Sample Library X7

Reference Type: Journal Article
Record Number: 2318

Author: Bird, C. D. and Emery, N. J.
Year: 2009
Title: Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive
nontool-using rooks
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America
Volume: 106
Issue: 25
Pages: 10370-10375
Date: Jun
Type of Article: Article
Short Title: Insightful problem solving and creative tool modification by captive
nontool-using rooks
Alternate Journal: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
ISSN: 0027-8424
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901008106
Accession Number: WOS:000267292200055
Keywords: cognition
intelligence
Corvus
frugilegus
hook
crow corvus-moneduloides
caledonian crows
material culture
hook-tools
frugilegus
evolution
manufacture
orangutans
cognition
features
Abstract: The ability to use tools has been suggested to indicate advanced physical
cognition in animals. Here we show that rooks, a member of the corvid family that
do not appear to use tools in the wild are capable of insightful problem solving
related to sophisticated tool use, including spontaneously modifying and using a
variety of tools, shaping hooks out of wire, and using a series of tools in a
sequence to gain a reward. It is remarkable that a species that does not use tools
in the wild appears to possess an understanding of tools rivaling habitual tool
users such as New Caledonian crows and chimpanzees. Our findings suggest that the
ability to represent tools may be a domain-general cognitive capacity rather than
an adaptive specialization and questions the relationship between physical
intelligence and wild tool use.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 461SQ
Times Cited: 54
Cited Reference Count: 40
Bird, Christopher D. Emery, Nathan J.
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; Royal Society; University
of Cambridge
Wethank N. Clayton and J. Hinde for critical discussion and useful ideas. Wealso
thank I. Miller for making the apparatus, C. Donovan for bird care, B. McCabe for
statistical advice, C. Margerison for interobserver reliability coding. The work
was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Royal
Society, and the University of Cambridge. N. J. E. was supported by a Royal Society
University Research Fellowship.
Natl acad sciences
Washington
Author Address: [Bird, Christopher D.; Emery, Nathan J.] Univ Cambridge, Subdept
Anim Behav, Madingley CB23 8AA, England. [Emery, Nathan J.] Queen Mary Univ London,
Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
Bird, CD (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Madingley CB23 8AA,
England.
cdb29@cam.ac.uk
Reference Type: Book Section

Record Number: 2320
Author: Clayton, N. S. and Emery, N. J.
Year: 2009
Title: What do jays know about other minds and other times?
Editor: Berthoz, A. and Christen, Y.
Book Title: Neurobiology of Umwelt: How Living Beings Perceive the World
Place Published: Berlin
Publisher: Springer-Verlag Berlin
Pages: 109-123
Series Title: Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences
Short Title: What do jays know about other minds and other times?
Abbreviation: Res. Perspect. Neurosci.
ISBN: 0945-6082
978-3-540-85896-6
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85897-3_10
Keywords: western scrub-jays
observational spatial memory
food-caching corvids
episodic-like memory
aphelocoma-californica
social cognition
chimpanzees know
corvus-corax
evolution
animals
Abstract: As humans, our thoughts are not "stuck in time." Indeed, it is our
ability to mentally dissociate ourselves from the present that allows us to recall
the past and plan for our future (mental time travel). We can also reason about
what others might be thinking (mental attribution) and thus dissociate ourselves
from other selves. Many psychologists have argued that these two forms of mental
projection into other times and other minds are unique to humans and that the six-
layered prefrontal cortex is the necessary platform for such intelligence. Recent
studies challenge these assumptions, however, and some of the most convincing
evidence comes not from our closest relatives, the great apes, but from a
surprisingly smart, large-brained bird, the western scrub-jay. Like many other
members of the crow family (corvids), these birds hide food for the future and go
to great lengths to prevent other birds from stealing their caches. In terms of
recalling the past, these birds form complex, highly flexible and integrated
memories of the "what, where and when" of specific past caching episodes. They also
recall whether another individual was present at the time of caching, and if so,
which bird was watching when, and take protective action accordingly, suggesting
that they may also be aware of others' knowledge states. This behaviour is only
seen in experienced jays that have been thieves themselves in the past, however.
Nave birds that had no thieving experience do not do so, a result that raises the
intriguing possibility that experienced jays are able to simulate another bird's
viewpoint. Finally, recent work demonstrates that the jays also make provision for
a future need and will cache more food in places in which they will not be given
breakfast the following morning than in places where they will receive breakfast
the next morning, even though there is plenty of food available to them to consume
at the time of making their caching decisions. We shall argue that, taken together,
these results suggest that these birds do possess some knowledge of both other
minds and other times, and since birds do not have a six-layered cortical
arrangement, these results also challenge the assumption that the mammalian brain
is the essential platform for the evolution of these cognitive processes.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: BIP57
Times Cited: 4
Clayton, Nicola S. Emery, Nathan J.
Proceedings Paper
16th Medicine Research International Symposium
Feb 18, 2008
Paris, FRANCE
Heidelberger platz 3, d-14197 berlin, germany
URL: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000261686700010
http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/729/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-3-540-85897-
3_10.pdf?auth66=1364667757_aad05af05617e6231b7342e1099e90e0&ext=.pdf
Author Address: [Clayton, Nicola S.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge
CB2 3EB, England.
nsc22@cam.ac.uk

Record Number: 2285
Author: Emery, N. J.
Year: 2006
Title: Cognitive ornithology: The evolution of avian intelligence
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B:
Biological Sciences
Volume: 361
Issue: 1465
Pages: 23-43
Date: Jan
Type of Article: Review
Short Title: Cognitive ornithology: The evolution of avian intelligence
Alternate Journal: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
ISSN: 0962-8436
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2005.1736
Keywords: birds
corvid
nidopallium
complex cognition
intelligence
evolution
parrot psittacus-erithacus
african gray parrot
pigeon columba-livia
hummingbirds selasphorus-rufus
observational spatial memory
discrimination learning set
presumed prefrontal cortex
episodic-like
memory
ravens corvus-corax
food-storing birds
Abstract: Comparative psychologists interested in the evolution of intelligence
have focused their attention on social primates, whereas birds tend to be used as
models of associative learning. However, corvids and parrots, which have forebrains
relatively the same size as apes, live in complex social groups and have a long
developmental period before becoming independent, have demonstrated ape-like
intelligence. Although, ornithologists have documented thousands of hours observing
birds in their natural habitat, they have focused their attention on avian
behaviour and ecology, rather than intelligence. This review discusses recent
studies of avian cognition contrasting two different approaches; the
anthropocentric approach and the adaptive specialization approach. It is argued
that the most productive method is to combine the two approaches. This is discussed
with respects to recent investigations of two supposedly unique aspects of human
cognition; episodic memory and theory of mind. In reviewing the evidence for avian
intelligence, corvids and parrots appear to be cognitively superior to other birds
and in many cases even apes. This suggests that complex cognition has evolved in
species with very different brains through a process of convergent evolution rather
than shared ancestry, although the notion that birds and mammals may share common
neural connectivity patterns is discussed.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 006WM
Times Cited: 74
Emery, NJ
Royal society
London
Author Address: Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England.
Emery, NJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA,
England.
nje23@cam.ac.uk

