PILE FOUNDATION

An Industrial Training report submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted
By
ANKIT
Enrollment No: 00425603415
Third Year (V Semester)
(2017-2018)

Under the guidance of

Mr. ANKIT SAHAY

Assistant Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering
Delhi Technical Campus,
Greater Noida

AUGUST, 2017

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This seminar report consumed huge amount of work, research and dedication. Still,
implementation would not have been possible if we did not have a support of many individuals and
organizations. Therefore we would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all of them.

Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regard to
my Seminar Mentor Mr. Ankit Sahay, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi
Technical Campus, Greater Noida for his exemplary guidance, valuable feedback and constant
encouragement throughout the duration of the dissertation. His valuable suggestions were of
immense help throughout the course of my work. His perceptive criticism kept me working to make
this Seminar report in a much better way. Working under him was an extremely knowledgeable
experience for me.

I wish to express my respect and gratitude to Dr. Kailash Narayan, Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida. I am thankful to his beneficial discussion
throughout this work. I sincerely thank each and every one whose name is not mentioned for their
direct and indirect support for achieving this research goal.

Last but not the least; I take this opportunity to extend regard to my family for their relentless
support, encouragement and understanding that made it all possible to bring the work in form. I
deeply express my special thanks to my parents for their enthusiasm and patience which have left a
deep indelible impression on my mind.

Above all, I owe everything to God Almighty for blessing me with confidence to carry out the
work successfully.

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 ABSTRACT

This is a Seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering as per norms of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University.

The main objective of this report is to study about different parts of a civil engineering structure
mainly the sub- structure or the foundations , in which we have studied what foundations basically
are , different types of foundations , necessity of deep foundations , differences between piles , piers
& caissons/wells among all this I have my main focus on pile foundations.

Project report contains introduction and problems definition .It also contains literature review of
project .It also includes brief details of equipments used .Project report also contains geotechnical
investigation of soil and mix design .It also includes various tests done on site or lab and their
conclusion and uses .Also at last this report contains conclusion and recommendations and
references.

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 CONTENTS

S. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

(A) ACKNOWLEGMENT 2

(B) ABSTRACT 3
(C) CONTENTS 4
(D) LIST OF FIGURES 5

1. INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Introduction to piles. 6
1.2 Advantages of pile foundation in bridge structure. 7
1.3 Uses of pile foundation. 8
1.4 Loads acting on pile foundation. 8
1.5 Problems in pile foundation. 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 9-10
1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES. 11-12
1.8 PILE DRIVING. 13-22
11. CONCLUSION 23
12. REFERENCES 24

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 LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. NAME OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

1. Diagram showing a pile foundation. 6
2. Pile foundation in a bridge. 7
3. Failures of pile. 8
4. Drop hammering process 14
5. Single acting hammer 16
6. Double acting hammer 17
7. Diesel hammer 18
8. Pile jetting 21
9. Power Augers 22

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Pile foundation are used extensively for the support of bridges and other structures to safely transfer
structural loads to the ground and avoid excess settlement or lateral movement .They are very
effective in transferring structural loads through weak or compressible soil layers into the more
competent soil and rock below .Pile foundations are the part of a structure .Pile foundation is that
type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members
which may be a timber, concrete or steel .The term pile foundation is used to describe a construction
for the foundation of bridges piers which in turn is supported on the piles. The piles may be placed
separately or they be placed in group. The piles may be placed separately or they may be placed in
group .The piles are generally driven vertically or near vertical position .A pile foundation is civil
engineering concept that is, at its most basis ,a substructure that is supported by piles . There are
two basis parts to a pile foundation : the pile and the pile and the pile cap.

Fig1.1: Diagram showing a pile foundation.

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1.2 Advantages of pile foundation for the bridge structure:

Economical .
Large bearing capacity .
Large axial & bending moment capacity
Corrosion free .
Easy to handle .
Strong joint & easy to form .
Easy installation & Noiseless .
Low unit weight .
Can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum .
Can be driven in long length .
Easy to joint .

Fig1.2: Pile foundation in a bridge.

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1.3 Pile foundations are adopted generally in the following situations:

Low bearing capacity of soil.

