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2BPh
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o Fine (No. 60) diluent, a general method known as
o Very Fine (No. 80) “geometric dilution” is employed to obtain
o Coarse (No. 20) a uniform mix
o Moderately coarse (No. 40) o SIFTING
o Fine (No. 80) the process of mixing by passing the
o Very Fine (No. 120) powder through sifters. Not generally
Purpose: To obtain quantitative data on the size, acceptable for potent drugs. Sifting results
distribution, and shapes of drug and non drug in light puffy product.
components to be used in pharmaceutical formulation o TUMBLING BY MECHANICAL MIXING
Methods of determining particle size: the process of mixing powders by placing in
- SEDIMENTATION RATE, in which particles is large containers or powder blenders the
determined by measuring the terminal rotates by tumbling motion
settling velocity of particles through a liquid Mixing by this process is thorough but time
medium in gravitational or centrifugal consuming
environment (range: 0.8-300 micrometers) o Dry Granulation
- Light Energy diffraction, in which particle Dry granulating, also called slugging or
size is determine by the reduction in light roller compaction, involves the pressing of
reaching the sensor as the particle, mixed powders into an object to be
dispersed in a liquid or gas, passes through reground into a precise powder.
the sensing zone (range: 0.2 - 500 This action increases particle density, and
micrometers) improves powder flow.
- Laser halography, in which a pulsed laser is
fired through an aerolized particle spray o Milling
and photographed in three dimension with Milling equipment is used to improve flow,
a halographic camera, allowing the particles reduce segregation, enhance drying, and
to be individually imaged and sized (range: limit wide particle size distribution
1.4 - 100 micrometers)
- Cascade Impaction is based on the principle
that a particle, driven by an airstream, will
impact on a surface in its path, provided
that its inertia is sufficient to overcome the
drag force that tends to keep it in the
airstream
- SIEVING – particles are passed by
mechanical shaking through a series of
sieves (from 40 to 9500 micrometers,
depending upon sieve sizes)
- MICROSCOPY – particles are sized through
the use of calibrated grid background or
other measuring devise ( range 0.2 to 100 o Blending of Powders
micrometers) The "V" BLENDER is an efficient and
Mixing powders versatile blending machine for mixing and
o Powders may be mixed or prepared depending upon lubrication process of dry powders
the nature of ingredients, the amount of powders to homogeneously
be prepared, equipment available The RIBBON BLENDER is an efficient and
o SPATULATION versatile blending machine for mixing of dry
a method by which small amount of granules & powders homogeneously
powders may be blended by a spatula on a
sheet of paper or pill till.
This is also applied to solid substances
which liquefy or form eutectic mixtures
Examples: phenol, camphor, menthol,
thymol, ASA, phenylsalicylate, and
phenacetin
o TRITURATION Packaging of Powders
may be employed both to comminute and o Bulk powders
to mix powder using mortar preferably with 1. Antacid or laxative powders, which the
a rough inner surface. patient generally takes by mixing the
In case a small amount of potent substance directed amount of powder
is to be mixed with a large amount of
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2. Douche powder usually dissolved in warm 2. Not well suited for dispensing of