Record Number: 2319
Author: Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. S.
Year: 2009
Title: Tool use and physical cognition in birds and mammals
Journal: Current Opinion in Neurobiology
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-33
Date: Feb
Type of Article: Review
Short Title: Tool use and physical cognition in birds and mammals
Alternate Journal: Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.
ISSN: 1873-6882 (Electronic)
0959-4388 (Linking)
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.02.003
Accession Number: 19328675
Keywords: Animals
*Birds/physiology
Brain/physiology
*Cognition/physiology
Intelligence/physiology
Mammals/physiology/*psychology
Motivation
*Tool Use Behavior/physiology
Abstract: In the wild, chimpanzees are the most prolific and proficient tool users,
yet their understanding of tools in the laboratory is surprisingly poor. Although
this apparent lack of understanding might be interpreted as a reflection of a
general failure of animals to appreciate 'folk physics', recent studies suggest
that some non-tool using species perform rather well on such laboratory tasks. In
some animals, tool use and manufacture may also engage aspects of planning, but
some non-tool using species have also been shown to demonstrate prospective
cognition. Consequently, we argue that habitual tool use is not a clear predictor
of physical intelligence, for either instrumental tool tasks or tests of planning.
Notes: Emery, Nathan J
Clayton, Nicola S
eng
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
England
2009/03/31 09:00
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2009 Feb;19(1):27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.02.003. Epub
2009 Mar 26.
Author Address: School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of
London, London, UK. n.j.emery@qmul.ac.uk

Record Number: 2324
Author: Emery, N. J., Seed, A. M., von Bayern, A. M. P. and Clayton, N. S.
Year: 2007
Title: Cognitive adaptations of social bonding in birds
Journal: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B:
Biological Sciences
Volume: 362
Issue: 1480
Pages: 489-505
Date: Apr
Short Title: Cognitive adaptations of social bonding in birds
ISSN: 0962-8436
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1991
Keywords: avian brain
jackdaw
monogamy
pair bonding
rook
social intelligence
jackdaws corvus-monedula
geese anser-anser
spectacled parrotlets
brain size
melopsittacus-undulatus
forpus-conspicillatus
captive
chimpanzees
forebrain size
contact calls
carrion crow
Abstract: The 'social intelligence hypothesis' was originally conceived to explain
how primates may have evolved their superior intellect and large brains when
compared with other animals. Although some birds such as corvids may be
intellectually comparable to apes, the same relationship between sociality and
brain size seen in primates has not been found for birds, possibly suggesting a
role for other non-social factors. But bird sociality is different from primate
sociality. Most monkeys and apes form stable groups, whereas most birds are
monogamous, and only form large flocks outside of the breeding season. Some birds
form lifelong pair bonds and these species tend to have the largest brains relative
to body size. Some of these species are known for their intellectual abilities
(e.g. corvids and parrots), while others are not (e.g. geese and albatrosses).
Although socio-ecological factors may explain some of the differences in brain size
and intelligence between corvids/parrots and geese/albatrosses, we predict that the
type and quality of the bonded relationship is also critical. Indeed, we present
empirical evidence that rook and jackdaw partnerships resemble primate and dolphin
alliances. Although social interactions within a pair may seem simple on the
surface, we argue that cognition may play an important role in the maintenance of
long-term relationships, something we name as 'relationship intelligence'.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 146QH
Times Cited: 75
Emery, Nathan J. Seed, Amanda M. von Bayern, Auguste M. P. Clayton, Nicola S.
Royal soc
London
Author Address: Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England.
Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
Emery, NJ (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA,
England.
nje23@cam.ac.uk

Record Number: 2291
Author: Funk, M. S.
Year: 2002
Title: Problem solving skills in young yellow-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus
auriceps)
Journal: Animal Cognition
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 167-176
Date: Sep
Short Title: Problem solving skills in young yellow-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus
auriceps)
Alternate Journal: Anim. Cogn.
ISSN: 1435-9448
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-002-0149-4
Keywords: development
New Zealand parakeets
problem solving
chimpanzees pan-troglodytes
combinatorial manipulation
sensorimotor
intelligence
object permanence
cebus-apella
avian play
tool use
monkeys
birds
cognition
Abstract: Despite the long divergent evolutionary history of birds and mammals,
early avian and primate cognitive development have many convergent features. Some
of these features were investigated with a series of tasks designed to assess human
infant development. The tasks were presented to young parakeets to assess their
means-end problem solving abilities. Examples of these early skills are: attaining
and playing with objects, retrieving rewards through use of a stick or rake, or by
pulling in rewards on supports or on the ends of strings. Twelve such tasks were
presented to 11 young yellow-crowned parakeets (Cyano-ramphus auriceps) to
investigate their natural abilities; there was no attempt to train them to do those
tasks that they did not spontaneously perform. Six of the birds were parent-raised
and five were hand-raised. The birds completed 9 of the 12 tasks, demonstrating all
the Piagetian sensorimotor circular reactions, but they failed to hand-watch
("claw-watch"), to stack objects, or to fill a container. Their ordinality on the
tasks differed from that of human infants in that locomotion to obtain objects
occurred earlier in the avian sequence of development and the mid-level tasks were
performed by the two groups of avian subjects in a mixed order perhaps indicating
that these abilities may not emerge in any particular order for these birds as they
supposedly do for human infants. The hand-raised group needed fewer sessions to
complete these means-end tasks.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 607ZB
Times Cited: 20
Funk, MS
Springer heidelberg
Heidelberg
Author Address: Northwestern Univ, Dept Anthropol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
Funk, MS (reprint author), Roosevelt Univ, Dept Biol, 430 S Michigan Ave, Chicago,
IL 60605 USA.
mdfunk@northwestern.edu

Record Number: 2308
Author: Goto, K. and Watanabe, S.
Year: 2012
Title: Large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) have retrospective but not
prospective metamemory
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 27-35
Date: Jan
Short Title: Large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) have retrospective but not
prospective metamemory
ISSN: 1435-9448
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-011-0428-z
Keywords: Metamemory
Memory monitoring
Metacognition
Confidence
Corvids
matching-to-sample
memory
monkeys
intelligence
awareness
evolution
remember
animals
pigeons
humans
Abstract: Evidence of metamemory, the ability to monitor one's own memory, has been
obtained in some primates, but it appears to be weaker in other species. In this
study, we examined whether crows flexibly modulate their behavior by monitoring the
strength of memory trace in a delayed matching-to-sample task using two paradigms.
First, crows performing a memory test were given an escape option to decline taking
the test (prospective metamemory). Second, crows were given the escape option as a
"not confident" report after completing the test (retrospective metamemory).
Accurate memory performance yielded a reward with a higher probability, whereas
inaccurate memory performance resulted in no such recompense. The escape option
yielded a reward with a lower probability. In the prospective metamemory test,
crows escaped the memory test more frequently with longer delay intervals than they
did with shorter delay intervals but no more frequently in the sample-omission than
the sample-present trials, indicating that the crows decided to take the test or
decline it by using the delay interval as a cue. In contrast, in the retrospective
metamemory test, the crows escaped the memory test more frequently when their
memory-test response was incorrect than correct and more frequently in the sample-
omission than the sample-present trials, indicating that the crows recognized
confidence regarding their choice in the memory test and utilized the escape option
to maximize reward probability. Although these results suggest that crows
retrospectively monitor the strength of memory trace, their prospective metamemory
ability has not yet been confirmed in the present paradigm.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 894WA
Times Cited: 2
Goto, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Shigeru
Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
[18/5950, 22700271]; Global COE of Keio University [D029]
We would like to express our gratitude to Kazuo Fujita, Akio Tanaka, and Alan C.
Kamil for their comments and criticisms regarding the manuscript. We also wish to
thank Ei-Ichi Izawa for his support in the care and maintenance of the crows in the
laboratory. This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (#18/5950 and #22700271) from the Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), given to the first author and the Global COE
Program (D029) of Keio University.
Springer heidelberg
Heidelberg
Author Address: [Goto, Kazuhiro; Watanabe, Shigeru] Keio Univ, Dept Psychol, Minato
Ku, Tokyo 1088345, Japan. [Goto, Kazuhiro] Kyoto Univ, Career Path Promot Unit
Young Life Scientists, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
Goto, K (reprint author), Keio Univ, Dept Psychol, Minato Ku, 2-15-45 Mita, Tokyo
1088345, Japan.
kgoto@psy.flet.keio.ac.jp