Non availability of proper bearing stratum at shallow depths.
Heavy loads from which the super structure for which shallow foundation may not be
economical or feasible.

1.4 Loads coming on the pile foundation:

All the loads from super structure viz. Dead load, Live loads, wind loads and Seismic loads.
The loads from the surrounding soil in case of seismic event.
Water loads in case of off-shore structures.

1.5 Problems

In the pile foundation, the different materials used in mix design are responsible forth strength of
piles. Also sub soil investigation is important as mix design in pile foundation .When the heavy loads
coming on the foundation then failure may have to take place due to various reasons. Also the
ground water plays an important role in the foundation of bridge .As there are so many factors which
affect the foundation of bridge. With a view to eliminate such factor various recommendation for the
material management on the site have been made. The pile load test for determining for the material
management on the site have been made. The pile load test for determining the safe load carrying
capacity of pile is to be carried out. Also recommendation for the management of the site are to be
shown.

Fig1.5: Failures of piles.

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2
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LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General:

High strain dynamic pile testing or PDA testing is a method to determine static pile capacity using a
dynamic impact. The method involves measurement of force and velocity response of the pile on
field under the impact of hammer of predetermined weight falling from a known height. The test is
used in lieu of conventional static load static load static. The test is conducted using pile Driving
Analyzer (PDA) and with its allied strain sensors and accelerometers .Strain induced under the
impact of heavy falling hammer from a pre-determined height are measured with the help of strain
transducers attached to the pile, where as accelerometers generated in the pile. The Pile Driving
analyzer converts strain to force, and acceleration records are converted to velocities. The resistance
developed by the pile is then a function of force and velocities. The resistant developed by the pile is
then a function of force and includes few assumed factors such as the quake and damping parameters
as inputs based on the soil type. The maximum pile top compression is obtained by integrating the
pile velocity. A more accurate value of these parameters is then obtained from CAPWAP analysis
conducted on field data.

2.2 Load carrying capacity of the pile foundation:

The amount of load the pile can carry without undergoing continuous displacements for
insiginificant load increments by virtue of its boundary conditions (soil condition) and not by virtue
of its structural strength .The assumptions for this definition is the failure of surrounding soil occurs
prior to the failure of the material especially in the case of concrete piles.

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2.3 Lateral capacity of piles

Piles are subjected to lateral loads in addition to axial loads.

However for simplicity a pile subjected to only lateral load is usually studied for analytical
convenience.
Unlike axial capacity ,the determination of lateral capacity of the pile is a complex problem.
The lateral capacity of piles tested in the field is dictaded by the lateral deflection criteria of
local codes.

2.4 Factors influencing pile capacities

The surrounding soil.

Installation technique like driven or bored.
Method of construction (pre cast or cast in situ).
Spacing of piles in group.
Symmetry of the group.
Location of the pile cap i.e. above or below soil.
Shape of the pile cap ,etc .
Location of the pile in the group.
Drainage conditions in soil.

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Classification of Piles

Classification of piles can be done on the following bases :

1) On the basis of material used :

1.1) Timber Pile

1.2) Concrete Pile

1.3) Steel Pile

1.4) Composite Pile

2) On the basis of mode of transfer of load :

2.1) End/Point bearing Pile

2.2) Friction/Floating Pile

2.3) Combined end bearing & friction Pile

3) On the basis of method of Installation :

3.1) Driven Pile

3.2) Driven & Cast In-situ Pile

3.3) Bored & Cast In-situ Pile

3.4) Screw Pile

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 3.5) Jacked Pile

4) Based on use :

4.1) Load bearing Pile

4.2) Compaction Pile

4.3) Tension Pile

4.4) Sheep Pile

4.5) Fender Pile

4.6) Anchor Pile

5) Based on displacement of soil :

5.1) Displacement Pile

5.2) Non-Displacement Pile

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PILE DRIVING

Piles can be driven into the soil upto the required depth by the following
processes :

Hammering Process
Drop hammer
Single acting hammer
Double acting hammer
Diesel hammer

2) Vibratory Driving

3) Jetting Technique

4) Partial Augering Method

Drop hammer:

Pile hammers originated with the sledges of prehistoric man and the drop hammers of ancient
Rome. Drop hammers are still in use today primarily because of their simplicity of operation.
Their advantages are many. However, so are their disadvantages .

