UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU

FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET

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Novi Sad
2013
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Univerzitet u Novom Sadu,
Filozofski fakultet
www.ff.uns.ac.rs
Urednica Zbornika
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METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS

%/$&. AND :+,7(IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN1

ABSTRACT
7KLV SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WKH EDVLF FRORXU WHUPV RQH RI WKH TXLWH ZHOO FRYHUHG WRSLFV QRW RQO\
LQ OLQJXLVWLFV EXW DOVR LQ DQWKURSRORJ\ SK\VLFV DQG SV\FKRORJ\ WU\LQJ WR HVWDEOLVK D RQHZD\
DQDO\VLV 6HUELDQ WR (QJOLVK ZKLFK FRPSDUHV DQG FRQWUDVWV WKH PHWDSKRULFDO H[WHQVLRQV RI WKH
two most basic colour terms, EODFN and ZKLWH, in Serbian and English. These two terms have been
LGHQWLHGDVWKH most basic ones, since they were found to exist even in languages which have only
two names for colours. In our analysis, metaphorical extensions were isolated after comparing
several Serbian and English dictionaries, and attempts were made at making hypotheses about
how these extensions came into being. The study shows that there is a relatively high degree of
correspondence between the two compared languages in terms of the existence of underlying
conceptual metaphors with EODFN and ZKLWH serving as source domains.

Key wordsFRORXUWHUPVEODFNZKLWHPHWDSKRULFDOH[WHQVLRQVFRQFHSWXDOPHWDSKRU(QJOLVK
Serbian.

1. INTRODUCTION
Colour terms have been studied in a number of different ways and from many different
perspectives, especially in relation to linguistic relativity. In this paper, we decided
to take a look at the most basic colour terms (EODFN and ZKLWHLQ6HUELDQDQG(QJOLVK
WKHLU PHWDSKRULFDO H[WHQVLRQV WKURXJK WKH IUDPHZRUN RI FRQFHSWXDO PHWDSKRU DQG
some speculations as to how they came into existence over the years. Almost every study
concerned with colours and colour terms has Berlin and Kays famous book %DVLF&RORU
7HUPV7KHLU8QLYHUVDOLW\DQG(YROXWLRQDWLWVIRXQGDWLRQDQGWKLVRQHLVQRWJRLQJ
WREHDQH[FHSWLRQ%HUOLQDQG.D\LGHQWLHGEODFN and ZKLWH as the most basic of
the basic colour terms, occurring as they do in all languages before any other colour term.

1  3UHSDUHG DV D SDUW RI WKH SURMHFW QXPEHU  FRQGXFWHG DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1L  )DFXOW\ RI
Mechanical Engineering, and supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development of the Republic of Serbia.
548 ,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

In a broader sense these two terms refer to light and darkness. As for the explanation of the
variety of their metaphorical extensions, we can refer back to the cognitive linguistic view,
ZKLFKPDLQWDLQVWKDW

LQDGGLWLRQWRREMHFWLYHSUHH[LVWLQJVLPLODULW\FRQFHSWXDO
PHWDSKRUV DUH EDVHG RQ D YDULHW\ RI KXPDQ H[SHULHQFH LQFOXGLQJ
FRUUHODWLRQVLQH[SHULHQFHYDULRXVNLQGVRIQRQREMHFWLYHVLPLODULW\
ELRORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDOURRWVVKDUHGE\WKHWZRFRQFHSWVDQGSRVVLEO\
RWKHUV.|YHFVHV

 )XUWKHUPRUH .|YHFVHV   WRXFKHV XSRQ WKH VXEMHFW RI WKH EDVLF FRORXU
PHWDSKRUVLHWKHLULPSOLHGPHDQLQJRIOLJKWDQGGDUNQHVVE\PHQWLRQLQJWKHPDVVRPH
of the most common source domains, corresponding to life and death as one of the most
FRPPRQWDUJHWGRPDLQV+HDGGVWKDW

/LIH LV XQGHUVWRRG DV D MRXUQH\ WR VRPH GHVWLQDWLRQ

0RUHRYHULWLVPHWDSKRULFDOO\GD\OLJKWZDUPWKDQGRWKHUV%LUWKLV
FRQFHLYHGRIDVDUULYDOZKHUHDVGHDWKLVYLHZHGDVGHSDUWXUHDVZHOO
DVQLJKWGDUNQHVVDQGFROG.|YHFVHV

A number of authors have dealt with the semantic development of these two terms
WKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\DQGLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRORRNDWVRPHRIWKHLUQGLQJVDVWKH\PLJKWEH
related to the metaphorical extensions these words have in modern Serbian and English.
)RU H[DPSOH &DVVRQ   ZULWHV WKDW EODFN in English descended from EKOHJ
in Old English, which means WRVKLQHDVKEXUQ, and that it also had the conventional
hue sense of EXUQW VFRUFKHG7KLV DVSHFW RI PHDQLQJ ZDV ORVW LQ 0RGHUQ (QJOLVK ,YL
  DGGV WKDW WKLV LV QRW WKH FDVH ZLWK EODFN in Serbian, which has a synonym
H[SUHVVLQJWKLVSDUWLFXODUDVSHFWRIPHDQLQJVKLQHvran (almost exclusively related to
IXU+OHEHF2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKLWH in Serbian has retained the aspect of its
original meaning which has to do with sheen, and this fact may account for ZKLWH having a
metaphorical extension related to temperature, which is not the case with EODFN. Referring
EDFNWR3URWR6ODYLF,YLVWDWHVWKDWZKLWHLQ6HUELDQXVHGWREHV\QRQ\PRXV
with FOHDU (beside comprising the VKHHQPHDQLQJFRPSRQHQW6LPLODULVWUXHIRU(QJOLVK
DFFRUGLQJWR&DVVRQZKRWDONVDERXWWKHHYROXWLRQRI(QJOLVKFRORXUWHUPVIURP
brightness to hue, saying that NZHLWZKLFKZDV2OG(QJOLVKIRUZKLWHTXLWHRIWHQGHQRWHG
 METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ... 549