water by the patient for vaginal use many unpleasant tasting
3. Dusting powders hygroscopic drug
4. Medicated or non medicated powders 3. Inaccuracy
5. Dentifrices or dental cleansing powders Official Powdered Vegetable Drugs
6. Insufflations 1. Powdered Belladona Extract, NF
7. Triturations 2. Powdered Digitalis Extract
o DIVIDED POWDERS 3. Powdered Ipecac, USP
Latin - Chartulae, Abbr. “charts” or chartula 4. Powdered Opium, USP
After the powders have been properly 5. Powdered Rauwolfia Serpentina,
mixed by the geometric dilution, it may be NF
divided into individual units based upon the Official Powders
dose. Method used is called “block and 1. Ampicillin Soluble Powder - dry
divide” mixture of the ampicillin and
Powder papers: diluents and stabilising agents -
2 3/4 x 3 3/4 inches, anti-infectives
3 x 4 1/2 inches, 2. Polymixin B Sulfate and
3 3/4 x 5 inches and Bacitracin Zinc Topical Powder,
4 1/2 x 6 inches USP - used as a topical anti-
SELECTION OF PAPER infective
Hygroscopic or deliquescent - use water 3. Compound Clioquinol Powder,
proof or waxed paper USP - mixture of Clioquinol,
Powders containing volatile components - lactic acid, zinc stearate, and
should be wrapped in waxed or in glassine lactose - vaginal insufflation as
papers an antitrichomonal
Powders containing neither volatile 4. Nystatin Topical Powder, USP -
components nor ingredients adversely employed as a topical dusting
affected by air or moisture are usually be powder in the treatment of
wrapped in white papers mycotic infections
Papers may be: 5. Tolnaftate Powder, USP - used
1. Simple bond papers topically in the treatment of
2. Vegetable parchment fungal infection
3. Glassine, a glazed, transparent 3 Official Powders For Topical Use:
paper 1. Absorbable Dusting powder-
4. Waxed paper, a transparent gloves lubricant
waterproof paper 2. Compound
Ex. Of Finely Divided Powders: Iodochlorhydroxyquin Powder
1. Oral powders are supplied as NF - vaginal Insufflations as
finely divided powders or as antimicrobial
effervescent granules 3. Methylbenzenethonium Choride
2. Douche powders, generally Powders NF - local anti-infectives
dissolved in warm water for for diaper rash in infants
vaginal use GRANULES
3. Medicated or non medicated are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles.
powders for external application They are generally irregularly shaped and behave as single larger
usually dispensed in sifter cans particles. They are usually in the 4 to 12 sieve size range
for convenient application to the Examples:
skin 1. Pricipen (Ampicillin) for oral suspension (for
4. Dentifrices or dental cleansing reconstitution)
powder 2. Senokot Granules - for laxative
5. Denture powders, for dentifrices 3. Effervescent products as Bromo Seltzer
or for adhesive to hold dentures 4. K-lyte - Granulations of effervescent products-
Advantages Of Divided Powders compressed into tablet
1. Flexibility EFFERVESCENT GRANULATED SALTS
2. Rapid therapeutic effect o Effervescent salts are granules or coarse to very coarse
3. Stability powders containing a soluble medicinal agent in a dry
4. Ease of administration mixture
o Composition: Sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and
Disadvantages Of Divided Powders tartaric acid
1. Time consuming to prepare
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o Note: When added to water, the acids and base react 1. H3C6H507.H20 + 3NaHCO3 Na3C6H5O7 + 4H2O + 3CO2
to liberate CO2 resulting in effervescence citric acid sodium citrate
o Ex.: Sodium Phosphate - cathartic 2. H2C4H4O6 + 2NaHCO3 Na2C4H4O6 + 2H2O + 2CO2
o Reasons why effervescent salts are usually prepared tartaric acid
from a combination of citric acid and tartaric acid It should be noted that it requires 3
rather than a single acid because of difficulties molecules of NaHCO3 to neutralize 1
presented as follows: molecule of citric acid (1) and 2 molecules
When tartaric acid is the sole acid, resulting granules of NaHCO3 to neutralize 1 molecule of
lose their firmness readily and crumble tartaric acid (2)
Citric acid alone results in a sticky mixture difficult to 1. For the amount of NaHCO3 required to
granulate neutralize 162 g citric acid:
*So combination will give a balance and obtain a
satisfactory product. 162 g X (84 X 3 molecules)
o Method Of Preparation 210.13 252.03 MW NaHCO3
1. Dry or Fusion method
2. Wet method X = 194.3 g of NaHCO3
o Objectives Of Using The Methods
1. To determine the proper formula for the
preparation that will result in effective 2. For the amount of NaHCO3 for neutralizing
effervescence and effect of the product 252 g tartaric acid
2. Efficient use of the acids and base present
3. Stable granulation 252 g tartaric X (84 x2)
4. Pleasant taste 150.09 MW 168.02 g NaHCO3
o Preparation of Granules
1. Dry Granulation X= 282.1 g NaHCO3
- the dry powder is passed through a roll
compactor and then through a Total 194.3 + 282.1 = 476.4 g
granulating machine
- a roll compactor, also called a roll press o THE PROCEDURE: FUSION OR DRY METHOD
or roller compactor, processes a fine Powder citric acid crystals
powder into dense sheets Mix with other powders previously sieved
- the surface of the compacting rolls may through #60 to ensure uniformity
be smooth or may have pocket Place in a suitable dish in an oven
indentations or corrugations that allow previously heated between 93-104oC
compaction of different forms and During the heating, turn the powder with
textures an acid resistant spatula.
- the compacted powder is granulated to It is removed from the oven and rubbed
uniform particle size in mechanical through an acid resistant sieve to produce
granulator granules of desired size
no. 4 sieve produce large granules
- or dry method also termed slugging
no. 8 sieve produced medium size granules
2. Wet Granulation no. 10 sieve produced small granules
Examples: Zantac EFFERdose tablets After sieving the granules are immediately
o Lactinex Granules = mixed culture of dried at a temperature not exceeding 54oC
Lactobacillus acidophilus &Lactobacillus bulgaricus in 1 the transfer immediately to a container &
g packets used in the treatment of uncomplicated promptly and tightly sealed.
diarrhea; mixed with water, beverages, sprinkled on o WET METHOD
food, or eaten plain This differs from the fusion method in that
o Official Effervescent Salt: Sodium Phosphate NF the source of binding agent is not
Dried Sodium Phosphate (Dried and Powdered) 200 g
necessarily the water crystallization of citric
Sodium Bicarbonate (Dry Powder) 477 g
Tartaric acid (Dry Powder) 252 g
acid but may be water added to the
Citric acid, (Uneffluorescence crystals) 162 g nonsolvent (such as alcohol) which is
to make 1000 g employed as the moistening agent to form
o A good working formula the pliable mass of material for granulation.