Record Number: 2314
Author: Holzhaider, J. C., Sibley, M. D., Taylor, A. H., Singh, P. J., Gray, R. D.
and Hunt, G. R.
Year: 2011
Title: The social structure of New Caledonian crows
Journal: Animal Behaviour
Volume: 81
Issue: 1
Pages: 83-92
Date: Jan
Short Title: The social structure of New Caledonian crows
Alternate Journal: Anim. Behav.
ISSN: 0003-3472
DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.015
Keywords: Corvus moneduloides
extended parental care
New Caledonian crow
social
intelligence
social structure
technical intelligence
vertical
transmission
pandanus-tool manufacture
extended parental care
corvus-moneduloides
cultural transmission
convergent evolution
hook-tools
intelligence
dispersal
cognition
apes
Abstract: New Caledonian (NC) crows, Corvus moneduloides, have impressive tool-
manufacturing and tool-using skills in the wild, and captive birds have displayed
exceptional cognitive abilities in experimental situations. However, their social
system is largely unknown. In this study we investigated whether the social
structure of NC crows might have had a role in the development of their cognitive
skills. We observed crows in their natural habitat on the island of Mare, New
Caledonia, and estimated their social network size based on tolerance to family and
nonfamily crows at feeding tables. Our findings suggest that NC crows are not a
highly social corvid species. Their core unit was the immediate family consisting
of a pair and juveniles from up to two consecutive breeding years. Pairs stayed
together year round, and were closely accompanied by juveniles during their first
year of life. Parents were highly tolerant of juveniles and sometimes continued to
feed them well into their second year. NC crows predominantly shared feeding tables
with immediate family. Of the nonfamily crows tolerated, juveniles were
overrepresented. The main mechanism for any social transmission of foraging skills
is likely to be vertical (from parents to offspring), with only limited opportunity
for horizontal transmission. The social organization we found on Mare is consistent
with the idea that NC crows' multiple pandanus tool designs on mainland Grande
Terre are an example of cumulative technological evolution. (c) 2010 The
Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 695ZY
Times Cited: 7
Holzhaider, J. C. Sibley, M. D. Taylor, A. H. Singh, P. J. Gray, R. D. Hunt, G. R.
New Zealand Marsden Fund
We thank William Wadrobert for kindly allowing us to work on his family's land in
Wabao District, Mare, and the Province des Iles Loyaute for permission to work on
Mare. Roland Rehm assisted with data collection and maintaining tracks and tables
in the forest. We thank two referees and Thomas Bugnyar for comments that much
improved the paper. This research was funded by a grant from the New Zealand
Marsden Fund (R.D.G. and G.R.H.).
Academic press ltd- elsevier science ltd
London
Author Address: [Holzhaider, J. C.; Sibley, M. D.; Taylor, A. H.; Singh, P. J.;
Gray, R. D.; Hunt, G. R.] Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Holzhaider, JC (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Private Bag 92019,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
jenny.holzhaider@gmail.com; rd.gray@auckland.ac.nz

Record Number: 2323
Author: Lefebvre, L. and Sol, D.
Year: 2008
Title: Brains, lifestyles and cognition: Are there general trends?
Journal: Brain, Behavior and Evolution
Volume: 72
Issue: 2
Pages: 135-144
Type of Article: Article; Proceedings Paper
Short Title: Brains, lifestyles and cognition: Are there general trends?
Alternate Journal: Brain. Behav. Evol.
ISSN: 0006-8977
DOI: 10.1159/000151473
Keywords: Brain
Evolution
Neuroecology
Cognition
ongoing adaptive evolution
crow corvus-moneduloides
cellular scaling
rules
song repertoire size
wild carib grackles
food-storing birds
tool-use
caledonian crows
capuchin monkeys
mushroom bodies
Abstract: Comparative and experimental approaches to cognition in different animal
taxa suggest some degree of convergent evolution. Similar cognitive trends
associated with similar lifestyles (sociality, generalism, new habitats) are seen
in taxa that are phylogenetically distant and possess remarkably different brains.
Many cognitive measures show positive intercorrelations at the inter-individual and
inter-taxon level, suggesting some degree of general intelligence. Ecological
principles like the unpredictability of resources in space and time may drive
different types of cognition (e. g., social and non-social) in the same direction.
Taxa that rank high on comparative counts of cognition in the field are usually the
ones that succeed well in experimental tests, with the exception of avian
imitation. From apes to birds, fish and beetles, a few common principles appear to
have influenced the evolution of brains and cognition in widely divergent taxa.
Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 357VS
Times Cited: 39
Lefebvre, Louis Sol, Daniel
27th Annual J-B-Johnston-Club Meeting/19th Annual Karger Workshop
2007
San Diego, CA
JB Johnston Club
Karger
Basel
Author Address: [Lefebvre, Louis] McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1,
Canada. [Sol, Daniel] Autonomous Univ Barcelona, CREAF, Barcelona, Catalonia,
Spain.
Lefebvre, L (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Ave Docteur Penfield,
Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
louis.lefebvre@mcgill.ca
Reference Type: Book

Record Number: 2298
Author: Pepperberg, Irene M.
Year: 1999
Title: The Alex studies: Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots
Place Published: Cambridge, Mass.
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Number of Pages: 434
Pages: 434
Short Title: The Alex studies: Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey
parrots
ISBN: 067400051X (hc. alk. paper)
Accession Number: 4049066
Call Number: Jefferson or Adams Building Reading Rooms QL696.P7; P46 1999
Keywords: African gray parrot Behavior.
Cognition in animals.
Animal communication.
Notes: 99029630
(Irene Maxine)
Irene Maxine Pepperberg.
ill. ; 24 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [347]-408).
Reference Type: Conference Proceedings

Record Number: 2332
Author: Pepperberg, I. M.
Year of Conference: 2001
Title: In search of King Solomon's ring: Cognitive and communicative studies of
grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)
Editor: Bailey, S.
Conference Name: 21st Annual Krost Symposium on Evolution of Intelligence: Brain,
Behavioral and Computational Approaches
Conference Location: Seguin, Texas
Date: Mar 22-23
Short Title: In search of King Solomon's ring: Cognitive and communicative studies
of grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)
Keywords: birds
cognition
communication
grey parrots
artificial language comprehension
mutual exclusivity
object
permanence
videotaped instruction
sturnus-vulgaris
sesame street
acquisition
children
skills
size
Abstract: During the past 24 years, I have used a modeling technique (M/R
procedure) to train Grey parrots to use an allospecific code (English speech)
referentially; I then use the code to test their cognitive abilities. The oldest
bird, Alex, labels more than 50 different objects, 7 colors, 5 shapes, quantities
to 6, 3 categories (color, shape, material) and uses 'no', 'come here', wanna go X'
and 'want Y' (X and Y are appropriate location or item labels). He combines labels
to identify, request, comment upon or refuse more than 100 items and to alter his
environment. He processes queries to judge category, relative size, quantity,
presence or absence of similarity/difference in attributes, and show label
comprehension. He semantically separates labeling from requesting. He thus exhibits
capacities once presumed limited to humans or nonhuman primates. Studies on this
and other Greys show that parrots given training that lacks some aspect of input
present in M/R protocols (reference, functionality, social interaction) fail to
acquire referential English speech. Examining how input affects the extent to which
parrots acquire an allospecific code may elucidate mechanisms of other forms of
exceptional learning: learning unlikely in the normal course of development but
that can occur under certain conditions. Copyright (C) 2002 S, Karger AG, Basel.
Author Address: MIT, Media Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
Pepperberg, IM (reprint author), MIT, Media Lab, Bldg E15-325, Cambridge, MA 02139
USA.

