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Abstract
The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation
of wireless mobile communication systems, and the emergence of new mobile
broadband technologies on the market have brought researchers and industries to
a thorough reflection on the fourth generation. Many prophetic visions have
appeared in the literature presenting 4G as the ultimate boundary of wireless
mobile communication without any limit to its potential, but in practical terms not
giving any design rules and thus any definition of it. In this article we give a prag-
matic definition of 4G derived from a new user-centric methodology that considers
the user as the “cornerstone” of the design. In this way, we devise fundamental
user scenarios that implicitly reveal the key features of 4G, which are then
expressed explicitly in a new framework — the “user-centric” system — that
describes the various level of interdependency among them. This approach conse-
quently contributes to the identification of the real technical step-up of 4G with
respect to 3G. Finally, an example of a potential 4G application is also given in
order to demonstrate the validity of the overall methodology.
User decision
consequently, their usage may change the emerging prod-
7 Speech Speech
global mobility global mobility ucts. So, understanding users in general means under-
6 security security standing how they change as the society around them
changes and, specifically, how they change through the
User sensitivity
ISO\OSI layer
User sensitivity
GPS
DAB/DVB
Internet
Wi-Fi
UMTS WiMAX
GSM
Multihop
Multihop
Bluetooth
Full coverage
Global access
Distribution Full mobility
(e.g., DAB, DVB) Not necessary
Individual links
Distribution layer
Full coverage
Hot spots
Cellular Global roaming 2G
(e.g., GSM) Full mobility
Individual links Cellular layer (macro cells)
sion will be granted with at least the same level of quality of unlicensed bands; thus, more bandwidth is not required. The
service (QoS) when passing from one network’s support to CH selection is an important issue that should take into
that of another one. account, among other factors, the channel conditions of the
Bandwidth. Resource sharing among the various networks short-range links (RS-MS and MS-MS) and the long-range
available will smooth the problem related to the spectrum lim- ones (BS-MS), the available rate, the speed, the location, the
itations relative to 3G [7]. computational power, and the residual energy of the MSs.
Power consumption. Battery drain is a chronic problem of • Due to the short range of the transmissions performed by
wireless devices and battery technology is not progressing at the MSs to the CH, it is possible to reduce their power con-
an appropriate pace. For example, 2G mobile phones were sumption and hence prolong their battery life.
shipped out with one battery, whereas 3G ones are shipped
out with two batteries. Therefore, if we follow this 3G rule, Provisioning of Heterogeneous Services
power consumption will increase proportionally to more Services are heterogeneous in nature (e.g., different types of
advanced services. Hence 4G will need to break this directly services such as audio, video, pop-up advertisements, etc.),
proportional rule as follows: quality, and accessibility. In fact, at a certain time and place,
P3G ~ S3G, (1) the quality of and the accessibility to a service may not be the
same due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the network. For
P4G ~ 1/S4G, (2) instance, in scenario B, users in proximity to the shopping mall
where P is the device power and S is the QoS. but outside the coverage of a WLAN can still receive pop-up
For example, a cellular system that also supports short-range advertisements by exploiting a possible multihop ad hoc net-
communications among the terminals can achieve the goals out- work in their surroundings. Therefore, thanks to the dynamics
lined above. The rationale for introducing short-range commu- of the network environment (in which the number of users,
nications is mainly due to the need to support peer-to-peer terminals, topology, etc. can change), 4G maximizes the proba-
(P2P) high-speed wireless links between mobile stations (MSs) bility to provide users with the requested connectivity. There-
and to enhance the communication between an MS and the fore, contrary to the previous generations, the services provided
base station (BS) by fostering cooperative communication proto- in 4G will depend on the time, place, terminal, and user:
cols among spatially proximate devices. This communication
S2G ~ const, (3)
enhancement primarily refers to higher link reliability, larger
coverage, higher spectral efficiency, and lower power consump- S3G ~ f (place), (4)
tion due to the use of exclusive cooperative stations (e.g., relay
S4G ~ f(time, place, terminal, user), (5)
stations (RSs) deployed by operators) or short-range communi-
cations among different MSs. Indeed, the concept of cooperation where the service provisioning depends on terminal and user
introduces a new form of diversity where terminals are less sus- because of terminal heterogeneity and service personalization,
ceptible to channel variations and shadowing effects. This results and user personalization, respectively.
in an improvement of the reliability of the communication and Apart from some soft additional emerging services (e.g., fast
the extension of the coverage. Furthermore, whereas in voice Internet connection, pop-up advertisements, etc.), there is still
networks the resources are dedicated separately for each user, in a lack of really new and distinct services that will enable new
cellular-controlled short-range data networks it is possible to applications with tangible benefits for their users. Therefore,
group users in clusters and gain the following advantages: we envision that the real advantage in terms of services that
• Only the cluster head (CH) needs to have a dedicated chan- 4G will bring will be based on the integration of technologies
nel to the BS, while the other MSs can communicate using designed to match the needs of different market segments:
•Short-range wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi and in the market (e.g., personal digital assistants (PDAs), watch-
Bluetooth, will enable machine-to-machine (M2M) communi- phones, and pen-phones will continue to be restricted to an
cations, such as in scenario C, where users sign up online on elite group of tech-savvy people), the mobile phone will still
the waiting list, which sends them back the approximate wait- have no competitor in the near future, due to its size and
ing time, or in scenario D, where they can transfer content to weight, which guarantee high portability. Moreover, due to
a publicly available larger display. In particular, from the soci- the casual and informal feeling it gives, people will pay more
ological point of view, in the latter case the private and public attention to the pop-up advertisements/news/events they
spheres are definitely mixed. This recombination can result in receive on it than on any other device.
