BASIC PROTECTION AND

RELAYING SCHEMES

Guided by-
Submitted by- Dr. Abhimanyu

Somali ajal Das Mohapatra

Dr. Ranjan Ku. Jena
0901106068
Agenda

Why protection is needed

Principles and elements of the protection
system
Basic protection schemes
Digital relay advantages and enhancements
Disturbances: Light or Severe
The power system must maintain acceptable
operation 24 hours a day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
Small disturbances
The control system can handle these
Example: variation in transformer or generator load
Severe disturbances require a protection
system
They can jeopardize the entire power system
They cannot be overcome by a control system
Power System Protection
Operation during severe disturbances:
System element protection
System protection
Automatic reclosing
Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies
Automatic synchronization
Electric Power System Exposure to External
Agents
Damage to Main Equipment
Protection System

A series of devices whose main purpose

is to protect persons and primary electric
power equipment from the effects of faults

The Sentinels
Blackouts
Characteristics Main Causes
Loss of service in a Overreaction of the
large area or protection system
population region Bad design of the
Hazard to human life protection system
May result in
enormous economic
losses
Short Circuits Produce High Currents

Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
I

Substation Fault

Thousands of Amps I
Wire
FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :

Severe damage to the faulted equipment :

Excessive current may flow;
Causes burning of conductors or equipment
windings;
Arcing - energy dissipation;
Risk of explosions for oil - filled switchgear, or
when in hazardous environments.

Damage to adjacent plant :

As the fault evolves, if not cleared quickly;
Due to the voltage depression / loss of supply.
Mechanical Damage During
Short Circuits
Very destructive in busbars, isolators,
supports, transformers, and machines
Damage is instantaneous
Mechanical
Forces
f1 f2
i1
i2

Rigid Conductors f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

The Fuse

Fuse

Transformer
Essential qualities of protection:

Reliability
Selectivity-

Absolute or relative
Fastness
Discrimination
Protection System Elements
Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables
Protective relays:
A device which detect intolerable or
unwanted conditions within the assigned
area.
* A watchman or watchdog for the
equipment/area
* Silent sentinels to power system.
How relays are differentiated?

Can be differentiated based on:

* Functional categories
* Input quantities
*Operating Principles
* Performance Characteristics.
What are various design
criteria?
* Dependability/Reliability
* Security
* Selectivity
*Speed
* Simplicity/flexibility
*Stability
*Performance Vs. Economy
What are various technique
used?
* Electromechanical
*Solid state/Static
* Microprocessor/Numerical
Non-Unit, or Unrestricted
Protection :

No specific point downstream up to which

protection will protect

Will operate for faults on the protected

equipment;
May also operate for faults on downstream
equipment, which has its own protection;
Need for discrimination with downstream
protection, usually by means of time grading.
Unit, or Restricted
Protection :

Has an accurately defined zone of

protection

An item of power system plant is

protected as a unit;
Will not operate for out of zone
faults, thus no back-up protection
for downstream faults.
Types of relays
As per function:
Main
Auxiliary
Signal

As per actuating quantity

Overrelays
Underrelays
Types
As per connection
Primary
Secondary(common)

As per action on CB
Direct acting
Indirect acting

As per construction
Electromagnetic
Types..
Static
Numerical

As per comparator types

Single input comparator
Two input comparator
Multiple input comparator
Methods of disciminations:
To locate fault
by time
by current grading
by time and direction
by distance
by time, current and distance
by current balance
by power direction comparison
Type of fault
Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team
DC Tripping Circuit
Circuit Breakers
Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT
Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers

are also known as potential
High Voltage transformers
Protective Relays
Examples of Relay Panels

Microprocessor-
Based Relay

Old Electromechanical
How Do Relays Detect Faults?
When a fault takes place, the current,
voltage, frequency, and other electrical
variables behave in a peculiar way. For
example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases
Relays can measure the currents and the
voltages and detect that there is an
overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a
combination of both
Many other detection principles determine
the design of protective relays
Primary Protection
Primary Protection Zone Overlapping
Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays
To Zone B
Relays