Record Number: 2328
Year: 2004
Title: Cognitive and communicative capacities of grey parrots implications for
the enrichment of many species
Journal: Animal Welfare
Volume: 13
Pages: S203-S208
Date: Feb
Short Title: Cognitive and communicative capacities of grey parrots implications
for the enrichment of many species
Alternate Journal: Anim. Welf.
ISSN: 0962-7286
Keywords: animal-human communication
animal welfare
avian intelligence
companion animals
computer-based enrichment
Grey parrot
psittacus-erithacus
imitation
Abstract: Much of my research has been devoted to determining the cognitive and
communicative abilities of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), but other companion
animals and those in captivity in zoos also have considerable capacities that are
often under-utilised in such settings. Many such animals are left to their own
devices for large parts of the day, their boredom may translate into unsuitable
behaviour patterns. In order to address this problem, my colleagues and I began to
devise various computer-based 'toys' that would not only provide enrichment in the
sense of relieving boredom and reproducing situations somewhat like the challenges
faced by animals in the wild on a daily basis, but also would help us determine the
extent of these animals' cognitive capacities. Some of these systems allow remote
interactions between owners and their pets and others might be adapted for animal-
animal interactions. In this paper I will describe these projects, their aims, and
our limited progress.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 811RX
Times Cited: 3
Pepperberg, IM
UFAW International Symposium on Science in the Service of Animal Welfare
Apr 02-04, 2003
Edinburgh, SCOTLAND
Univ Federat Anim Welfare
Univ federation animal welfare
Wheathampstead
S
Author Address: MIT, Sch Architecture & Planning, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Brandeis
Univ, Dept Psychol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
Pepperberg, IM (reprint author), MIT, Sch Architecture & Planning, Bldg 7-231,77
Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
impepper@media.mit.edu

Record Number: 2284
Year: 2006
Title: Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) numerical abilities: Addition and further
experiments on a zero-like concept
Journal: Journal of Comparative Psychology
Volume: 120
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-11
Date: Feb
Short Title: Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) numerical abilities: Addition and
further experiments on a zero-like concept
Alternate Journal: J. Comp. Psychol.
ISSN: 0735-7036
DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.120.1.1
Keywords: nonhuman number concepts
parrot cognition
avian intelligence
african gray parrot
chimpanzee pan-troglodytes
pigeons columba-livia
cognitive neuroscience
preschool-children
number
representation
competence
magnitude
summation
Abstract: A Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), able to quantify 6 or fewer item
sets (including heterogeneous subsets) by using English labels (I. M. Pepperberg,
1994), was tested on addition of quantities involving 0-6. He was, without explicit
training, asked, "How many total X?'' for 2 sequentially presented collections
(e.g., of variously sized jelly beans or nuts) and required to answer with a vocal
English number label. His accuracy suggested (a) that his addition abilities are
comparable to those of nonhuman primates and young children, (b) some limits as to
his correlation of "none" and the concept of zero, and (c) a possible counting-like
strategy for the quantity 5.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 071LR
Times Cited: 25
Pepperberg, Irene M.
Amer psychological assoc/educational publishing foundation
Washington
Author Address: Brandeis Univ, Dept Psychol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA. Radcliffe Inst
Adv Study, Cambridge, MA USA.
Pepperberg, IM (reprint author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Psychol, Waltham, MA 02454
USA.

Record Number: 2325
Year: 2006
Title: Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots
Journal: Applied Animal Behaviour Science
Volume: 100
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 77-86
Date: Oct
Short Title: Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots
Alternate Journal: Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
ISSN: 0168-1591
DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.005
Keywords: parrot
avian intelligence
avian communication
avian animal companion
captive birds
african gray parrot
zero-like concept
psittacus-erithacus
mutual
exclusivity
acquisition
comprehension
respect
number
color
Abstract: This paper presents results of almost 30 years of study of the cognitive
and communicative activities of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), conventionally
regarded as mindless mimics. These studies have demonstrated that Grey parrots can
solve various cognitive tasks and acquire and use English speech in ways that often
resemble those of very young children. Examples include the concepts of
same/different, colour, size and shape. The parrot Alex can also recognize and
distinguish numbers up to six, and spontaneously demonstrated his ability to grasp
the concept of "none". Given the evolutionary distance between birds and mammals,
these results have intriguing implications for the evolution of intelligence, the
study of comparative intelligence, and the care and maintenance of birds held in
captivity in zoos and as companion animals. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 086UY
Times Cited: 17
International Conference on From Darwin to Dawkins - The Science and Implications
of Animal Sentience
Mar, 2005
London, ENGLAND
Compass World Farming Trust
Elsevier science bv
Amsterdam
Author Address: Brandeis Univ, Dept Psychol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
Pepperberg, IM (reprint author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Psychol, Waltham, MA 02454
USA.
Reference Type: Interview

Record Number: 2300
Interviewee: Pepperberg, Irene Maxine
Year: 2008
Title: 'Alex & me': The hidden world of animal minds
Interviewer: Gross, Terry
Program: Fresh Air
Place Published: Phildelphia
Publisher: WHYY/NPR
Location of Work: Philadelphia
Date: Nov. 12
Format: Video recording
Short Title: 'Alex & Me': The Hidden World of Animal Minds
Keywords: animal cognition
intelligence
birds
Abstract: Interview with Irene Pepperberg regarding her book Alex & Me: How a
Scientist and a Parrot Discovered a Hidden World of Animal Intelligenceand Formed
a Deep Bond in the Process.
Notes: Transcript: http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?
storyId=96897162
Download audio: http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2008/11/20081112_fa_01.mp3?
dl=1
URL: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96897162
Access Date: March 11, 2013
Reference Type: Electronic Book

Record Number: 2299
Year: 2009
Title: Alex & me: How a scientist and a parrot discovered a hidden world of animal
intelligence and formed a deep bond in the process
Place Published: New York, NY
Publisher: Scribe Publications
Version: Kindle
Edition: Kindle
Date Accessed: March 15, 2013
ISBN: ASIN: B00APOWOXC
Keywords: African gray parrot Behavior.
Cognition in animals.
Animal communication.
Human-animal relationships.
Abstract: This story of Alex, a famous African Grey parrot, documents his thirty-
year relationship with his trainer and the ways in which his life has changed
scientific understanding about language and thought.
Notes:Kindle books have ASIN numbers, not ISBN numbers.
Table of Contents: My wonderful life moment -- Beginnings -- Alex's first labels
-- Alex and me, the vagabonds -- What's a banerry? -- Alex and friends -- Alex goes
hi-tech -- The next horizon -- What Alex taught me.
URL: http://www.amazon.com/Alex-scientist-discovered-intelligence-
ebook/dp/B00APOWOXC/ref=sr_1_2?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1363823581&sr=1-
2&keywords=alex+%26+me