Among the advantages of a drop hammer is the simplicity of the operating system. The
hammer requires no specialized power source but uses the main hoist of the pile rig. The lack

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of mechanical parts makes for the simplest of maintenance requirements. When the hammer
is handled by an experienced operating engineer, the hoisting line is the only part requiring
periodic replacement.

Except for the Franki pressure-injected footing system, the drop hammer sees little use on
domestic pile jobs today. This is primarily because of its low frequency, 5 to 10 blows per
minute, and the difficulties attendant to the delivery of a consistent, measurable blow. In the
Franki system, where large strokes are common, variations of several inches of stroke have a
minor effect on the energy of the delivered blow. When bearing piles are driven, however,
experience, and of late theory, has shown that low velocity blows are desirable, the
acceptable maximum being 36 to 39 in. In these cases variations of several inches in the
stroke can have a measurable effect on the energy of the blow.

The blow of drop hammers can also be adversely affected by other factors. For one, the drag
exerted on the hammer by the handling line can vary from pile to pile depending on the
friction in the hoisting system. For another, even an experienced operator will occasionally
prematurely engage the friction on the hoisting drum, dampening the blow.

Drop hammers are commonly used overseas to drive bearing piles. The most common
application is on precast, pre-stressed piles. The ability to "tap" the pile when little or no
point resistance is present and thereby to avoid excessive tension stresses represents an
advantage of this particular hammer.

Fig 4.1: Drop hammering process

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Single acting hammer :

The single-acting hammer, a product of the steam age, has seen only superficial changes in
design since the early 1900's. These hammers are simple and reliable, develop consistent

energies when the stroke is adequately controlled, and possess, what from the contractor's
standpoint is a major advantage, a large ratio of weight of ram to total weight of hammer.
Most of the empirical pile-driving formulas in use today are based on this type of hammer.

The hammers are mechanically reliable. Years of experience have produced a series of low-
maintenance designs that produce hammers that require little care on the part of the operator
and little concern on the part of the engineer. They are moderate speed devices usually rated
in the range of 60 to 75 blows per minute.

The single-acting hammer can be conveniently and economically short-stroked for the
driving of precast and pre-stressed concrete piles. Mechanisms are now available to make it
possible to remotely shift from a short to a long stroke in a matter of seconds. There is,
however, the ever-present possibility of oversupplying short-stroked hammers with steam or
air, and temporarily reduced energy blows are not to be considered reliable as to rated energy.
Factors that may contribute to substandard operations of single-acting hammers are as
follows:

1. Improper valve timing- These results in premature admission of steam (cushions the
blow) and throttling of the exhaust (shortens the stroke). Usually improper valve timing
results in decreased frequency of blows of the hammer. It should be noted, however, that
there is really no direct relationship between the frequency of the hammer and the energy of
the blow.

2. Excessive mechanical friction- There have been cases documented where the hammer
ram has actually "hung-up" because of excessive packing friction. Adjustment of the gland
beyond that required to just reduce excessive leakage can reduce hammer energy.

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3. Variations in the location of the striking point- When the location of the striking point
(the top of the cap block or cushion block) is too high, the valve of the hammer might not be
thrown completely, and as a consequence the single-acting hammer will short-stroke. When
the striking point is too low, the ram has to travel an excessive distance after the valve is
thrown at the bottom of the stroke until it strikes the pile, and the blow can be cushioned by
the up-force of steam. In spite of its age and shortcomings, the single-acting hammer is still
the mainstay of today's pile contractor.

Fig 4.2: Single acting hammer

Double acting hammer :

Double-acting hammers use steam or air to raise the striking parts and also to impart energy
during the down stroke in addition to that supplied by gravity. The basic design was
developed out of a desire on the part of engineers for a greater number of blows per
minute. The double-acting hammers in common use today operate in a range of 100 to 250
blows per minute.

