 Fxo hv ho yroxphq p{lpr1
431 Xqd hvfdohud gh 53 slhv gh odujr hvw dsr|dgd frqwud xqd pxudood1 Ho slh gh od hvfdohud hv duudvwudgr/
dohmqgrod gh od pxudood d ud}q gh 5 slhv sru vhjxqgr BcD tx yhorflgdg vh ghvol}d kdfld dedmr ho
h{wuhpr vxshulru gh od hvfdohud hq ho lqvwdqwh txh ho slh gh hood/ hvw d 45 slhv gh od pxudood B
441 Frqvlghuh i+{, @ +4 . {4 ,{
+d, Ghwhuplqh Grpi

+e, Fdofxoh olp{$3. i +{,
+f, Fdofxoh p @ olp{$4 i +{{,
+D|xgd = Fdofxoh olpx$3. x i+4@x,
+g, Fdofxoh e @ olp{$4 i+{,
+h, Bc Tx sxhgh ghflu gh orv oplwhv +6, | +7, fxdqgr { $ 4B +vrq ljxdohv r glvwlqwrv,1
+i, Judtxh | @ i +{,/ frqvlghudqgr od lqirupdflq rewhqlgd dqwhulruphqwh | vdelhqgr txh odv
jufdv gh i 3 +{, | i 33 +{, vrq
451 Vhd i od ixqflq frqwlqxd `0:/53` vdoyr hq orv sxqwrv 06 | 43 | txh vdwlvidfh or vljxlhqwh
+d, olp{$:. i +{, @ 5

+e, olp{$6 i+{, @ 5
+f, olp{$6. i +{, @ 6
+g, olp{$53 i+{, @ 6
+h, olp{$43 mi+{,m @ .4
+i, od wdeod
{ 0: 08 06 04 3 4 6 8 43 53
!
i *+{, . . ! ; ! 3 3 3 ! 0 6 . 3 0 ! . 3
! !
Judtxh i
i+{, 0 0 6 8 3 8 6 9 53
461 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i

{4,6 > i 3 +{, @ +{4,5 +{7, | i 33 +{, @ 45+{4, 1
i+{, @ +5+{5,5 +{5,6 +{5,7
Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=

+d, Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi
+e, Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od jufd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1
+f, Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr
+g, orv vhfwruhv grqgh od jufd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh
Vljqr gh i 3 +{,
Vljqr gh i 33 +{,
Fuhflplhqwr |
Ghfuhflplhqwr
Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
+h, Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq

+i, Odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq
+j, Judtxh
471 Frqvlghuh/ sdud ho dqolvlv | od jufd gh od ixqflq i/
{6 > i 3 +{, @ {5 +{6, | i 33 +{, @ 9{ 1
i+{, @ +{ 4,5 +{4,6 +{4,7
Lqglfdu hq od wdeod vljxlhqwh=

+d, Ghwhuplqh ho Grpi
+e, Orv ydoruhv gh { grqgh od jufd fdpeld gh frpsruwdplhqwr1
+f, Orv vhfwruhv gh fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr
+g, orv vhfwruhv grqgh od jufd hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled | grqgh hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Sxqwrv Lpsruwdqwh
Vljqr gh i 3 +{,
Vljqr gh i 33 +{,
Fuhflplhqwr |
Ghfuhflplhqwr
Frqfdyd | frqyh{d
78<
+h, Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv vrq

+i, Odv dvqwrwdv reolfxdv vrq
+j, Judtxh

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l, +d . e, @ +d, . +e,

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txh hv od rwud ljxdogdg txh txhudprv suredu1

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Ghprvwudflq= Wrpdqgr d @ 4 | e @ 4 hq yll, vh wlhqh txh

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Hmhpsor < Vhdq d> f 5 U> e> g 5 U i3j

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Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Hqwhurv1

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Ho frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv Udflrqdohv1

vrq qphurv udflrqdohv/ sxhv hoorv vh sxhghq h{suhvdu gh od irupd

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