Protection
Zone A
52 Protection
Zone B
To Zone A
Relays To Zone B
Relays
Backup Protection
Breaker 5
Fails
C D
A E

1 2 5 6 11 12

T
B F

3 4 7 8 9 10
 Typical Short-Circuit Type
Distribution
Single-Phase-Ground: 7080%
Phase-Phase-Ground: 1710%
Phase-Phase: 108%
Three-Phase: 32%
Balanced vs.
Unbalanced Conditions
Ia
Ic
Ic

Ia

Ib
Ib
Balanced System Unbalanced System
Decomposition of an Unbalanced
System
 Power Line Protection Principles
Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N)
Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N)
Distance (21, 21N)
Differential (87)
Characteristics of overcurrent relays:

Definite time
IDMT- inverse definite minimum time
Very inverse
Extremely inverse
Application of Inverse-Type Relays
Relay t
Operation
Time

I
Radial Line

Fault Load
Inverse-Time Relay Coordination

Distance
t

} T } T } T
Distance
50/51 Relay Coordination

Distance
t

} T } T } T
Distance
Directional Overcurrent Protection
Basic Applications

L
Distance Relay Principle
L
d
I a , Ib , Ic

Radial
21 Three-Phase
Va ,Vb ,Vc Line
Solid Fault

Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate

When:
| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |
The Impedance Relay
Characteristic
R 2 + X 2 Z r21

X Plain Impedance Relay

Operation Zone

Z Z r1 Radius Zr1
Zr1

R
Need for Directionality
F2 F1
1 2 3 4 5 6

RELAY 3 X
Operation Zone
F1

F2 R
Nonselective
Relay Operation
Three-Zone Distance Protection
Time

Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1

1 2 3 4 5 6

Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous
Circular Distance Relay Characteristics
X X
PLAIN OFFSET
IMPEDANCE MHO (2)

R
X
X
LENS
MHO (RESTRICTED MHO 1)

R R

X X

OFFSET TOMATO
MHO (1) (RESTRICTED MHO 2)

R R
Differential Protection Principle
Balanced CT Ratio

CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault

50 IDIF = 0

No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal

Differential Protection Principle

CTR CTR
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault

50 IDIF > ISETTING

Relay Operates
Problem of Unequal CT
Performance
CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault

50 IDIF 0

False differential current can occur if a CT

saturates during a through-fault
Use some measure of through-current to
desensitize the relay when high currents are
present
Possible Scheme Percentage
Differential Protection Principle
SP RP
CTR Protected CTR
Equipment

S R

Relay
(87)

Compares: I OP = I S + I R
| IS | + | IR |
k I RT =k
2
Differential Protection
Applications
Bus protection
Transformer protection
Generator protection
Line protection
Large motor protection
Reactor protection
Capacitor bank protection
Compound equipment protection
Differential Protection
Summary
The overcurrent differential scheme is simple
and economical, but it does not respond well
to unequal current transformer performance
The percentage differential scheme
responds better to CT saturation
Percentage differential protection can be
analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane
Differential protection is the best alternative
selectivity/speed with present technology
Advantages of Digital Relays
Compatibility with
Low maintenance
Multifunctional digital integrated
(self-supervision)
systems

Highly sensitive,
Highly reliable
secure, and Adaptive
(self-supervision)
selective

Reduced burden
Programmable
on Low Cost
Versatile
CTs and VTs
Why study this protection
scheme??
Protection scheme plays a vital & important role
for the normal operation or the steady state
operation of different components of power system
network, which must be reliable, fast and efficient.
In order to achieve all these features, it is essential
that these should be proper care in designing and
choosing an appropriate and efficient protection
scheme.
The protective relays functions as the brain
behind the whole schemes
THANK YOU