the enhancement of public access such that the access to dis- Looking at the latest releases of mobile phones, the actual
plays will be as common as the access to public telephone tendency is to use a General Packet Radio System (GPRS)
booths is nowadays. Short-range wireless technologies also platform and provide users with the most complete range of
open the possibility to cooperative communication strategies, applications possible, trying to continually include new addi-
which can provide better services at lower costs, thus maximiz- tional features (e.g., digital camera recorder, etc.). On the
ing the users’ profit. In this way, they increase the social coop- other hand, the emerging UIMTS phones essentially provide
erative behavior and empower the consumer to make clever the possibility to support the mobile video communication.
use of it. Hence, the user’s personal device is no longer a However, the real enhancement that 3G brings to our every-
mere medium for transferring information, but a social medi- day life is not really clear. This new application cannot neces-
um that helps to build groups and friendships. sarily be considered as the “killer application,” as the quality
•Since 3G networks are not able to deliver multicast ser- of the video is low and it is practically limited to a semi-static
vices efficiently or at a decent level of quality, the synergy of situation that implies a complete concentration of users dur-
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and ing the conversation (e.g., it is obviously not practical to watch
digital audio/video broadcasting (DAB/DVB) will open the a mobile phone while walking in the street), restricting the
possibility to provide to mobile users interactive or on- field of action and raising secondary problems, such as safety
demand services — so called TP data casting — and audio issues (e.g., for the driver and pedestrians while driving, etc.).
and video streaming in a much more efficient way than using Since 4G is based on the integration of heterogeneous sys-
the point-to-point switch network [8]. tems, the future trend of wireless devices will move toward:
•The embedding in the user terminal of a Global Position- Multimode/reconfigurable devices. The user terminal is
ing System (GPS) receiver will offer the essential feature of able to access the core network by choosing one of the several
location-awareness that is necessary to provide users with the access networks available and to initiate the handoff between
most comprehensive and extensive level of information, thus them without the need for network modification or interwork-
bringing about real revolution in terms of personalized ser- ing devices. This leads to the integration of different access
vices. The user terminal can hence provide not only location- technologies in the same device (multimodality) or to the use
based information, such as maps and directions to follow to of the software-defined radio (SDR) (reconfigurability) [9].
reach a specific place, but also useful information relevant in For example, whereas the integration of Bluetooth in the user
time and space, such as pop-up advertisements concerning terminal will enable a personalization-transfer service, a built-
offers in shops nearby. However, GPS technology can only in GPS receiver will allow users to utilize their personal
support outdoor localization. Indoor localization, which is devices as navigators just by plugging them in their cars and
important in order to provide, for instance, the guided tour in thus even lighten the number of needed devices. However, the
a museum (see scenario C), requires the cooperation of short- reconfigurability of the user terminal could be a key aspect
range wireless technologies. that would make the future 4G technology as highly adaptable
Finally, it is worth highlighting that although users are as possible to the various worldwide markets.
attracted by high data rates, they would certainly be even Exploitation of interworking devices. In order to reduce the
more attracted by useful services exploiting high data rates. hardware embedded in the user terminal and the software
The support of imaging and video as well as high-quality complexity, the use of interworking devices is exploited. For
audio gives service providers (SPs) a myriad of possibilities for example, this is the case of an integrated access point (AP)
developing appealing applications. These features, blended performing the interworking between a wireless metropolitan
with the support of high data rates, result in a particularly area network (WMAN) technology and a WLAN technology,
attractive combination. Indeed, in addition to an explosive such as WiMAX and Wi-Fi, respectively [10]: the WMAN is
increase in data traffic, we can expect changes on the typically considered as the backbone and the WLAN as the distribu-
assumed downlink-uplink traffic imbalance. Data transfer in tion network; therefore, instead of integrating both technolo-
the uplink direction is expected to increase considerably and, gies, the user terminal will only incorporate the Wi-Fi card.
as a result of these trends, the mobile user will ultimately The price to be paid for this relief is hence an increased sys-
become a content provider (CP). In future wireless networks, tem (infrastructure) complexity.
the CP concept will broaden to encompass not only the con-
ventional small- or middle-size business-oriented service com-
panies, but also any single or group of users (e.g.,
Potential 4G Application
shops/cinemas/theaters in scenario B, museums in scenario C, This section demonstrates the validity and importance of the
users themselves in scenario D). Mobile CPs will open up a selected approach by describing an example of a new 4G
new chapter in service provision. application inherent to the user in scenario C: the mobile
tourist guide.
Multimode/Reconfigurable and Interworking Devices Before going on vacation, usually people buy a guide or
As illustrated in Fig. 3, 4G is characterized by the support of check on the Internet for information regarding their destina-
heterogeneous terminals, ranging from pen-phones to cars. tion. Most of the time, this operation costs time and money
However, due to its wide acceptance and usage in the past ten with the result of possibly outdated and/or imprecise informa-
years, the mobile phone is still expected to be on the next tion. Therefore, in order to overcome these limitations and
“edge of the wave” of the mass market. Indeed, while the obtain the detailed information really needed for their travel,
penetration of other devices will occupy a restricted niche role users can simply access the mobile tourist-guide application,