OXPLQRVLW\DQGUHHFWLYLW\7KLVPHDQLQJKRZHYHUZDVSDUWO\ORVWVWDUWLQJIURP0LGGOH
(QJOLVKZKHQWKHWHUPEHFDPHKXHRULHQWHGWRDJUHDWGHJUHHKRZHYHUHYHQZLWKWKH
switch from brightness to hue, white in English has retained its relation to temperature,
LHKHDW
We certainly cannot completely rely on the semantic development of the terms through
history to explain their metaphorical extensions, but it can help us make certain assumptions
based on this development (e.g. the notion of clarity as a meaning component of ZKLWH in
both languages may be the reason behind the extension of the meaning of ZKLWH to morally
SXUHDQGLQQRFHQW
There is a number of conceptual metaphors involving EODFN and ZKLWH which can be
H[HPSOLHG E\ XVLQJ 6HUELDQ DQG (QJOLVK OLQJXLVWLF PDWHULDO ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ
we will present the matching metaphors that EODFN and ZKLWH have in these two languages
by comparing the corpus extracted from 2(' to the corpus extracted from 506 (other
GLFWLRQDULHVOLVWHGLQ%LEOLRJUDSK\ZHUHFRQVXOWHGDVZHOOEXWWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGRQHV
RIIHUHG WKH EHVW H[DPSOHV IRU WKLV VWXG\ )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK ZKLFK ZRXOG KDYH (QJOLVK
as the starting point, is necessary for a complete insight into the similarity of underlying
FRORXUUHODWHGPHWDSKRUVLQWKHVHWZRODQJXDJHV

2. :+,7(_%(/2
2.1. *22',6:+,7(_'2%52-(%(/2
The book entitled /DQJXDJHDQG,GHRORJ\JLYHVDQLQIRUPDWLYHSDVVDJHZKLFK
can serve as an introduction to this most basic metaphorical extension of ZKLWH, standing in
opposition to %$',6%/$&._/2(-(&512 and pointing to the general positive connotations
WKDWWKLVWHUPKDV

WKH VRXUFH GRPDLQ LQ WKLV PHWDSKRULFDO VWUXFWXUH LV >@

FRQYHQWLRQDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI KXPDQ ERGLO\ H[SHULHQFHV ZLWK
VXQOLJKW DQG WKH FRORXU VSHFWUXP 7KH FRQFHSWXDO V\VWHP LQYROYHV
D IXQGDPHQWDO DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW WKDW SXUH XQOWHUHG XQUHIUDFWHG
VXQOLJKWLVZKLWH:KHQQRVXQOLJKWLVDYDLODEOHLHZKHQLWLVOWHUHG
RXWVRWKRURXJKO\DVWREHFRPSOHWHO\EORFNHGWKHFRORXUH[SHULHQFH
LVZKDWZHFDOOLQ(QJOLVKEODFN,QWKLVZD\WKHRSSRVLWLRQEHWZHHQ
EODFN DQG ZKLWH LV HVWDEOLVKHG FRQFHSWXDOO\ >@ WKHUH LV QRWKLQJ
LQKHUHQWO\JRRGDERXWZKLWHDQGQRWKLQJLQKHUHQWO\EDGDERXWEODFN
7KHGLVWLQFWYDOXHVFRQFHSWXDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHLPDJHVLQWKLV
550 ,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

LFRQRJUDSKLFIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFHDUHGLUHFWUHH[HVRIDIXQGDPHQWDO
URRW YDOXH V\VWHP ZKLFK UHYHUHV WKH H[SHULHQFH RI OLIH DQG UHYLOHV
WKHH[SHULHQFHRIGHDWK,QWKLVFDVHOLIHDQGGHDWKDUHXQGHUVWRRG
UHODWLYHWRH[SHULHQFHRIWKH6XQ (life forms thrive in environments
LQZKLFKVXQOLJKWLVDYDLODEOH/DQJXDJHDQG,GHRORJ\

