Question & Answer

Session
Q.1 Names and rating of conductors
Poonit Pandya GCET, Gujarat Inida
An overhead transmission line usually consists of three conductors or bundles of
conductors containing the three phases of the power system. The conductors are
usually aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR), which are steel core (for strength)
and aluminum wires (having low resistance) wrapped around the core.
Q.1 Names and rating of conductors
Poonit Pandya GCET, Gujarat Inida
AAC(All aluminum conductor)
ACAR (Aluminum Conductor, Aluminum Reinforce)
AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor)
ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)
IACS (International Annealed Copper Stand)

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Q.1 Names and rating of conductors
Poonit Pandya GCET, Gujarat Inida

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https://sonorouscable.en.alibaba.com/product/60062397921-
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AAAC_ACAR_ACSR_conductor.html
Q.1 Names and rating of conductors
Poonit Pandya GCET, Gujarat Inida
Material used generally aluminum, copper, Phosphor
bronze, Galvanized steel etc.
Property of transmission line conductor should be
corrosion free, thermal withstand capacity, light weight,
high conductivity, good tensile strength etc.
AWG or KCM unit is use for conductor size
Names of conductor given from animals(ACSR),
insects(AAC), plants(AAAC), etc.
Easy to remember for technicians
TYPES OF CONDUCTOR
 AAAC conductor
Why overhead line conductors are invariably stranded?
Flexibility is main reason to use stranded conductor.
twisting is done in opposite direction to provide
mechanical strength
Equation for strands is
N=3x2-3x+1 where x is number of layers
And Diameter of such conductor given by
D=(2x-1)d

For example if we take

x=1 strands N=1 and D=1
For x=2, N=7, D=3d
 Question & Answer
2- Session
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 2-port networks and ABCD
models
A transmission line can be represented by a 2-
port network a network that can be isolated
from the outside world by two connections
(ports) as shown.

If the network is linear, an elementary circuits theorem (analogous to Thevenins

theorem) establishes the relationship between the sending and receiving end
voltages and currents as
VS AVR BI R
(9.50.
I S CVR DI R 1)
Here constants A and D are dimensionless, a constant B has units of , and a
constant C is measured in siemens. These constants are sometimes referred to as
generalized circuit constants, or ABCD constants.
 2-port networks and ABCD
models
Transmission lines are 2-port linear networks, and they are often represented by
ABCD models.
The ABCD constants can be physically interpreted. Constant A represents the
effect of a change in the receiving end voltage on the sending end voltage;
Constant D models the effect of a change in the receiving end current on the
sending end current. Naturally, both constants A and D are dimensionless.
The constant B represents the effect of a change in the receiving end current on
the sending end voltage.
The constant C denotes the effect of a change in the receiving end voltage on
the sending end current.

A 1
BZ
C 0
D 1
 Transmission line models
Unlike the electric machines studied so far, transmission lines are
characterized by their distributed parameters: distributed resistance,
inductance, and capacitance.
The distributed series and shunt elements of the transmission line make it
harder to model. Such parameters may be approximated by many small
discrete resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

However, this approach is not very practical, since it would require to solve
for voltages and currents at all nodes along the line. We could also solve the
exact differential equations for a line but this is also not very practical for
large power systems with many lines.
 2-port networks and ABCD models
Short Transmission line ABCD parameter

Medium Transmission line ABCD parameter

pi model T model

Long Transmission line ABCD parameter

Long line model Equivalent pi long line model
 Question & Answer
rd
3 - Session
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Q. What is called single line diagram?
Asked by Nitin Nair- Kerla
We will develop circuit model for transformer, synchronous motor,
transmission line, loads etc. So we have to portray the assemblage of these
components to model a complete system
Balance three phase system is always solved as single phase or per phase
equivalent circuit composed of one of the three lines and neutral return, it is
seldom necessary to show more than one phase and neutral returns when
drawing circuit diagram
Often diagram can be simplified by omitting the completed circuit through
the neutral and by indicating the component parts by standard symbol rather
than by their equivalent circuits
Such a simplified diagram of an electrical system is called single line or one
line diagram
It indicates by single line and standard symbol how the transmission lines
are associated apparatus of an electric system are connected together
11/14/2017
Q. What is called single line diagram?
Q. What is called single line diagram?
Purpose of one line diagram is to supply in concise form the significant
information about the system
The amount of information included in the diagram depends on the
purpose of which the diagram is intended
For instance location of circuit breakers and relays is unimportant in
making load flow study
Breakers and relays are not shown if the primary function of diagram is to
provide information for such study on other hand determination of the
stability of system under transient condition resulting from a fault depends
on the speed with which relays and circuit breaker operate to isolate the
faulted part of the system
Q. What is called single line diagram?

