Complex

Numbers
Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers

What is truth?
Complex Numbers
Who uses them
in real life?
Complex Numbers
Who uses them
in real life?
Heres a hint.
Complex Numbers
Who uses them
in real life?
Heres a hint.
 Complex Numbers
Who uses them
in real life?

The navigation system in the space shuttle depends on complex

numbers!
Can you see a problem here?
Who goes first?
Complex numbers do not have order
What is a complex number?

It is a tool to solve an equation.

What is a complex number?

It is a tool to solve an equation.

It has been used to solve equations for the last 200 years or so.
What is a complex number?

It is a tool to solve an equation.

It has been used to solve equations for the last 200 years or so.
It is defined to be i such that ;

i 1
2
What is a complex number?

It is a tool to solve an equation.

It has been used to solve equations for the last 200 years or so.
It is defined to be i such that ;

Or in other words;

i 1
2

i 1
Complex?

i is an imaginary
number unreal
Or a complex number complex
Or an unreal number
imaginary
The terms are inter-
changeable
Some observations

In the beginning there were counting numbers

And then we needed integers

2
Some observations

In the beginning there were counting numbers

And then we needed integers

-1 2
-3
Some observations

In the beginning there were counting numbers

And then we needed integers
And rationals

1
0.41

-1 2
-3
Some observations

In the beginning there were counting numbers

And then we needed integers
And rationals
And irrationals

1
0.41

-1 2
-3

2
Some observations

In the beginning there were counting numbers

And then we needed integers
And rationals
And irrationals
And reals
1
0.41

-1 0 2
-3

So where do unreals fit in ?

We have always used them. 6 is not just 6 it is 6 + 0i. Complex

numbers incorporate all numbers.

2i 3 + 4i

1
0.41

-1 0 2
-3

 A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
6 + 3i is a complex number
x + iy is the general form of a complex number
If x + iy = 6 4i then x = 6 and y = 4
The real part of 6 4i is 6
Worked Examples

1. Simplify 4

4 4 1
4 i2
2. Evaluate
2i
3i 4i

3i 4i 12i 2
12 1
12
Addition Subtraction Multiplication

3. Simplify 3i 4i
3i 4i 7i
4. Simplify

3i 7 4i 6
5. Simplify
3i 7 4i 6 i 13

(3i 7)(3i 7)
(3i 7)(3i 7) 3i 7 2 9 49 58
2
Division
2
6. Simplify
3i 7
The trick is to make the denominator real:

2 3i 7 2(3i 7)

3i 7 3i 7 58
(3i 7)

29
7 3i

29
Solving Quadratic Functions

7. Solve x 6 x 13 0
2

6 36 52
x
2
6 16
x
2
6 16 1
x
2
x 3 2i complex solutions (Conjugates)
Powers of i

i i i i i
1 5 9 13

i i i i 1
2 6 10 14

i i i i i
3 7 11 15

i i i i 1
4 8 12 16
 Developing useful rules

Consider z a bi and z a bi (Conjugate)

z z 2a
z z 2bi
z (a bi)( a bi)
2

a 2bi b
2 2

z (a bi)( a bi)
2

a 2abi b
2 2
Developing useful rules

Consider z a bi and z a bi (Conjugate)

zz (a bi)( a bi)
a2 b2
z
2

z (a bi) (a bi)

z (a bi) (a bi)
a 2 2abi b 2

a2 b2
Developing useful rules

Consider z1 a bi and z2 c di
1. z1 z2 z1 z2

2. z1 z2 z1 z2
 Argand Diagrams
Jean Robert Argand was a Swiss amateur mathematician. He was an accountant book-
keeper.
He is remembered for 2 things
His Argand Diagram
His work on the bell curve

Very little is known about Argand. No likeness has survived.

Argand Diagrams
y 2 + 3i
3

x
1 2 3

We can represent complex

numbers as a point.
Argand Diagrams
y
3

2
z1 2 i OA
1 A

x
O
1 2 3

We can represent complex

numbers as a vector.
Argand Diagrams
z 2 3i OB
2
y
B
3

1 A
z1 2 i OA
x
O
1 2 3
Argandz Diagrams
2 3i OB
2 C
y
3
B z3 4 4i OC

1 A
z1 2 i OA
x
O
1 2 3

BA ?
 Argandz Diagrams
2 3i OB
2 C
y
3
B z3 4 4i OC

1 A
z1 2 i OA
x
O
1 2 3

OB BA OA
BA OA OB
z1 z2
De Moivre
Abraham De Moivre was a
French Protestant who moved
to England in search of
religious freedom.
He was most famous for his
work on probability and was an
acquaintance of Isaac Newton.
His theorem was possibly
suggested to him by Newton.
 De Moivres Theorem
cos i sin cos n i sin n
n

This remarkable formula works for all values of n.

Enter Leonhard Euler..
Euler who was the first to use i for complex
numbers had several great ideas. One of them
was that
ei = cos + i sin

Here is an amazing proof.

Let y sin
sin y
1

1
dy,now let y iz so dy idz
1 y 2

1
idz
1 iz
2

1
i dz
1 z2
 1
i dz
1 z2

i ln 1 z 2 z [standard integral]
y sin
now y iz z
i i
sin
2
sin
i ln 1
i i

i ln 1 sin i sin
2

 i ln 1 sin i sin
2

i ln cos i sin
i ln cos i sin
i ln cos i sin
1

i ln
1

cos i sin
1 cos i sin
i ln
cos i sin cos i sin
 1 cos i sin
i ln
cos i sin cos i sin
i ln cos i sin
ei cos i sin
One last amazing result

Have you ever thought about ii ?

 One last amazing result
What if I told you that ii is a real number?

now i cos i sin
2 2
but ei cos i sin

i
so e cos i sin i
2
2 2
i
i2
e i
i

 3 3
now i cos i sin
2 2
but ei cos i sin
5
i 3 3
so e 2
cos i sin i
2 2
3 i
i
i
2 i
e

3
i2
e 2
ii
3
e 2
ii
ii = 111.31777848985622603
So ii is an infinite number of
real numbers
The
End