Record Number: 2313
Year: 2011
Title: Avian cognition and social interaction: Fifty years of advances
Journal: Interaction Studies
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 195-207
Type of Article: Editorial Material
Short Title: Avian cognition and social interaction: Fifty years of advances
Alternate Journal: Interact. Stud.
ISSN: 1572-0373
DOI: 10.1075/is.12.2.01pep
Keywords: avian cognition
avian social learning
avian observational learning
avian communication
parrots psittacus-erithacus
white-crowned sparrow
african grey parrot
song development
intelligence
budgerigars
information
context
pigeon
Abstract: The study of animal behavior, and particularly avian behavior, has
advanced significantly in the past 50 years. In the early 1960s, both ethologists
and psychologists were likely to see birds as simple automatons, incapable of
complex cognitive processing. Indeed, the term "avian cognition" was considered an
oxymoron. Avian social interaction was also seen as based on rigid, if sometimes
complicated, patterns. The possible effect of social interaction on cognition, or
vice versa, was therefore something almost never discussed. Two paradigm shifts -
one concerning animal cognition and one concerning social interaction - began to
change perceptions in, respectively, the early 1970s and 1980s, but only more
recently have researchers actively investigated how these two areas intersect in
the study of avian behavior. The fruits of such intersection can be seen in the
various papers for this special issue. I provide some brief background material
before addressing the striking findings of current projects. In some cases,
researchers have adapted early classic methods and in other cases have devised new
paradigms, but in all instances have demonstrated avian capacities that were once
thought to be the exclusive domain of humans or at least nonhuman primates.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 821YL
Times Cited: 1
John benjamins publishing company
Amsterdam
Author Address: [Pepperberg, Irene M.] Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA
02138 USA. [Pepperberg, Irene M.] Brandeis Univ, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
Pepperberg, IM (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, William James Hall,33
Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
Reference Type: Book Section

Record Number: 2336
Year: 2012
Title: Symbolic communication in the grey parrot
Editor: Vonk, Jennifer and Shackelford, Todd K.
Book Title: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology
Place Published: New York
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Pages: 297-319
Chapter: 16
Series Editor: Nathan, Peter E.
Series Title: Oxford Library of Psychology
Short Title: Symbolic Communication in the Grey Parrot
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.013.0016
Keywords: Parrot cognition
parrot intelligence
avian intelligence
avian referential communication
parrot referential communication
avian social learning
Abstract: For over 30 years, I have used a modeling technique (the model/rival or
M/R procedure) to train Grey parrots to use an allospecific code (English speech)
referentially, and then employed the code to test their cognitive abilities. The
oldest bird, Alex, labeled 50 objects, seven colors, five shapes, quantities to
eight, three categories (color, shape, material) and used no, come here, wanna
go X, and want Y (X, Y being appropriate location or item labels). He combined
labels to identify, request, comment on, or refuse 150 items and to alter his
environment. He processed queries to judge category, relative size, quantity,
presence or absence of similarity/difference in attributes, show label
comprehension and a zero-like concept; he demonstrated some understanding of
phonological awareness, and numerical competence more comparable to that of young
children than to nonhumans. His requests were intentional. He consequently
exhibited capacities presumed limited to humans or nonhuman primates. Younger birds
are acquiring similar competence.
URL:
http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738182.001.0001/oxfordh
b-9780199738182-e-16

Record Number: 2312
Author: Peron, F., Rat-Fischer, L., Lalot, M., Nagle, L. and Bovet, D.
Year: 2011
Title: Cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 545-553
Date: Jul
Short Title: Cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus
erithacus)
ISSN: 1435-9448
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-011-0389-2
Keywords: African grey parrots
Cooperation
Synchrony
Coordination
Collaboration
Social cognition
social brain
capuchin monkeys
cebus-apella
evolution
birds
task
chimpanzees
behavior
primates
cognition
Abstract: One of the main characteristics of human societies is the extensive
degree of cooperation among individuals. Cooperation is an elaborate phenomenon,
also found in non-human primates during laboratory studies and field observations
of animal hunting behaviour, among other things. Some authors suggest that the
pressures assumed to have favoured the emergence of social intelligence in primates
are similar to those that may have permitted the emergence of complex cognitive
abilities in some bird species such as corvids and psittacids. In the wild, parrots
show cooperative behaviours such as bi-parental care and mobbing. In this study, we
tested cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus).
Our birds were tested using several experimental setups to explore the different
levels of behavioural organisation between participants, differing in temporal and
spatial complexity. In our experiments, African grey parrots were able to act
simultaneously but mostly failed during the delay task, maybe because of a lack of
inhibitory motor response. Confronted with the possibility to adapt their behaviour
to the presence or absence of a partner, they showed that they were able to
coordinate their actions. They also collaborated, acting complementarily in order
to solve tasks, but they were not able to place themselves in the partner's role.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 778VL
Times Cited: 3
Peron, F. Rat-Fischer, L. Lalot, M. Nagle, L. Bovet, D.
Springer heidelberg
Heidelberg
Author Address: [Peron, F.; Rat-Fischer, L.; Lalot, M.; Nagle, L.; Bovet, D.] Univ
Paris Ouest Nanterre Def, Lab Ethnol & Cognit Comparees, F-92001 Nanterre, France.
Peron, F (reprint author), Univ Paris Ouest Nanterre Def, Lab Ethnol & Cognit
Comparees, Bat BSL,1Er Etage,200 Ave Republ, F-92001 Nanterre, France.
fperon2008@yahoo.fr

Record Number: 2317
Author: Salwiczek, L. H., Emery, N. J., Schlinger, B. and Clayton, N. S.
Year: 2009
Title: The development of caching and object permanence in western scrub-jays
(Aphelocoma californica): Which emerges first?
Journal: Journal of Comparative Psychology
Volume: 123
Issue: 3
Pages: 295-303
Date: Aug
Short Title: The development of caching and object permanence in western scrub-jays
(Aphelocoma californica): Which emerges first?
Alternate Journal: J. Comp. Psychol.
ISSN: 0735-7036
DOI: 10.1037/a0016303
Keywords: Western scrub-jay
object permanence
sensorimotor intelligence
caching
development
cognition
parrot psittacus-erithacus
jackdaws corvus-monedula
marsh tits
cognitive-development
spatial memory
food
ontogeny
birds
hippocampus
experience
Abstract: Recent studies on the food-caching behavior of corvids have revealed
complex physical and social skills, yet little is known about the ontogeny of food
caching in relation to the development of cognitive capacities. Piagetian object
permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are
no longer visible. Here, the authors focus on Piagetian Stages 3 and 4, because
they are hallmarks in the cognitive development of both young children and animals.
Our aim is to determine in a food-caching corvid, the Western scrub-jay, whether
(1) Piagetian Stage 4 competence and tentative caching (i.e., hiding an item
invisibly and retrieving it without delay), emerge concomitantly or consecutively;
(2) whether experiencing the reappearance of hidden objects enhances the timing of
the appearance of object permanence; and (3) discuss how the development of object
permanence is related to behavioral development and sensorimotor intelligence. Our
findings suggest that object permanence Stage 4 emerges before tentative caching,
and independent of environmental influences, but that once the birds have developed
simple object-permanence, then social learning might advance the interval after
which tentative caching commences.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 483KL
Times Cited: 3
Salwiczek, Lucie H. Emery, Nathan J. Schlinger, Barney Clayton, Nicola S.
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council; University of Cambridge;
Royal Society University Research Fellowship
This research was funded by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research
Council Grant and the University of Cambridge. Nathan Emery was supported by a
Royal Society University Research Fellowship.
Amer psychological assoc
Washington
Author Address: [Salwiczek, Lucie H.; Clayton, Nicola S.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt
Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. [Emery, Nathan J.] Univ Cambridge, Subdept
Anim Behav, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. [Emery, Nathan J.] Queen Mary Univ London,
Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London, England. [Schlinger, Barney] Univ Calif Los Angeles,
Dept Physiol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
Clayton, NS (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St,
Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
nsc22@cam.ac.uk