The examples from 506 and 2(' ZKLFK LOOXVWUDWH WKLV PHWDSKRU DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\
ERUEDL]PHXELMHOLKLFUQLKERJRYD, QRPLVDRPRMDQLMHWDNREHODLELMHORLFUQRXQDPD
LYLQLEHORQLFUQRPHDQLQJQHLWKHUJRRGQRUEDGXYDWLEHOHSDUH]DFUQHGDQH (where
money is associated with white as something that can potentially help in times of need,
ZKLFKDUHLQWXUQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKFRORXUEODFNLQRXUH[DPSOHDQG7KHUHDLQWDZKLWHU
PDQWKDQ/DUDPLH-DFNIURPWKH:LQG5LYHU0RXQWDLQVGRZQWR6DQWD)Hwhereas the
GHQLWLRQVRIZKLWHLQWKHWZRGLFWLRQDULHVLQFOXGHKRQRXUDEOHVTXDUHGHDOLQJon the one
hand andHGDQQHYLQVYHWDRDVWDQon the other In Christianity, ZKLWHVSLULW refers to a
SHUVRQZKRGRHVJRRGWRRWKHUV,YLWDONVDERXWWKH6HUELDQUXUDOFRPPXQLW\
which used the colour term ZKLWH in relation to agriculture in order to describe particularly
IDYRXUDEOHHYHQWVLQWKLVGRPDLQRUWKHKLJKTXDOLW\RIIUXLWVDQGKHUEVRNRPHQHVWUXN
EHOD ERVLOMND EHOH OR]H YLQRYH, etc. This basic metaphor, together with the components
RI PHDQLQJ PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ LH OLJKWQHVV VKHHQ UHHFWLYLW\ IRU ZKLWH,
and scorching, burning, etc. for EODFNWHUPVZKLFKZHUHXVHGV\QRQ\PRXVO\ZLWKFRORXU
terms (i.e. clear as a synonym for ZKLWHLQ6HUELDQDQGYDULRXVFXOWXUDOIDFWRUVVHUYHGDV
the starting point for the derivation of other metaphors which relate white to phenomena
perceived as having generally positive connotations2.

2.2. ,112&(17,6:+,7(_1(9,12-(%(/2
This particular metaphorical extension is probably derived from the more literal
association of black with dirt, out of which by contrast we associate white with clean,
unsoiled. >@,GHDVRIGLUWLQHVVDQGLPSXULW\DUHWKHPVHOYHVJURXQGHGLQWKHSHUFHSWXDO
H[SHULHQFH RI WKH FRORU EODFN ZKLFK LV VHHQ QRW MXVW DV WKH RSSRVLWH RI ZKLWH EXW DOVR
DVDSRWHQWLPSXULW\WKDWFDQFRQWDPLQDWHZKLWHQHVV6KHUPDQDQG&ORUH
An interesting study was conducted by these two psychologists, who examined automatic
associations between words with moral and immoral meanings and the colours black

2 There are exceptions to this general rule, though, as we can see in 506 which presents us with the
meaning of ZKLWHZKLFKUHIHUVWRFDWDUDFWDQGEOLQGQHVVZKHQXVHGWRGHVFULEHH\HVRUWRHSLOHSWLFWLQ
WKHSKUDVHZKLWHIRDPDURXQGWKHPRXWKEHODSHQD
 METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ... 551

and white. 7KH VSHHG RI FRORU QDPLQJ LQ D 6WURRS WDVN ZDV IDVWHU ZKHQ ZRUGV LQ
EODFNFRQFHUQHGLPPRUDOLW\HJJUHHGUDWKHUWKDQPRUDOLW\DQGZKHQZRUGVLQZKLWH
FRQFHUQHG PRUDOLW\ HJ KRQHVW\ UDWKHU WKDQ LPPRUDOLW\6KHUPDQ DQG &ORUH 
 7KLV SURYHV WKDW SHRSOH LQVWLQFWLYHO\ DVVRFLDWH EODFN with immorality, i.e. ZKLWH
with moral purity. Appropriate illustrations were also found in 506 and 2(''DPLMH
OMXEDYRVHWLWLEODJXRNRMRMQH]QDDJRYRULVYHWQDLYQXEHOXXLYRWX]ORP, and It is I
ZKRVHGXW\LWLVWRVHHWKDW\RXUQDPHEHPDGHZKLWHDJDLQ, coupled with the appropriate
GHQLWLRQV PRUDOO\ RU VSLULWXDOO\ SXUH RU VWDLQOHVV VSRWOHVV XQVWDLQHG LQQRFHQW and
HGDQQHYLQDVWDQ)XUWKHUH[DPSOHVLQFOXGHRVWDRMHVYHWODREUD]DRVYHWODRMHREUD]
,YLZKLFKUHIHUVWRLQQRFHQFHLQWKHVHQVHRIPRUDODQGVSLULWXDOSXUHQHVVLQ
6HUELDQDQGKHLVZKLWHKDQGHGZKLFKVWDQGVIRUERWKKRQHVWDQGLQQRFHQWDQGZKLWH
OLHV, which is a collocation used to describe the kind of lie which aims to avoid hurting the
person it is intended for in English.