Citric acid 15% This granules may be compressed into
Tartaric acid 28% tablets form ( Bromo Seltzer by Warner
Sodium bicarbonate 53% Lambert)
o NOTE: Dose is assumed to be a heaping teaspoon (`5g). o DENTIFRICES
Granules should be packaged in tight, dry wide mouth Form of bulk powder, generally containing
glass jars in cool place flavors, soap or detergent, mild abrasive,
o Reactions: & an polishing agent.
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Forms: paste, powder, liquid, and block or DOUCHE POWDERS
solid o Are products which are completely soluble and are
Use: used with a tooth brush for the intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as
purpose of cleansing the accessible antiseptic or cleansing agent for a body cavity
surfaces of the teeth. o How to use: simply add the prescribed amount or
These contain abrasives such as Calcium powder to the appropriate volume of warm water and
carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium stirs until dissolved
sulfate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, o Components:
hydrated Al2 O3 , MgCO3 and phosphates, 1. Boric acid or Borax
NaHCO3 and NaCl 2. Astringents as K alum, ammonium alum,
contain non-carbohydrates sweetening ZnSO4
agents but a few contain sugar 3. Antimicrobial as oxyquinoline sulfate or
o Toothpaste povidone iodine
contain liquids such as glycerin, propylene 4. Quaternary ammonium compounds as
glycol, sorbitol solution, water and benzethonium chloride
thickeners such as starch, tragacanth, 5. Detergents as sodium lauryl sulfate
alginate and cellulose derivatives. 6. Oxidizing agents as sodium perborate
Block form consist the following: 7. Salts, as sodium citrate, sodium chloride
1. Polishing agents - calcium carbonate, 8. Aromatic as menthol, thymol, eucalyptol,
dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate methyl salicylate, and phenol
or anhydrous, tricalcium phosphate, o Packaging: may be in a wide mouth glass jars to
calcium pyrophosphate, insoluble protect from volatile constituents and by bulk powder
sodium metaphosphate and hydrated boxes
alumina DUSTING POWDERS
2. Massed with 20% to 30% of hard soap o Are non-toxic preparations for local application and
and sufficient glycerol & flavoring oils therefore no systemic effect.
to retain an attractive appearance and o Dispensing: should be dispensed in a very fine
flavor state of subdivision to enhance
3. Tooth powders contain an abrasive, a effectiveness and minimized irritation
surface active detergent e.g. sodium o Packaging: available in sifter-type containers or
lauryl sulfate pressure aerosols, the latter more
4. Flavoring oils - spearmint, expensive but protects content from air,
peppermint, wintergreen, & cinnamon moisture and contamination
mint o Uses: lubricants, absorbents, antiseptics,
5. Sweetening agents - saccharin antipruritics, astringents, & antiperspirant
6. Water TRITURATIONS
7. Humectant - glycerol, sorbitol, o Are dilution of potent powdered drugs prepared by
propylene glycol intimately mixing them with a suitable diluents in a
8. Binder - gums, karaya and tragacanth, definite proportion by weight. They were at one time
seaweed colloids: sodium alginate official as 1-10 dilutions.
&Irish moss extract, and synthetic o Preparation: in making trituration, geometric dilution is
derivatives of cellulose: used to assure thorough mixing. The active ingredient
methylcellulose and is placed in a clean smooth, dry mortar. An equal bulk
carboxymethylcellulose (by estimation) of the weight diluents is added. It is
9. Preservatives - dichlorophene, mixed quickly and twice as much diluents, not equal to
benzoates, and esters the amount in the mortar is added and mixed.
10. Fluoride compounds - stannous and o Examples: Strychnine sulfate, arsenic, mercury
sodium fluoride bichloride, atropine in convenient concentration using
lactose as the diluents for use at the Rx counter.
INSUFFLATIONS
o Are finely divided powders introduced into the body
cavities such as the ears, nose, throat, tooth sockets
and vagina.
o Administration: Insufflator (powder blower) is usually
used, pressure aerosols are being employed especially
for potent drugs.
o Examples:
1. Norisodrine Sulfate Aerohaler
Cartridge (Abbott) - specialized
equipment or inhalation
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2. Cromolyn Sodium Powder - relieve
bronchial asthma
TEA
o Also known as “species” are made from coarsely
powdered dried herbs and are intended for use in
making medicinal teas and poultices
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