Record Number: 2304
Author: Schloegl, C., Schmidt, J., Boeckle, M., Weiss, B. M. and Kotrschal, K.
Year: 2012
Title: Grey parrots use inferential reasoning based on acoustic cues alone
Journal: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.
Volume: 279
Issue: 1745
Pages: 4135-4142
Date: Oct
Short Title: Grey parrots use inferential reasoning based on acoustic cues alone
Alternate Journal: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.
ISSN: 0962-8452
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1292
Keywords: grey parrots
reasoning
inference
shaking
cognition
convergence
monkeys cebus-apella
find hidden food
psittacus-erithacus
exclusion
location
discrimination
causal
apes
information
corvids
Abstract: Our ability to make logical inferences is considered as one of the
cornerstones of human intelligence, fuelling investigations of reasoning abilities
in non-human animals. Yet, the evidence to date is equivocal, with apes as the
prime candidates to possess these skills. For instance, in a two-choice task, apes
can identify the location of hidden food if it is indicated by a rattling noise
caused by the shaking of a baited container. More importantly, they also use the
absence of noise during the shaking of the empty container to infer that this
container is not baited. However, since the inaugural report of apes solving this
task, to the best of our knowledge, no comparable evidence could be found in any
other tested species such as monkeys and dogs. Here, we report the first successful
and instantaneous solution of the shaking task through logical inference by a non-
ape species, the African grey parrot. Surprisingly, the performance of the birds
was sensitive to the shaking movement: they were successful with containers shaken
horizontally, but not with vertical shaking resembling parrot head-bobbing. Thus,
grey parrots seem to possess ape-like cross-modal reasoning skills, but their
reliance on these abilities is influenced by low-level interferences.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 005JZ
Times Cited: 0
Schloegl, Christian Schmidt, Judith Boeckle, Markus Weiss, Brigitte M. Kotrschal,
Kurt
Royal soc
London
Author Address: [Schloegl, Christian; Schmidt, Judith; Boeckle, Markus; Weiss,
Brigitte M.; Kotrschal, Kurt] Univ Vienna, Core Facil, Konrad Lorenz
Forschungsstelle Gruenau, A-4645 Grunau Im Almtal, Austria. [Schloegl, Christian;
Schmidt, Judith; Kotrschal, Kurt] Univ Vienna, Dept Behav Biol, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria. [Schloegl, Christian; Boeckle, Markus] Univ Vienna, Dept Cognit Biol, A-
1090 Vienna, Austria. [Schloegl, Christian] Univ Gottingen, Cognit Ethol Lab,
German Primate Ctr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. [Schloegl, Christian] Univ
Gottingen, Courant Res Ctr Evolut Social Behav, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
[Schmidt, Judith] ARGE Papageienschutz, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. [Weiss, Brigitte
M.] Univ Tubingen, Inst Ecol & Evolut, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
Schloegl, C (reprint author), Univ Vienna, Core Facil, Konrad Lorenz
Forschungsstelle Gruenau, A-4645 Grunau Im Almtal, Austria.
cschloegl@dpz.eu
Reference Type: Podcast

Record Number: 2301
Author: Seftel, Joshua
Year: 2011
Title of Podcast: Profile: Irene Pepperberg & Alex
Narrator: Tyson, Neil de Grasse
Title of Show: NOVA Science Video Podcast
Place Published: Boston
Publisher: WGBH
Running Time: 13 minutes
Producer: Seftel, Joshua and Sweet, Jesse
Series Title: NOVA Science Now
Date: June 24
Type of Work: Video podcast
Short Title: Profile: Irene Pepperberg & Alex
Original Publication: NOVA Science Now, Season 5, Episode 4, "How Smart Are
Animals?" February 9, 2011
Keywords: avian intelligence
Alex
cognition
Abstract: An overview of the life of Irene Pepperberg's life and work with Alex,
who rewrote our understanding of "bird brains."
Notes: Edited by: Jessica Reynolds
Directed by: Joshua Softel
Also appeared in NOVA Science Now, Season 5, Episode 4, "How Smart Are Animals?"
February 9, 2011
URL: http://www-
tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/rss/media/nsn_v_pod_PepperbergProfile_110624.m4v

Record Number: 2305
Author: Shanahan, M.
Year: 2012
Title: The brain's connective core and its role in animal cognition
Journal: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
Volume: 367
Issue: 1603
Pages: 2704-2714
Date: Oct
Short Title: The brain's connective core and its role in animal cognition
ISSN: 0962-8436
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0128
PMCID: 3427545
Keywords: animal cognition
brain networks
computational neuroscience
caledonian crows
neural mechanisms
global workspace
basal ganglia
networks
model
organization
architecture
evolution
cortex
Abstract: This paper addresses the question of how the brain of an animal achieves
cognitive integration-that is to say how it manages to bring its fullest resources
to bear on an ongoing situation. To fully exploit its cognitive resources, whether
inherited or acquired through experience, it must be possible for unanticipated
coalitions of brain processes to form. This facilitates the novel recombination of
the elements of an existing behavioural repertoire, and thereby enables innovation.
But in a system comprising massively many anatomically distributed assemblies of
neurons, it is far from clear how such open-ended coalition formation is possible.
The present paper draws on contemporary findings in brain connectivity and
neurodynamics, as well as the literature of artificial intelligence, to outline a
possible answer in terms of the brain's most richly connected and topologically
central structures, its so-called connective core.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 999OH
Times Cited: 5
Shanahan, Murray
Royal soc
London
Author Address: Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Comp, London SW7
2AZ, England.
Shanahan, M (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept
Comp, 180 Queens Gate, London SW7 2AZ, England.
m.shanahan@imperial.ac.uk

Record Number: 2303
Author: Shettleworth, S. J.
Year: 2012
Title: Do animals have insight, and what is insight anyway?
Journal: Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
Volume: 66
Issue: 4
Pages: 217-226
Date: Dec
Short Title: Do animals have insight, and what is insight anyway?
Alternate Journal: Can. J. Exp. Psychol.
ISSN: 1196-1961
DOI: 10.1037/a0030674
Keywords: insight
comparative cognition
problem solving
animals
learning
caledonian crows
tool
cognition
behavior
pigeon
intelligence
resurgence
experience
evolution
ravens
Abstract: We cannot test animals for insight's distinctive phenomenology, the "oho"
experience, but we can study the processes underlying insightful behaviour,
classically described by Kohler as sudden solution of a problem after an impasse.
The central question in the study of insightful behaviour in any species is whether
it is the product of a distinctive cognitive process, insight. Although some claims
for insight in animals confuse it with other problem-solving processes,
contemporary research on string pulling and other physical problems, primarily with
birds, has uncovered new examples of insightful behaviour and shed light on the
role of experience in producing it. New research suggests insightful behaviour can
be captured in common laboratory tasks while brain activity is monitored, opening
the way to better integration of research on animals with the cognitive
neuroscience of human insight.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 055MI
Times Cited: 0
Shettleworth, Sara J.
Canadian psychological assoc
Ottawa
Author Address: Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
Shettleworth, SJ (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, 100 St,George
St,Room 4020, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
shettle@psych.utoronto.ca