2.3. 3($&()8/,6:+,7(_0,52/-8%,92-(%(/2
7KLV PHWDSKRULFDO H[WHQVLRQ EHFDPH UPO\ HVWDEOLVKHG WKURXJK FHUWDLQ KLVWRULFDO
FLUFXPVWDQFHVZKLFKLQWURGXFHGWKHZKLWHDJDVWKHV\PERORISHDFH:HFDQSUREDEO\
DVVXPHWKDWPRUDOLW\PRUDOSXULW\DQGKRQRXUVHUYHGDVLQWHUPHGLDWHVWHSVEHWZHHQZKLWH
as the source and peaceful as the target domain, as in times of war soldiers guaranteed with
WKHLUKRQRXUWKDWWKHH[FKDQJHRIUHZDVWRFHDVHLQFDVHWKHV\PEROZDVXVHG,QKLVERRN
7KH5LJKWVRI:DUDQG3HDFH*URLWXVEULH\PHQWLRQVWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHZKLWHDJ
7KHUVWPHQWLRQRIZKLWHDJVXVHGDVDVLJQRIVXUUHQGHUZDVPDGHEHWZHHQ
$'7KHFRORUZKLWHZDVXVHGJHQHUDOO\WRLQGLFDWHDSHUVRQZDVH[HPSWIURPFRPEDW
heralds bore white wands, prisoners or hostages captured in battle would attach a piece of
white paper to their hat or helmet, and garrisons that had surrendered and been promised
safe passage to safety would carry white batons. In 1625, Hugo Grotius described the white
DJDVDVLJQWRZKLFKXVHKDVJLYHQDVLJQLFDWLRQ*URLWXV506 and 2('
RIIHUDSSURSULDWHH[DPSOHV1HHQLNDGVWLLXELMHOXOXNXPLUD and 7KHUHPHWKLPDVKLSRI
WKH&DUWKDJLQLDQVJDUQLVKHGZLWKZKLWHDJVRISHDFH, with 506offering some additional
adjectives for this meaning, such as VSRNRMDQ and VLJXUDQ.

2.4. +$33<,6:+,7(_65(12-(%(/2
7KHIROORZLQJPHWDSKRUYDULHVJUHDWO\DFURVVFXOWXUHVZKLFKLVSHUKDSVEHVWH[HPSOLHG
3 The Stroop task demonstrates the cognitive interference that occurs when a person is instructed to name
WKHFRORURILQNLQZKLFKDQLQFRQJUXHQWZRUGLVSULQWHGHJWRVD\UHGDORXGLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHVWLPXOXV
ZRUG%/8(SULQWHGLQUHGLQN
552 ,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

by the colour of clothes worn on certain occasions, particularly weddings and funerals. In
the western world it is customary for brides to wear white, whereas in China this colour,
together with black, is more appropriate for funerals (even though recent years have seen
DJUHDWGHDORIZHVWHUQLQXHQFHVR&KLQHVHDUHWXUQLQJIURPUHGZKLFKLVWKHWUDGLWLRQDO
FRORXUIRUWKHLUZHGGLQJGUHVVHVWRZKLWH7KHFXVWRPRIZHDULQJZKLWHDWWLUHIRUIXQHUDOV
persists in some parts of Hungary as well. In Serbian and English, however, we have a
matching opposition of metaphorical extensions +$33<,6:+,7(_65(12-(%(/2 and 6$',6
%/$&._ 1(65(12-(&512, which is supported by examples from 506 and 2('1RYDP

GRHVD9XNDMHGQRJDGDQDNEHOLEUDRVDGUXJRJD, and :KDWLVFDOOHGE\6FKRROER\V

%ODFN0RQGD\ZDVWRPHWKHZKLWHVWLQWKHZKROH<HDUWKDWDOVRLQFOXGHGHQLQJDGMHFWLYHV
svetao and SURSLWLRXVIDYRXUDEOHDXVSLFLRXVIRUWXQDWH, respectively.

2.5. +27,6:+,7(_95(/2-(%(/2
Several factors could have played a part in the origin of this metaphor. There is a certain
possibility that it has sun as the source of light (which acts as a synonym of white, as
PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ EDVHG RQ ,YLV UHVHDUFK DW LWV FRUH7RJHWKHU ZLWK OLJKW
sun also provides heat, so this can be one possible explanation for this extension. Another
explanation could be the physical perception of objects made of metal glowing white when
heated to extremely high temperatures. Both languages have examples of this metaphorical
H[WHQVLRQWKHGHQLWLRQVLQFOXGLQJ]DDUHQXVLMDQGREHOLQH in 506 and ZKLWHKRW 
KHDWHGWRVXFKDGHJUHHDVWRUDGLDWHZKLWHOLJKWDWZKLWHKHDW in 2(', as well as the
examples of =QD GD MH WR ELMHOR HOMH]R QD VWDUX UDQX (506 DQG 7R GLVSOD\ DOO WKHVH
FRORXUVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHZLUHPXVWEHZKLWHKRW(2('DQG.HQDPXQZDVLQDZKLWH
rage.

3. %/$&._&512
3.1. ',57<,6%/$&._35/-$92-(&512
The conceptual metaphor linking EODFN to GLUW\ (and SUOMDYR to FUQRKDVQRFRXQWHUSDUW
in those metaphors involving the colour ZKLWH. It is somewhat less metaphorical as
FRPSDUHGWRRWKHUPHWDSKRUVGHVFULEHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQLWHPSOR\VRQHSK\VLFDOGRPDLQ
WRGHVFULEHDQRWKHUSK\VLFDOGRPDLQZKLFKFDQKRZHYHUEHH[WHQGHGLQWRDQRQSK\VLFDO
realm (GLUW\KDVLWVWUDQVIHUUHGPHDQLQJDQGFRQQRWDWLRQV1HYHUWKHOHVVZHPD\WUDFNLW
LQERWKODQJXDJHVLQFOXGHGLQWKHVWXG\LQERWK(QJOLVKDQG6HUELDQZHPD\QGH[DPSOHV
WKDWVXSSRUWWKLVPHWDSKRU2QHRIWKHGHQLWLRQVRIEODFN in 2('LVGHHSO\VWDLQHGZLWK
GLUWVRLOHGGLUW\IRXOWKLVVHHPVWREHLOOXVWUDWLYHHQRXJKEXWFDQEHIXUWKHUVXSSRUWHG
 METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ... 553