To provide higher frequencies double-acting hammers are usually designed with light rams.
A large percentage of the energy rating of the hammer is due to steam force. These
hammers are, therefore, extremely sensitive to system pressure.

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Double-acting hammers strike a relatively high-velocity blow compared to single acting
hammers. Theoretical investigations have shown this to be extremely inefficient in the
driving of heavy piles. Although contractors consider these hammers desirable because they
have a high-energy rating compared to other hammers of equal total weight, they are not
often used for the driving of bearing piles. Their use is commonly limited to the driving of
sheet piles or soldier beams.

Because they are usually of the closed design where the ram is not visible, it is extremely
difficult, if not impossible, to monitor the stroke of the hammer. Tables are, however,
available indicating "rated energy" versus blows per minute for these hammers.
Unfortunately, these are extremely unreliable because factors other than the energy of the
blow affect the operating speed of these hammers. For example, (a) a hammer that short-
strokes will usually produce a higher frequency of blows than one that delivers the rated
stroke, and (b) double-acting hammers operating on a springy pile will usually increase in
frequency as resistance increases, requiring the operator to throttle the hammer and
consequently the blow.

The double-acting hammer has to be classed as a special-purpose tool. However, properly

applied it becomes a necessary valuable part of the equipment of the pile driving
contractor.

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Diesel hammer :

In recent years German, Japanese, and American equipment designers have produced bigger
and better diesel hammers. When the diesel hammer was first introduced just prior to World
War II, its mechanical reliability was questionable. Many times the hammer would not start.

There is apparently no limit to the size of diesel hammer that can be designed and built.
Hammers with energy ratings of more than 100,000 ft-lb are available.

The blow of a diesel hammer is complex and starts with an initial force induced in the head of
the pile by the compression of the air and fuel prior to ignition. The pre-compression force is
followed by the actual blow of the ramp that starts to accelerate the head of the pile
downward. Almost simultaneously with the blow, diesel ignition occurs and the force of the
explosion accelerates the ramp upward and pushes the pile head downward. A lingering push
is applied to the head of the pile as the products of combustion expand and continue to push
the ramp upward and the head of the pile downward.

Much is yet to be learned about these hammers. Several extensive test programs seem to
indicate that the hammers deliver energies close to their rating. There are, however, other
comparison driving tests tbat seem to indicate the contrary and cause many engineers to be
extremely cautious about their application and use in connection with most "conventional"
pile formulas.

Fig 4.4 : Diesel Hammer

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4) Vibratory Driving :

Low- Frequency Vibrators

In a search for faster and more efficient means of installing piles, engineers began
experimenting in the United States with the use of vibrations in the early 1950's. (In Russia
and Germany experimental investigations were made prior to 1936.) Little came of this until
the early 1960's when several low-frequency vibrators were introduced.

These vibrators operate in the range of 5 to 35 cycles per second and deliver their energy by
lifting the entire pile and driving it downward on each cycle. The vibratory input tends to
reduce the frictional grip of the soil on the pile and the pile itself is used to impact the soil
and overcome point resistance. In recent years these tools have been increasingly used in the
driving of " non-displacement" piles. The application of the tool to closed-end pipe, shell, and
precast piles has been very limited for 2 reasons: (a) Displacement piles are usually bearing
piles and as yet no dynamic formula has been universally applied to make it possible to
correlate either vibrator output or rate of penetration with dynamic pile capacity; and (b) the
ability to overcome resistance under the pile point depends on the vibrator's maximum output
force, the mass of the pile, and the amount of damping in terms of side friction that the soil
presents. For most displacement piles the power required is beyond the capabilities of all but
the largest vibrators.

The hammers have, however, been used extensively to drive and pull sheet piles, soldier
beams, and open- end pipe. Almost every year new, larger units are available that cannot help
increasing the vibrator's area of application.

High- Frequency (Resonant) Vibrators

In the early 1950's Bodine introduced the concept of resonant pile driving. This system
utilizes oscillators having an operating range of 40 to 140 cycles per second. These oscillators
make it possible to vibrate a pile at its natural frequency. The resonant theory holds that the
mass of the pile does not dampen the oscillator's output but that the pile acts as a
"transmission line" that maximizes the ability of the tip of the pile to do work on the soil. The
vibratory input also reduces or eliminates side friction.