Record Number: 2311
Author: Smirnova, A. A.
Year: 2011
Title: Use of numerical symbols by birds
Journal: Zoologichesky Zhurnal
Volume: 90
Issue: 7
Pages: 803-810
Date: Jul
Short Title: Use of numerical symbols by birds
Alternate Journal: Zool. Zhurnal
ISSN: 0044-5134
Keywords: parrot psittacus-erithacus
hooded crows
pan-troglodytes
chimpanzee
pan
sign language
pigeons
intelligence
corvids
evolution
cognition
Abstract: A methodological approach to investigate the ability of animals to the
formation of concepts and symbolization is discussed. The data on the ability of
birds with the high level of brain complexity (parrots and corvids) to comprehend
equivalent relationships between tokens and the concept of number, as well as the
use of numerical symbols are analyzed. The results of these experiments confirm the
ideas that the ability of symbolization is inherent not only to higher mammals, but
also to birds.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 809ZH
Times Cited: 0
Smirnova, A. A.
Maik nauka-interperiodic publishing
Moscow
Author Address: Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Smirnova, AA (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Moscow
119991, Russia.
annsmirn@mail.ru
Language: Russian

Record Number: 2306
Author: Taylor, A. H., Miller, R. and Gray, R. D.
Year: 2012
Title: New Caledonian crows reason about hidden causal agents
Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America
Volume: 109
Issue: 40
Pages: 16389-16391
Date: Oct
Short Title: New Caledonian crows reason about hidden causal agents
Alternate Journal: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
ISSN: 0027-8424
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208724109
Keywords: evolution of intelligence
causal cognition
corvids
hook-tools
habituation
cognition
behavior
infants
Abstract: The ability to make inferences about hidden causal mechanisms underpins
scientific and religious thought. It also facilitates the understanding of social
interactions and the production of sophisticated tool-using behaviors. However,
although animals can reason about the outcomes of accidental interventions, only
humans have been shown to make inferences about hidden causal mechanisms. Here, we
show that tool-making New Caledonian crows react differently to an observable event
when it is caused by a hidden causal agent. Eight crows watched two series of
events in which a stick moved. In the first set of events, the crows observed a
human enter a hide, a stick move, and the human then leave the hide. In the second,
the stick moved without a human entering or exiting the hide. The crows inspected
the hide and abandoned probing with a tool for food more often after the second,
unexplained series of events. This difference shows that the crows can reason about
a hidden causal agent. Comparative studies with the methodology outlined here could
aid in elucidating the selective pressures that led to the evolution of this
cognitive ability.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 017SN
Times Cited: 2
Taylor, Alex H. Miller, Rachael Gray, Russell D.
Cogito Foundation; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; New Zealand Marsden Fund
We thank the Province des Iles Loyaute for permission to work on Mare and W.
Wardrobert and his family for access to their land. We thank Gavin Hunt for
operational support that enabled this research to be carried out. We also thank
Mick Sibley for catching the crows, Vivian Ward for drawing the diagrams, and
Brenna Knaebe for assistance with the video coding. For comments and suggestions,
we thank Nicky Clayton, Mike Corballis, Thomas Suddendorf, Tony Dickinson, Doug
Elliffe, and two anonymous reviewers. This work was supported by the Cogito
Foundation and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (A. H. T.) and a grant from the
New Zealand Marsden Fund (to A. H. T. and R.D.G.).
Natl acad sciences
Washington
Author Address: [Taylor, Alex H.; Gray, Russell D.] Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand. [Taylor, Alex H.] Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol,
Cambridge CB2 3EB, England. [Miller, Rachael] Univ Vienna, Dept Cognit Biol, A-1091
Vienna, Austria.
Taylor, AH (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Psychol, Auckland 1142, New
Zealand.
alexander.taylor@auckland.ac.nz
Reference Type: Press Release

Record Number: 2302
Author: The Alex Foundation
Year: 2007
Title: Alex the African grey parrot and subject of landmark studies of bird
intelligence dies at 31
Place Published: Waltham, MA
Publisher: The Alex Foundation
Location of Work: Waltham, MA
Date: September 10
Type of Work: Press Release
Short Title: Alex the African Grey parrot and subject of landmark studies of bird
intelligence dies at 31
Keywords: Alex
avian intelligence
avian cognition
Abstract: Press release announcing the death of Alex, the African Grey parrot that
changed science's view of parrot intelligence.
URL: http://www.alexfoundation.org/press_release.html

Record Number: 2315
Author: Vick, S. J., Bovet, D. and Anderson, J. R.
Year: 2010
Title: How do African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) perform on a delay of
gratification task?
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 351-358
Date: Mar
Short Title: How do African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) perform on a delay
of gratification task?
ISSN: 1435-9448
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-009-0284-2
Keywords: Parrots
Self-control
Delay maintenance
Avian cognition
chimpanzees pan-troglodytes
self-control
prefrontal cortex
rhesus
macaques
macaca-mulatta
evolution
food
monkeys
intelligence
preferences
Abstract: Humans and other animals often find it difficult to choose a delayed
reward over an immediate one, even when the delay leads to increased pay-offs.
Using a visible incremental reward procedure, we tested the ability of three grey
parrots to maintain delay of gratification for an increasingly valuable food pay-
off. Up to five sunflower seeds were placed within the parrot's reach, one at a
time, at a rate of one seed per second. When the parrot took a seed the trial was
ended and the birds consumed the accumulated seeds. Parrots were first tested in
daily sessions of ten trials and then with single daily trials. For multiple trial
sessions, all three parrots showed some limited improvement across 30 sessions. For
single trial sessions, only one parrot showed any increase in seed acquisition
across trials. This parrot was also able to consistently obtain two or more seeds
per trial (across both multiple and single trial conditions) but was unable to able
to wait 5 s to obtain the maximum number of seeds. This parrot was also tested on a
slower rate of seed presentation, and this significantly reduced her mean seed
acquisition in both multiple and single trial conditions, suggesting that both
value of reward available and delay duration impact upon self-control. Further
manipulation of both the visibility and proximity of seeds during delay maintenance
had little impact upon tolerance of delays for both parrots tested in this
condition. This task demanded not just a choice of delayed reward but the
maintenance of delayed gratification and was clearly difficult for the parrots to
learn; additional training or alternative paradigms are required to better
understand the capacity for self-control in this and other species.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 555UZ
Times Cited: 4
Vick, Sarah-Jane Bovet, Dalila Anderson, James R.
University of Nanterre
This study was funded by a visiting researcher programme at the University of
Nanterre and conducted during research leave granted to S-JV by the University of
Stirling. We would like to thank all the staff and students at the Laboratoire
d'Ethologie et de Cognition Comparees. We also thank our anonymous reviewers for
their constructive comments on this manuscript. This study complies with French
legislation for animal care and with the Association for the Study of Animal
Behaviour guidelines (2009) for the treatment of animals in behavioural research
and teaching (doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.001).
Springer heidelberg
Heidelberg
Author Address: [Vick, Sarah-Jane; Anderson, James R.] Univ Stirling, Dept Psychol,
Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. [Bovet, Dalila] Univ Paris 10, Lab Ethol & Cognit
Comparees, Paris, France.
Vick, SJ (reprint author), Univ Stirling, Dept Psychol, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
sarah-jane.vick@stir.ac.uk