by examples such as the one coming from the proverbial rhyme ,G UDWKHU KDYH EODFN
KDQGV DQG SOHQW\ RI PHDW WKDQ QHYHU VXFK ZKLWH RQHV DQG QRWKLQJ WR HDW. The phrase
EODFNKDQGV in the rhyme obviously refers to soiled hands, which were clearly engaged in
some kind of work. Similarly, 506VGHQLWLRQRIFUQR includes QHLVWSUOMDY]DPD]DQ
UXEOMHFUQHUXNHZKLFKDOOUHHFWWKHVDPHNLQGRIOLQNEHWZHHQWKHFRORXUEODFN and the
concept of GLUWLQHVV.

3.2. %$',6%/$&._/2(-(&512
This metaphor operates as the counterpart of the metaphor *22' ,6 :+,7( _ '2%52 -(
%(/2, which was dubbed the most basic of all mentioned in the previous section dealing

with ZKLWH. It is the most basic in the same sense as its counterpart as it deals with a
domain which is includes various elements of GLVWXUELQJ, VDG or JXLOW\ and other abstract
domains described by means of the colour EODFN,QWKHGHQLWLRQVRIEODFNLQ2(' and
crno in 506ZHPD\QGHOHPHQWVZKLFKFRQQHFWEODFNWREDGEODFNLVGHQHGDVKDYLQJ
GDUN RU GHDGO\ SXUSRVHV PDOLJQDQW SHUWDLQLQJ WR RU LQYROYLQJ GHDWK GHDGO\ EDQHIXO
GLVDVWURXVVLQLVWHUZKHUHDVRQHRIWKHGHQLWLRQVRIFUQRLQFOXGHVDGMHFWLYHVUDYand]DR.
The examples from English which support this metaphor include I WKLQNLWLVPDGQHVVWREH
XQSUHSDUHGDJDLQVWWKHEODFNPRPHQW as well as 7KHWKURQHZDVXVXUSHGE\WKH4XHHQV
EODFNHQHP\3KLOLSOther examples from spoken English which can be added to the list
LQFOXGH1RZHYHU\SURIHVVLRQKDVJRWLWVEODFNVKHHS, 7KHSXEOLFVFDQGDOOHIWDEODFNPDUN
RQKLVFDUHHUDQGFROORFDWLRQVVXFKDVEODFNPRQH\REWDLQHGE\LOOHJDOGHDOLQJVEODFN
market, EODFNIXWXUHIXWXUHZLWKQRKRSHDEODFNORRNDQDQJU\ORRN,Q6HUELDQZH
QGWKHH[DPSOHRI=DUPXMHPRJDRELWLFUQMLGXPDQLQRG,JQMDWD In the listed examples,
EODFN is used to modify the noun HQHP\ (HQHP\ in English and GXPDQLQ LQ 6HUELDQ
which speaks enough of its negative connotations.
We also have a number of examples with colour EODFN coming from Serbian epic
SRHWU\$MGDLLOOXVWUDWHVWKLVZLWKH[DPSOHVLQZKLFKEODFN is used to amplify the
SRZHU RI FXUVHV 7HEL PDMNR EXUPD SRWDYQLODQD GHVQLFL X FUQRM ]HPOMLFL and 3R
GYRUXWLVYDNRGUYFHUDVOR$QDMYLHFUQDWUQRYLQD8QMHPXVHVYDNDWLFDOHJOD$QDMYLH
FUQLNXNDYLFD.

3.3. ',6785%,1*,6%/$&._=/2.2%12-(&512
The following metaphor, ',6785%,1* ,6 %/$&. _ =/2.2%12 -( &512 can be considered
a variation of %$' ,6 %/$&._ /2( -( &512It, however, has a set of meanings which are
QRWLQFOXGHGLQWKHVHPDQWLFHOGFRYHUHGE\WKHDGMHFWLYHEDG7KLVLVEHVWVHHQLQWKH
554 ,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