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 A number of successful jobs have been completed by using this tool. Displacement piles
over 100 ft in length have been successfully driven. The system offers the following
advantages to the contractor and the engineer:

1. The ability to drive lighter section piles than can be driven with an impact hammer;
2. Increased speed of installation;
3. Elimination of the impacting noises present in conventional hammers;
4. Operation far above the natural frequency of the soils on a particular site, eliminating or at
least reducing the amount of vibrations felt by adjacent structures. 22

Jetting Technique :
Pile jetting is a technique that is frequently used in conjunction with, or separate from, pile
driving equipment for pile placement. Pile jetting utilizes a carefully directed and pressurized flow
of water to assist in pile placement. The application of a concentrated jet of water at the pile tip
disturbs a ring of sub-grade soils directly beneath it. The jetting technique liquefies the soils at the
pile tip during pile placement, reducing the friction and interlocking between adjacent sub-grade soil
particles around the water jet. This greatly decreases the bearing capacity of the soils below the pile
tip, causing the pile to descend toward its final tip elevation with much less soil resistance, largely
under its own weight. In less frequent applications, compressed air jets are used instead of
pressurized water jets with the same end result.

The applied water pressure and flow rate through the jet pipe will directly influence the volume
of sub-grade soils affected. Too much flow and pressure may result in poor controllability and
alignment of the pile being worked, or misalign and compromise adjacent piles. Too little water
flow or pressure could make the jetting technique ineffective. The type of soils supporting the
piles needs to be evaluated and understood. The jetting technique creates a localized soil
disturbance wherever it is used. Laboratory tests have shown pile jetting can significantly reduce
the lateral strength of placed piles since the technique can erode fine soil particles from the
surrounding soil matrix. Pile jetting is most effective in granular soils without significant

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cohesion (interlocking). Water run-off from the pump discharge hose, including erosion and
turbidity control issues, is another factor that needs to be planned in advance.

Fig4.5 Pile jetting

Partial Augering Technique :

Equipment comprises of a mobile base carrier fitted with a hollow-stemmed flight auger
which is rotated into the ground to required depth of pilling. To form the pile, concrete is
placed through the flight auger as it is withdrawn from the ground.
The auger is fitted with protective cap on the outlet at the base of the central tube and is
rotated into the ground by the top mounted rotary hydraulic motor which runs on a carrier
attached to the mast.

On reaching the required depth, highly workable concrete is pumped through the hollow stem
of the auger, and under the pressure of the concrete the protective cap is detached.

While rotating the auger in the same direction as during the boring stage, the spoil is expelled
vertically as the auger is withdrawn and the pile is formed by filling with concrete.

In this process, it is important that rotation of the auger and flow of concrete is
matched that collapse of sides of the hole above concrete on lower flight of auger is avoided.
This may lead to voids in filled with soil in concrete.

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The method is especially effective on soft ground and enables to install a variety of bored
piles of various diameters that are able to penetrate a multitude of soil conditions. Still, for
successful operation of rotary auger the soil must be reasonably free of tree roots, cobbles,
and boulders, and it must be self-supporting.

Fig 4.6 : Power Augers

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CHAPTER

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CONCLUSION
Different parts of a structure like superstructure & sub-structure / foundations , types of foundations
are studied . Further pile foundations are studied in detail in which we have studied uses , loads ,
problems , classification of piles on various basis are studied and observed through images. Pile
driving and various methods of pile driving like hammering , vibratory , jetting technique , partial
augering are studied in details with the help of diagrams.

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REFERENCES
1)Terzaghi, Karl; Peck, Ralph Brazelton; Mesri, Gholamreza (1996), Soil mechanics in engineering
practice (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 386, ISBN 0-471-08658-4
2) Crabtree, Pam J.. Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 2001. 113.
3) Edwards, Jay Dearborn, and Nicolas Verton. A Creole lexicon architecture, landscape, people.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. 92.
4) Nicholson, Peter. Practical Masonry, Bricklaying and Plastering, Both Plain and Ornamental.
Thomas

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