Therefore information about the circuit breaker may be extreme

importance
Sometimes one line diagram include information about the current and
the potential transformer which connect the relays to system or which are
installed for metering
The information found on one line diagram must be expected to vary
according to the problem at hand and according to the practice of the
particular company preparing the diagram
Q. What is called single line diagram?
It is important to know the location of points where a system is connected to
ground in order to calculate the amount of current flowing when an
unsymmetrical fault involving ground occur
The standard symbol to designate three phase Y with neutral solidly grounded is
shown figure below
If resistor or reactor is inserted between the neutral of the Y and ground to limit
the flow of current to ground during a fault the appropriate symbol for resistor or
inductor may be added to standard symbol of ground
Generator terminals are usually grounded through fairly high resistances and
sometimes through inductance coil
Q. What is called single line diagram?
Almost all modern power systems are three-phase systems with the phases of equal
amplitude and shifted by 120. Since phases are similar, it is customary to sketch power
systems in a simple form with a single line representing all three phases of the real
system.

Combined with a standard set

of symbols for electrical
components, such one-line
diagrams provide a compact
way to represent information.
Q. What is called single line diagram?
If a power system containing two synchronous machines, two loads, two busses, two
transformers, and a transmission line to connect busses together.

All devices are protected by oil circuit breakers (OCBs). We notice that the diagram
indicates the type of connection for each machine and transformer, and also the points in
the system connected to the ground.
The ground connections are important since they affect the current flowing in
nonsymmetrical faults. These connection can be direct or through a resistor or inductor
(they help reducing the fault current that flows in unsymmetrical faults, while having no
impact on the steady-state operation of the system since the current through them will be
zero). Machine ratings, impedances, and/or consumed (or supplied) powers are usually
included in the diagrams.
Q. What is called single line diagram?
For unsymmetrical faults, or unbalance in network we have to go
for positive, negative and zero sequence network diagram with
each sequence component of reactance, or impedance
Voltage source present only in positive sequence network.
For software simulation it represent important information's
For industrial purpose it also provide useful information
With SLD we can properly connect power, control, protection
and signal circuits.
 Question & Answer
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4 - Session
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 Explain Reactive Power Compensation?

Active power produces effective work in electrical appliances at the same time
reactive power play important role.
Around the world 70% loads are inductive in nature which requires reactive power
without reactive power magnetization of core is not possible.
Active and reactive both power generation possible from generating stations and
each devices except resistive component require reactive power
Inductive component like motors, inductors etc. absorbs reactive power
Capacitive component generates reactive power
Transmission line can generate and absorb reactive depend on line loading and
voltage level.
Each generating stations having its own generation limit of reactive power thats why
sometime external source/sink of reactive power is needed.
Reactive power compensation in power systems can be either shunt or series
 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION OF LINE

SHUNT Component
Shunt reactor
Shunt capacitor

SERIES Component
Series capacitor
Series reactor
This is the companys first order to supply 13-unit 765 kV ultra-high voltage shunt reactors,
7 units with 110 MVAr and 6 units with 80 MVAr capacity, the manufacturer said in a press
release.
The equipment will be supplied to Moga and Ajmer substations in the Indian states
of Punjab and Rajasthan.
The order is likely to be executed within the next year and a half.
T & R company data.
Shunt Reactor
Transmission line-Series reactor
Shunt Capacitor
 Series Capacitor
GEs Series Compensation System allows utilities to
cost effectively increase power transfer capabilities of
their existing infrastructure and new transmission lines.
 Question & Answer
th
5 -Session
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 Why AC systems are preferred over
DC systems?
Due to following reasons, AC systems are preferred over DC systems:
a. It is easy to maintain and change the voltage of AC electricity for
transmission and distribution.
b. Plant cost for AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc.) is
much lower than the equivalent DC transmission
c. From power stations, AC is produced so it is better to use AC then
DC instead of converting it.
d. When a large fault occurs in a network, it is easier to interrupt in an
AC system, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at
some point making the current easier to interrupt.

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50Hz vs 60 Hz

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11,33,66,110 kV why?

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AC v/s DC severity

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 Question & Answer
th
6 - Session
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How to read control and
Power Diagram?
415 Volt Induction motor
Diagram
Asked by Linay Patel, India
Why control and Power Diagram Needed?
Why control and Power Diagram Needed?