GHQLWLRQV RI EODFN and FUQR found in the dictionaries of English and Serbian. One of
WKHGHQLWLRQVRIEODFN describes it as RIWKHFRXQWHQDQFHWKHORRNRIWKLQJVSURVSHFWV
FORXGHGZLWKDQJHUIURZQLQJWKUHDWHQLQJERGLQJLOOWKHRSSRVLWHRIEULJKWDQGKRSHIXO,
ZKLFKLVTXLWHVLPLODUWRZKDWZHQGLQ6HUELDQPU]DNRGYUDWDQNREDQ]ORNREDQ. There
DUH H[DPSOHV LQ ERWK ODQJXDJHV ZKLFK UHHFW WKH WKUHDWHQLQJ DQG LOOZLVKLQJ VHPDQWLF
elements. 2('provides us with :KHQWKHIDFHRIDIIDLUVORRNHGEODFNHVWDQGQRJOLPSVH
RIFRPIRUWDSSHDUHG, 7KHFUHZZLOOQRORQJHU UHJDUGP\FKLOGZLWKEODFNORRNV, WKHEODFN
IRUHVWZDVDPRQVWHUZDLWLQJWRGHYRXU\RXLQWRWKHEUDQFKHVand KLVEODFNH\HVZHUHKROHV
LQWRWKHSLWRIHYLO, whereas 506 offers 1HNDQHXPUHGRNOHPXWDFUQD]OREDQH L]JRUL
QD YUDMRM GXL, which also supports the previous metaphor, /2( -( &512 Furthermore,
WKLVSDUWLFXODUH[WHQVLRQDOVRKDVLWVJURXQGLQGLQ6HUELDQHSLFSRHWU\6LQRPHQHFUQD
NQMLJDGRH&UQDNQMLJDDXGREDFUQR&UQRPEMHHEXORP]DEXODQD$NUYDYLPVORYPD
QDSLVDQD$MGDL7KHYHUVHVUHSHDWHGO\HPSOR\EODFNfor the purpose of stressing
the sinister and ominous nature of the news received.

3.4. 6$',6%/$&._1(65(12-(&512
A further step towards the realm of abstraction can be found in the conceptual metaphor
relating the colour EODFN to VDGQHVVWKLVOLQNFDQEHIRXQGLQPDQ\FXOWXUHVDURXQGWKH
JOREH0XQUR:HFDQWUDFHLWLQ(QJOLVKDQG6HUELDQOLQJXLVWLFPDWHULDODVZHOO
$PRQJRWKHUGHQLWLRQVIURP2(' we can learn that black is GDUNVRPEUHGXVN\JORRP\
DQG WKLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH 7KH EODFNHVW VN\ IRUHWHOOV WKH KHDYLHVW
WHPSHVW. We may say that, linguistically speaking, the direct links connecting black to sad
DUHPRVWOLNHO\WREHODEHOOHGREVROHWHWKHODWHVWH[DPSOHGDWLQJIURPWZRFHQWXULHVDJR
but culturally speaking, the links between EODFN and GHDWKVDGQHVVVHHPWREHVWLOODOLYH
ZKLFKPD\EHFHUWLHGE\IXQHUDOFXVWRPVLQWKH8.DQGWKH86$([DPSOHVIURPVSRNHQ
(QJOLVKZKLFKIXUWKHULOOXVWUDWHWKLVPHWDSKRUDUHWKHIROORZLQJ+HKDVEHHQLQDEODFN
PRRGHYHUVLQFHKHORVWKLVMRE(where EODFNPRRG refers to sadness, depression and ill
WHPSHU7KHVLWXDWLRQLQ6HUELDQVHHPVWREHDELWGLIIHUHQWDVHYHQLQOLQJXLVWLFWHUPV
WKHVHOLQNVDUHTXLWHDFWLYHFUQLPRGLHVSHUVRQDOQDPHVLQHYHU\GD\6HUELDQWRVLJQLI\
WKDWVRPHRQHKDVGRQHVRPHWKLQJZURQJDQGHQGHGXSEHLQJLQDGLIFXOWVDGVLWXDWLRQ
2QHRIWKHGHQLWLRQVRIFUQRLQYROYHVQHVUHDQMDGDQ and it is supported by $WLXWLNDR
VXDFUQL and .XNXPHQHFUQL9XNDGLQHDWDVLWRXUDGLR"

3.5. *8,/7<:,&.(',6%/$&._*5(12-(&512
Finally, in both English and Serbian EODFN is used to symbolize JXLOW or ZLFNHGQHVV.
 METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ... 555

%ODFN LQ (QJOLVK LV GHQHG DV IRXO LQLTXLWRXV DWURFLRXV KRUULEO\ ZLFNHG, whereas
LWV GHQLWLRQ LQ 506 GRHV QRW LQFOXGH DQ H[SOLFLW GHQLWLRQ VXSSRUWLQJ WKLV PHWDSKRU 
however, the example 1HND QH XPUH GRNOH PX WD FUQD ]ORED QH L]JRUL QD YUDMRM GXL
supports it well enough. Moreover, examples of EODFNsymbolising sin are found in Serbian
HSLFSRHWU\$MGDLSURYLGHVDQH[DPSOHRIDSRHPLQZKLFKWKHVLQRIFKLOGPXUGHU
LV XQGHUOLQHG E\ WKLV FRORXU LQ WKH PXUGHUHUV KDQGV UHG RZHUV WXUQ EODFN DQG ZKHQ
VKH IDOOV WR WKH JURXQG KHU H\HV WXUQ LQWR D EODFN ODNH %RJ QLNRP QH RVWDMH GXDQ
9XN.DUDGL2(' is richer in examples which support the conceptual metaphor *8,/7<
:,&.(',6%/$&.7KHH[DPSOHVDUH5HG6HDVWRGURZQRXUEODFN(J\SWLDQVLQV7KHSRUWLRQ

RIWKHEODFNHVWFULPLQDOV,VKDOOQHYHUEHJXLOW\RIVXFKEODFNLQJUDWLWXGH and &RQFHDOLQJ

IDFWVRIWKHEODFNHVWG\H. On the whole, we might conclude that this metaphor has a better
grounding in English than it does in Serbian.

