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Bending in Beams
Tie
Column
Strut
Cable
Beam
Point Load
Cantilever
Plate Shell
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 5
Type of Supports and Connection
for Structural Components
A
A
M
Fx
Built-in Fixed Support
Fy
Fx
Pin Connection Fy
Roller Support Fy
Can support force only in the vertical direction
Fx
Must be satisfied!!
In critical situations, you can consider
i) changing the service conditions,
by decreasing F ? ?
ii) changing the size of the member, by increasing A ? ?
iii) Using a stronger material , by increasing [] ? ?
The computational
region contains all
major surrounding
buildings and hills
within a diameter of 10
km. The total number
of grid is more than 10
millions
14
Mesh for hills
15
15
Velocity
distribution
Pressure
distribution
16
16
Local distribution of velocity
17
17
Mean pressure coefficient on Mean pressure
outer faces coefficient on inner faces
WD
WD
WD WD
Nonprismatic Beams
Shearing Stress in Beams
Deflection of Beams
Nonsymmetric Bending & Biaxial Bending
x
y
?
x
M z
y
Jz x
M 1
Radius of Curvature, : z
EJ z
x
M
Normal Stress*: y
Jz
1 3 1
J z bh 20 653 457708mm 4
12 12
2)Bending moment
Jz 457708
M y 248 3492664 N mm
ymax 32.5
A dA
r is distance to the rotating point O
y
I z moment about an axis
J z y 2 dA y is distance to the
A neutral axis z dA y z
B 2b b 2 1
2B b B 2
B b h 3 1 B b
2
Trapezoid Semicircular
Iz 1
24 3 B b
y A ab
y 2 2
A D d
4 2b z sb
D d D s
s
s z 2
Iz ab 3
2a 4
Hollow Iz
64
D 4
d4 Elliptical
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 39
Nonprismatic Beams
The beam theory described above was
derived for prismatic beams, that is,
straight beams having the same cross
section throughout their length.
However, non-prismatic beams are
commonly used to reduce weight and
improve appearance.
Such beams are found in automobiles,
airplanes, machinery, bridges, building,
tools and many other applications.
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 40
Exercise 3
My Px(hx / 2) 6 Px
2)The allowable stress allow 3
2
I bhx / 12 bhx
x QS zy
xy yx
y J zb
t
t b yx S zy y dA first moment
y b z y
s J z y 2 dA second moment
A
3Q
max
QS z
with
Sz ydA
max J zb 0
2 bh J z y 2 dA
A
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 48
Shearing Stress in Beams
y
b y
3Q
z max
h 2 bh
y
SQ Q(2r 3 / 3) 4Q 4Q
A
max
B B Ib (r / 4)( 2r ) 3r
4 2
3A
2r
z Assume the stresses act parallel to the y
axis and have constant intensity across the
width of the beam from A to B
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 49
Two Equations for Beams
mx
y
Q
ly Q l
Jz Jz
QS zy Q S zy
J zb Jz b
Q
For a rectangular Beam
y y 2l
mmax Ql
tf S zy Q
tw b Jz
y y z
z
d
Flange
Web
1 d
S zy bf 2
2
t f y
S zy1 d
2 b tw 2 2
2
y
b 2 2 1 d d
S zy 2
1
2
t f t f d t f
b 2 2 2 2
y' y
lx x
2
I x ' x ' I xx A l y
I y ' y ' I yy A l x
2 d ly
I p' I p A d 2
x'
I x ' y ' I xy A l x l y
56
Example:
2nd Moments of Area
b b
2 2
57
Example:
2nd Moments of Area
bh 3 h 2
Ans: I x'x' (hb)( ) I xx (Area) (shifted y : distance) 2
12 2
y
y
0 x
x
58
2nd Moments of Area for Composite Area:
59
Example:
Composite Area
1 2
6 1 6 1 4.5
3
12
1 1 A2
2 8 6 13 6 1 4.52
3
12 12
A3
60
Example
61
1
I xx ,1 A y dA 144.2 144.2 3 36031288 mm 4
2
12
1 2
I xx , 2 y dA 200 40 200 40 80
2 3
A
12
1 1 2
40 120 200 40 200 40 80
3 3
12 12
110293333 mm 4
I xx, 2 I xx,1
62
Neutral axis and second moment
250mm
To find the neutral axis (N-A), the cross-
section is divided into three parts, we have 20mm
y
yA N C A
200mm
A
2[0.1m](0.2m)(0.015m) [0.01](0.02m)(0.25m) 15mm
2(0.2m)(0.015m) 0.02m(0.25m)
0.05909m 59.09mm
The second moment of the area using the parallel-axis
theorem applied to the three parts
1
I (0.25m)(0.02)3 (0.25m)(0.02m)(0.05909m 0.01m) 2
12
1
2 (0.015m)(0.2m)3 (0.015m)(0.2m)(0.1m 0.05909m) 2 42.26(106 )m4
12
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 63
Stage Summary
Shearing Force yields Shearing Stress in the Cross Section. Its
Maximal Value is at the Neutral Axis and proportional to the First
Moment of the Area, but inversely proportional to the Product of
the Second Moment of the Area and the Breadth of the Neutral
Plane
The ratio of the Shearing Stress to the Normal Stress is small,
except in the W-shape Beam. bf y
tf
t
S z ydA tw
QS d
z
max z 0
J zb
J z y 2 dA
A
3
PL
max
3 EJ
d
1 dv d 2 v d
ds dx tan 2
dx dx dx dx
d d 2 v
1
So that 2
dx dx
A q C B
l 1
Fx 2
3q x x q
x 6 EJ z
s
1
Fq 2 3 x q x q
s 6 EJ z
Fq 2 2
smax 3l q B Fs
6 EJ z 2 EJ z
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 74
Deflection in Beam
Governing equation for the elastic curve
24 12 24
Check the slope of the beam is zero for x=L/2 and that the elastic
curve has a maximum at the midpoint, we have
q L4 L3 3 L 5qL4
yC ( 2 L L )
24 EI 16 8 2 384 EI
4
5qL
So that y max
384 EI
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 77
Symmetric Bending (plane bending)
Bending Moment
(vector) :
perpendicular to
the y Axis
y
z
x
Bending moment lies
in the x-y plane
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 78
Unsymmetric Bending & Biaxial Bending
In the situation where the bending moment does not act in plane of
symmetry of the member, either because
They act on the different plane (Fig. a and b)
Or the member does not possess any plane of symmetry (Fig. c)
We cannot expect
1) the member to bend in the plane where the moment acting on, (plane bending)
2) or the neutral axis of the section to coincide with the axis of the moment.
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 79
Unsymmetric Bending (Anination)