Record Number: 2316
Author: von Bayern, A. M. P., Heathcote, R. J. P., Rutz, C. and Kacelnik, A.
Year: 2009
Title: The role of experience in problem solving and innovative tool use in crows
Journal: Current Biology
Volume: 19
Issue: 22
Pages: 1965-1968
Date: Dec
Short Title: The role of experience in problem solving and innovative tool use in
crows
Alternate Journal: Curr. Biol.
ISSN: 0960-9822
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.10.037
Keywords: caledonian crows
pigeon
Abstract: Creative problem solving and innovative tool use in animals are often
seen as indicators of advanced intelligence because they seem to imply causal
reasoning abilities [1]. However, complex behavior can also arise from relatively
simple mechanisms [2, 3], and the cognitive operations underlying seemingly
"insightful" behavior are rarely examined [4]. By controlling and varying prior
experience, it is possible to determine the minimum information animals require to
solve a given problem [5]. We investigated how pretesting experience affects the
performance of New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) when facing a novel
problem. The task (developed by Bird and Emery [6]) required dropping stones into a
vertical tube to collapse an out-of-reach platform in a transparent box and release
a food reward. After establishing that the birds had no preexisting tendency to
drop stones into holes, subjects were assigned to two experimental groups that were
given different kinds of experience with the affordances of the apparatus. Crows
that had learned about the mechanism (collapsibility) of the platform without the
use of stones passed the task, just like the subjects that had previously been
trained to drop stones. This demonstrates that successful innovation was also
possible after acquaintance with just the functional properties of the task.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 529UO
Times Cited: 14
von Bayern, Auguste M. P. Heathcote, Robert J. P. Rutz, Christian Kacelnik, Alex
Schools Competition Act Settlement Trust; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences
Research Council David Phillips Fellow [BB/G023913/1]
R.J.P.H. was supported by a bursary from the Schools Competition Act Settlement
Trust. C.R. is a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David
Phillips Fellow (grant BB/G023913/1). We would like to thank C. Bird, I.
Federspiel, and N. Emery for sharing their apparatus with us.
Cell press
Cambridge
Author Address: [von Bayern, Auguste M. P.; Heathcote, Robert J. P.; Rutz,
Christian; Kacelnik, Alex] Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
von Bayern, AMP (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1
3PS, England.
auguste.bayern@zoo.ox.ac.uk; alex.kacelnik@zoo.ox.ac.uk
Reference Type: Edited Book

Record Number: 2335
Editor: Vonk, Jennifer and Shackelford, Todd K.
Year: 2012
Title: The Oxford handbook of comparative evolutionary psychology
Series Editor: Nathan, Peter E.
Series Title: Oxford Library of Psychology
Place Published: New York
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Number of Pages: 574
Short Title: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology
ISBN: 9780199738182
0199738181
Call Number: Education-Psychology BF698.95 .O93 2012 AVAILABLE
Keywords: Evolutionary psychology.
Psychology, Comparative.
Social evolution.
Behavior evolution.
Cognition and culture.
Notes: 2011007124
edited by Jennifer Vonk, Todd K. Shackelford.
Handbook of comparative evolutionary psychology.
Comparative evolutionary psychology.
ill. ; 26 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Toward bridging gaps : finding commonality among evolutionary and comparative
psychologists / Jennifer Vonk and Todd K. Shackelford -- Why behaviorism isn't
Satanism / Louise Barrett -- Confronting language, representation, and belief : a
limited defense of mental continuity / Kirsten Andrews and Ljiljana Radenovic --
Evolved cognitive adaptations / Aaron N. Sell -- Convergent evolution of cognition
in corvids, apes and other animals / Jayden O. van Horik, Nicola S. Clayton, and
Nathan J. Emery -- Social complexity and intelligence / R.I.M. Dunbar and A.G.
Sutcliffe -- Cephalopod intelligence / Jennifer A. Mather -- Cold-blooded cognition
: reptilian cognitive abilities / Anna Wilkinson and Ludwig Huber -- Cetacean
cognitive specializations / Kelly Jaakkola -- Socio-cognitive specializations in
nonhuman primates : evidence from general communication / Erika A. Cartmill and
Dario Maestripieri -- The evolution of canine cognition / dm Miklsi and Jzsef
Topl -- Episodic memory and planning / Caroline R. Raby and Nicola S. Clayton --
Comparative mental time travel : is there a cognitive divide between humans and
animals in episodic memory and planning? / Miranda C. Feeney and William A. Roberts
-- Animal models of human cognition / Jonathon D. Crystal -- Metacognition across
species / J. David Smith ... [et al.] -- Symbolic communication in the grey
parrot / Irene M. Pepperberg -- Communication in nonhuman primates / Klaus
Zuberbhler -- Female preference functions provide a window into cognition, the
evolution of communication, and speciation in plant-feeding insects / Reginald B.
Cocroft and Laura E. Sullivan-Beckers -- Apes and the evolution of language :
taking stock of 40 years of research / Heidi Lyn -- The phylogeny and ontogeny of
prosocial behavior / Joan B. Silk and Bailey R. House -- The ontogeny and phylogeny
of cooperation / Felix Warneken and Alicia P. Melis -- Culture and the evolution of
human sociality / Alex Mesoudi and Keith Jensen -- The evolution of morality :
which aspects of human moral concerns are shared with nonhuman primates? / Mark
Sheskin and Laurie Santos -- The evolutionary and comparative psychology of social
learning and culture / Lydia M. Hopper and Andrew Whiten -- Cognitive imitation :
insights into the development and evolution of social learning / Francys Subiaul --
The ecology and evolution of social behavior and cognition in primates / Christophe
Boesch -- The evolution of a cooperative social mind / Dorothy L. Cheney and Robert
M. Seyfarth -- Darwin, Tinbergen, and the evolution of comparative cognition / Sara
J. Shettleworth -- Comparative evolutionary psychology : a united discipline for
the study of evolved traits / Jennifer Vonk and Todd K. Shackelford.
Oxford library of psychology.

Record Number: 2267
Author: Zorina, Z. A. and Obozova, T. A.
Year: 2011
Title: New data on the brain and cognitive abilities of birds
Journal: Zoologichesky Zhurnal
Volume: 90
Issue: 7
Pages: 784-802
Date: Jul
Short Title: New data on the brain and cognitive abilities of birds
Alternate Journal: Zool. Zhurnal
ISSN: 0044-5134
Keywords: crows corvus-moneduloides
western scrub-jays
caledonian crows
tool-use
aphelocoma-californica
avian forebrain
hooded crows
blue
jay
evolution
intelligence
Abstract: New evidence of functional analogies and homologies of bird and mammal
brain is given; some nomenclature revision of the most important brain structures
is performed. Comparative characteristics of the bird brain and criteria of its
progressive development in phylogeny are considered. The possibility to use the
Portman's index as an indicator of brain complexity in different species is
analyzed. The necessity to study new model bird species with the "medium" (Parus
caeruleus and Loxia curvirostra) and "lowest" (Larus glaucescens) levels of brain
complexity is substantiated to maintain a fully-based ground for comparing the
cognitive abilities of birds. A review of the experimentally supported proofs
suggesting the existence of elementary thinking and some other cognitive functions
among higher birds is presented. The high levels of cognitive processes that
underlie the tool-using of birds, as well as their similarity in anthropoids are
shown based on the results obtained in the 2000s. The comparative studies with
battery of string-pulling tests confirm the ability of hooded crows and ravens to
solve the tool-use tasks immediately, while birds with a "medium" level of brain
complexity appear to resort to a simpler mechanism to make success. In the birds of
different orders with the "highest" brain complexity (for instance, corvids and
parrots), the dynamics of abstract concept-formation are similar. The "medium-
level" crossbills, although they can also form the same concepts, perform this
process worse than corvids do, whereas the "lowest-level" seagulls and pigeons are
not able to operate any abstractions or capable of solving other cognitive tests.
The fact that corvids and parrots and anthropoids have similar abilities to
successfully solve numerous cognitive tasks supports the hypothesis of the
convergent evolution of brain and cognition in birds and primates.
Notes: ISI Document Delivery No.: 809ZH
Times Cited: 1
Zorina, Z. A. Obozova, T. A.
Maik nauka-interperiodic publishing
Moscow
Author Address: [Zorina, Z. A.; Obozova, T. A.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac
Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia.
Zorina, ZA (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Biol, Moscow
119899, Russia.
zorina_z.a@mail.ru
Language: Russian

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