4. CONCLUSIONS
Having in mind that the analysis of the researched corpus was performed in one
direction, we can say that there is a relatively high degree of correspondence between the
two compared languages in terms of the existence of underlying conceptual metaphors
with EODFN and ZKLWH serving as source domains. Pairs such as *22',6:+,7(_%$',6%/$&.
+$33< ,6 :+,7( _ 6$' ,6 %/$&. ,112&(17 ,6 :+,7( _ *8,/7< ,6 %/$&. can be supported by

H[DPSOHVIURPERWKODQJXDJHVERWKLQWHUPVRIGLFWLRQDU\GHQLWLRQVDQGWKHH[DPSOHV
which accompany them. We have seen that some of these meanings and uses are obsolete,
ZKHUHDVVRPHRWKHUVDUHVWLOOTXLWHDFWLYH1RQHWKHOHVVIURPDFRJQLWLYHOLQJXLVWLFSRLQW
of view, it is very important that even those obsolete existed, as it might also imply that
they can reactivate at some point in the future, having in mind the systematic nature of
FRQFHSWXDOPHWDSKRUV6WXGLHVLQYROYLQJWKHRWKHUGLUHFWLRQRWKHUFRORXUVDQG
other languages would be crucial in the process of revealing how important colour terms
tend to be in the process of conceptualization. Using native speakers as respondents could
give us additional material for analyses of this kind.

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$MGDL'HMDQ%RMHXVUSVNRKUYDWVNRMQDURGQRMSRH]LML=ERUQLN0DWLFHVUSVNH

]DNQMLHYQRVWLMH]LN;/
%HUOLQ%UHQWDQG3DXO.D\%DVLF&RORU7HUPV7KHLU8QLYHUVDOLW\DQG(YROXWLRQ
556 ,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
%URZQ.HLWKHG(QF\FORSHGLDRI/DQJXDJHDQG/LQJXLVWLFVVHFRQGHGLWLRQ
.LGOLQJWRQ2[IRUG(OVHYLHU
&DVVRQ5RQDOG:&RORUVKLIWHYROXWLRQRI(QJOLVKFRORUWHUPVIURPEULJKWQHVV
WR KXH ,Q +DUGLQ & / DQG /XLVD 0DI HGV &RORU FDWHJRULHV LQ WKRXJKW DQG
ODQJXDJH&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
RUHYL5DGPLOD8YRGXNRQWUDVWLUDQMHMH]LNDVL[WKHGLWLRQ%HRJUDG=DYRG]D
XGEHQLNHLQDVWDYQDVUHGVWYD
'UDJLHYL 5DMQD  /HNVLNRORJLMD VUSVNRJ MH]LND %HRJUDG =DYRG ]D XGEHQLNH L
nastavna sredstva.
*URLWXV+XJR7KH5LJKWVRI:DUDQG3HDFHWKLUGHGLWLRQ,QGLDQDSROLV/LEHUW\
Fund.
+OHEHF %RULV  1D]LYL ]D ERMH X 6USVNRP UMHQLNX 8 0HXQDURGQL QDXQL
VDVWDQDN VODYLVWD X 9XNRYH GDQH ;9,, %HRJUDG 0HXQDURGQL VODYLVWLNL FHQWDU

,YL0LOND2]HOHQRPNRQMXQRYLRJOHGL%HRJUDG%LEOLRWHND;;YHN
,YL0LOND2L]UD]LPDSODYLPRGDUQRYDVD]QDQMD-XQRVORYHQVNLORORJ

,YL0LONDD%HORNDROLQJYLVWLNLLNXOWXURORNLSUREOHP-XQRVORYHQVNLORORJ

,YL0LONDE7KH0DUNHGQHVV3ULQFLSOHDQGWKH6ODYLF&RORXU9RFDEXODU\,Q
0LHVND7RPL2OJDDQG0LORUDG5DGRYDQRYLHGV+LVWRU\DQG3HUVSHFWLYHV
RI/DQJXDJH6WXG\3DSHUVLQ+RQRURI5DQNR%XJDUVNL$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV
Publishing Co.
,YL0LOND5HGUHLOLQJYLVWLNLRJOHGLHWLUL%HRJUDG%LEOLRWHND;;YHN
.|YHFVHV =ROWiQ  0HWDSKRU$ 3UDFWLFDO ,QWURGXFWLRQ VHFRQG HGLWLRQ 2[IRUG
Oxford University Press.
/DNRII*HRUJHDQG0DUN-RKQVRQ0HWDSKRUV:H/LYH%\&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI
Chicago Press.
/LSND /HRQKDUG  $Q 2XWOLQH RI (QJOLVK /H[LFRORJ\ 7ELQJHQ 0D[ 1LHPH\HU
Verlag.
0XQUR 'DQH  0HPHQWR 0RUL ,Q 7UHDVXUHV RI 0DOWD 9DOOHWWD )RQGD]]MRQL
Patrimonju Malti.
2KWVXNL 0LQRUX  $ &RJQLWLYH /LQJXLVWLF 6WXG\ RI &RORXU 6\PEROLVP 7RN\R
,QVWLWXWHIRUWKH5HVHDUFKDQG(GXFDWLRQRI/DQJXDJH'DLWR%XQND8QLYHUVLW\
 METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND:+,7( IN ENGLISH AND ... 557

3KLOLS*LOO&RQQRWDWLYH0HDQLQJLQ(QJOLVKDQG,WDOLDQ&RORXU:RUG0HWDSKRUV.

