Middle East Technical University

Electrical and Electronics Department

EE 472 - Power System Analyss II

Term Project -1
Load-Flow Analysis

1. Turkish 380 kV electrical transmission system is shownin the map given in the attachments
in the homework file distributed by EE472@yahoogroups.com.

Construct the Turkish 380 kV1electrical transmission systemby collecting and gathering the
line, bus, load and generation data given in the attachments in the homework file distributed
by EE472@yahoogroups.com.

Line parameters per unit length (km) and lengthsare given in the form of raw data in the
Homework File distributed by EE472@yahoogroups.com. Calculate the parameters of these
lines by using the data and the information given in the Homework File for unit impedances
per km lengths of the lines.

o Calculate the line susceptances by using the 380 kV tower configuration (D1 distance)
given in the tower configuration in the Homework File distributed by
EE472@yahoogroups.com.

o Choose the Elbistan 380 kV bus as a slack and take the voltage of all generators (PV
buses) as 1.05 p.u.

o Assume that the reactive power generations of the generators are unbounded, i.e. the
reactive power generation limits may be ignored2 in the load-flow analysis.

o Assume that there is no transformer in the system, i.e. the system consists of only buses
and branches operated at 380 kV,

o Choose thye base power for p.u. calculations as 100 MVA,

o Some of the loads buses are not shownin the single-line diagram distributed. These
buses, should be placed to the nearest existing 380 kV load bus in the given single-line
diagram by examiningthe load data file. Add the load (active and reactive loads) at these
buses to those of the existing buses which are given in the bus loading table.

2. Perform base-casea load-flow analysis3on the Turkish 380 kV transmission system

described above, by using EISA (Electrical System Analysis Software Package) given in the
attachments in the homework file distributed by EE472@yahoogroups.com and determine
bus voltages, power flows, losses and overall system losses.

3. Now perform a large number of load-flow analyses in order to be able decide on a new 380
kV 3C (Cardinal) transmission line between two buses that you will choose in the
system,with at most 300 km4length (Measure the length of the new line by using Google

1 Line to line, rms voltage

2To make the reactive power generation limits unbounded, leave the entries for these limits in the load-flow analysis

blank,
3 Load-Flow analysis with all the given (existing) lines, buses, loads and generators are taken into account,
4The line length may at most be 300 km, i..e it may be shorter,
 Earth5in order to be able to ensure that the length does not exceed 300 km6)in such a way
that this new line will result in the most significant effect in reducingthe overall system active
power losses. In other words, the new line will result in the highest reduction in the overall
system active losses.In order to be able to do that, try a large number of possible
alternatives of new line configurations, with different buses and routes, and choose the one
which results in the most significant effect in reducingthe overall system active power losses.

4. Plot the results of the load-flow analysis that you have decided to be the most suitable for
satisfying the objective described above, on a single line diagram of the system as shown in
the following example (The example is not real. It is just an illustration to give an idea). This
plot may either be realized manually, or by using a computer software, such as Microsoft
PowerPoint or Autocad. Submit this single line diagram with the load-flow results written on
it, along with your report.

Please note that current balance condition, i.e. the KCL (Kirchhoffs Current Law) is satisfied
at each node. In fact the load-flow solution solves the system in such way that this power
balance is realizedwhen the solution is obtained as a result of convergence of iterations.

5. Calculate the annual saving (reduction) in the overall system active energy in kWh, resulting
from the reduction in the overall system active power losses. Calculate the annual saving in
USD7. Assume that price of the single-term, single-rate electricity is 25 kr / kWh in the
wholesale electricity market.

6. Calculate the overall investment (overnight cost) to be made for realizing the EPC Work8 on
the line that you have decidedto be the most suitable, by using the Line and Tower
Parameters given in the attachments in the homework file distributed by
EE472@yahoogroups.com.

5http://www.google.com/earth/index.html
6Add 10 % to the length measured by Google Earth, in order to take into account the terrain irregularities. For example,
assume that the actual length is 330 km for calculating the resistance, reactance and costs, while it was actually
measured to be 300 km in Google Earth.
7Use the currency in the conversion tables given by the Turkish Central National Bank, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ for

converting TL to USD at the date that you will be preparing the present Homework.
8The EPC Work: Engineering, Procurement and Construction Work.
7. Calculate the overall financial cost of the project and monthly back-payment by using the
Loan Amortization by Monthly Equal Payments formula9 given by the e-mail sent to EE472
today. Assume that the annual compound interest rate is 7 %. (Please note that Overnight
Cost and Financial Cost are not the same, i.e. Financial Cost = Overnight Cost + Interest +
Depreciation)

8. By using the results obtained in part (7), calculate the return rate of the investment,in
months, to be made for the EPC Work on the line new line, by assuming that the annual
interest rate of the loan is 7 % in USD as stated in the above part.

9. Calculate the IRR (Internal Return Rate) of this investment by assuming monthly back-
payment. Use the information given in the attachments given in the directory with the
nameIRR Calculation in the homework file distributed by EE472@yahoogroups.com.

10. Prepare a highly detailed report presenting the results of the work, showing the line which is
the most suitable for the purpose described in Part (3).

11. Print-out the load-flow results obtained for the case corresponding to configuration, most
suitable for the purpose described in Part (3). Submit this printout along with your report.

Prepare report by using Microsoft Word10submit this report in the form of both printed hard-
copy and e-mail as a compressed11 soft-copy.

Try to reflect what you have understood from this project. Grades will be granted according
to your penetration, understanding and comprehension on the project.

Include your comments and findings concerning the results for each case.

Even if your results areincorrect, you may still get a major part of the credit, if you interpret
the incorrect simulation results in a logical manner, depending on the power system
theoretical background.

Please;

(1) be extremely careful in preparing the project only by yourself, not copying from
your friends, Disciplinary punishment12 will be implemented for copying,
similarity and cheating.

(2) do not submit your work to EE472@yahoogroups.com, but directly to

fcarlak@metu.edu.tr

9Loan Amortization by Monthly Equal Payments

10Writtenby using Word with Version Office 2010 or above
11 Compressed by using Winzip with Version 12.1 or above
12 Departmental dismiss for at least one semester and failure in this course.