0HWDSKRULN
3UL7YUWNR6HPDQWLNDLSUDJPDWLNDUHLGUXJRGRSXQMHQRL]GDQMH1RYL6DG
,73=PDM
6KHUPDQ*'DQG*/&ORUH7KH&RORURI6LQ:KLWHDQG%ODFN$UH3HUFHSWXDO
6\PEROVRI0RUDO3XULW\DQG3ROOXWLRQ3V\FKRORJLFDO6FLHQFH
6WHLQYDOO$QGHUV(QJOLVK&RORXU7HUPVLQ&RQWH[W8PHn8PHn8QLYHUVLW\

DICTIONARIES

'LFWLRQDU\RI(QJOLVK/DQJXDJHDQG&XOWXUHWKLUGHGLWLRQ/RQGRQ/RQJPDQ

'LFWLRQDU\FRP//&KWWSZZZGLFWLRQDU\FRPDFFHVVHG0D\
'UYRGHOL 0LODQ  (QJOHVNRKUYDWVNL LOL VUSVNL UMHQLN VHYHQWK HGLWLRQ UHY E\
%XMDVHOMNR=DJUHENROVNDNQMLJD
0HUULDP:HEVWHUV 2QOLQH 'LFWLRQDU\ HOHYHQWK HGLWLRQ  KWWSZZZPHUULDP
webster.com, accessed 8 May, 2011.
0LORVDYOMHYL%RNRDQG0DUJRW9LOLMDPV0LORVDYOMHYL6USVNRHQJOHVNLUHQLN
LGLRPDWKLUGHGLWLRQ%HRJUDG6USVNDNQMLHYQD]DGUXJD
2[IRUG(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\VHFRQGHGLWLRQ2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
5HQLN VUSVNRKUYDWVNRJD NQMLHYQRJ MH]LND ,9,  1RYL 6DG L =DJUHE 0DWLFD
srpska i Matica hrvatska.
7KH)UHH'LFWLRQDU\KWWSZZZWKHIUHHGLFWLRQDU\FRPDFFHVVHG0D\

,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE COLOUR TERMS %/$&. AND :+,7(

IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

Summary

The aim of this paper was to explore the metaphorical extensions of the basic colour
terms EODFN and ZKLWH LQ (QJOLVK DQG 6HUELDQ 7KLV ZDV D UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO RQHZD\
UHVHDUFK 6HUELDQ WR (QJOLVK ZLWK WKH FRUSXV OLPLWHG WR VHYHUDO (QJOLVK DQG 6HUELDQ
dictionaries, the most important of which were RMS and OED. The paper offers some
558 ,YDQD9ODMNRYL'XDQ6WDPHQNRYL

hypotheses concerning the meaning development ofEODFN and ZKLWH metaphors over time.
Ten metaphors in total were singled out and analysed. Even though we can conclude that
there is a relatively high degree of correspondence between the two compared languages in
terms of the existence of underlying conceptual metaphors with EODFN and ZKLWHserving as
source domains, it has to be stressed that further research in the opposite direction (English
WR6HUELDQLVQHHGHGWRSRLQWWRSRWHQWLDOPHWDSKRULFDOJDSVDQGGLVVLPLODULWLHVEHWZHHQ
them.

0(7$)25,.,352'8(&,7(50,1$=$%2-8&512 I %(/2
U ENGLESKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU

6DHWDN

2VQRYQL]DGDWDNRYRJUDGDELRMHGDLVWUDLPHWDIRULNHSURGXHWNH]QDHQMDRVQRYQLK
pojmova EHOH i FUQH bojeu engleskom i srpskom jeziku. Radilo se o relativno malom,
MHGQRVPHUQRP LVWUDLYDQMX RG VUSVNRJ ND HQJOHVNRP VD NRUSXVRP NRML VH VDVWRMDR
RGQHNROLNRUHQLNDHQJOHVNRJLVUSVNRJMH]LNDRGNRMLKVXQDMELWQLML506L2('5DG
QXGL L QHNROLNR KLSRWH]D YH]DQLK ]D LVWRULMVNL UD]YRM ]QDHQMD PHWDIRUD NRMH XNOMXXMX
SRMPRYHFUQRLEHOR,]GYDMDVHLDQDOL]LUDGHVHWPHWDIRUD,DNRPRHPRGD]DNOMXLPR
GDVHPRHXRLWLYLVRNVWHSHQNRUHVSRQGHQFLMHL]PHXGYDXSRUHHQDMH]LNDXSRJOHGX
postojanja pojmovnih metafora u kojima FUQRi EHORVOXHNDRL]YRUQLGRPHQLPRUDPR
GD QDSRPHQHPR GD MH SRWUHEQR REDYLWL GRGDWQR LVWUDLYDQMH X VXSURWQRP VPHUX RG
HQJOHVNRJNDVUSVNRPNDNRELVHLVSLWDORPRJXHSRVWRMDQMHPHWDIRULNLKSUD]QLQDL
UD]OLNDL]PHXGYDMH]LND
 679

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 UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU
FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET
'U=RUDQDLQLD
21000 Novi Sad
7HO
www.ff.uns.ac.rs

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Filozofski fakultet, 2013. - 688 str.

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