CHAPTER 1 o the best theory among the rivals - of
o Dare to know the truth.
o Philosophy - philia (love) sophia
(wisdom)
o Love of Wisdom
o God can be called wise while we are
only lovers of wisdom
o The science of all things by their first
causes as known in the light of reason
o science - scire (to know)
o "why " and not just "what"
o Certitude - natural result of knowing
not only the facts but also their causes.
o Cognito per Causas - a knowledge of
things attained by an investigation of
their causes
o final stage of philosophy reaches
certitude
o Natural Theology (Theodicy) - reason
o Revealed Theology - faith
o Fides et Ratio - John Paul II (Oct 1998)
o MEELCT - CTMEEL
o Metaphysics - reality
o Epistemology - validity of human
knowledge
o Ethics - morality of human act
o Logic - correct reasoning
o Cosmology - universe
o Theodicy - philo. study of God
o PHILOSOPHY MAKES NO PROGRESS
o better appreciation of issues and
identifying basic ones = progress
o PHILOSOPHERS DISAGREE WITH ONE
ANOTHER
o issues with little consensus - study
areas of disagreement
o PHILOSOPHICAL COMMITMENT IS
SUBJECTIVE
o Art - perform certain actions guided by
highest degree
o PHILOSOPHY ONLY DEALS WITH
ABSTRACTION NOT WITH ANYTHING OF
PRACTICAL VALUE
o Value to personal existence and
relations with others
CHAPTER 2
o Logic - correct reasoning
o correct thinking - natural logic
o scientific logic - need
o theoretical science
o Formal Logic (Symbolic Logic) -
correctness rather than truth of the
argument
o Material Logic - truth of the
argument/material
o Informal Logic (Critical Thinking) -
application of logical concepts to the
analysis of everyday thinking and
problem solving
o Simple Apprehension - intellect grasps
the essence of something
o Judgment - mental operation that
pronounces the identity or non-identity
between two ideas.
o Reasoning - mental act that proceeds
from a previously know truth to a new
truth
o Reflexive method (logical reflection) -
human intellect gets in touch with
reality and focuses its attention on the
process itself.
o Logic - Zeno the Stoic (300 BC)
o principles and rules of distinguishing
correct from incorrect reasoning
special knowledge and executed with
skill
o Ars Artium - theoretical and practical
endeavor
o Opinion - subjective viewpoint
o Fact - can be proven and verified
whether true or false, not created but
acknowledged
o Degree of one's belief will not make it
true.
o Truths are not relative to the individual
even when they are truths about an
individual - two different facts, one is
bound to be mistaken
o Propositions can be true on the place
and time,
o Proposition about the future can be
true now because truth is tense less.
o Cannot be partly true and partly false.
CHAPTER 3
o Argument - inferential thinking
composed of conclusion and premise
o Inductive Argument (Probable
Inference) - specific to general
o Deductive Argument (Necessary
Inference) - general to specific
o Deductive - valid or invalid/ sound or
unsound
o Inductive - future oriented
o True Premises, True Conclusion
o True Premises, False Conclusion
o False Premises, True Conclusion
o False Premises, True Conclusion
 CHAPTER 4
o Simple Apprehension - grasping the
essence of a thing without affirming or
denying anything about it.
o Idea - mental product
o Term - verbal; sensible conventional
sign expressive of an idea
o Sensible - perceived thru senses
o Sign - "leads" to the knowledge
o Conventional Sign - called via the
agreement of men
o Expressive of an idea - made concrete
thru the term
o Connotation - essential definition
o Denotation - examples of such term
o COMPREHENSION
o Concrete - chair
o Abstract - happiness
o EXTENSION
o Singular - Eiffel Tower
o Universal - building
o Particular - few voters
o Collective - class
o ORIGIN
o Immediate - leaf
o Mediate - human soul
o RELATION
o Compatible - hot and spicy
o Incompatible
o Contradictory - mutually
exclusive, affirmation and denial and no
in-between (dead - alive)
o Contrary - express extremes but
has middle ground (rich - middle class -
poor)
o Privative - perfection and lack
of perfection (hearing - deafness)
o Correlative - depend on each
other and are related (husband -wife)
o MEANING o Should avoid vagueness - use simple
o Univocal - chair words
o Equivocal - marry and merry, read and o Should not be figurative
red, march o Should not be circular - An inventor
o Analogous - dead end, dirty joke invents something
o QUALITY o Not be needlessly negative - Sadness is
o Positive form; Positive Meaning - joy not happiness
o Positive form, Negative Meaning- o Too Broad - Specific to General
sadness o Too Narrow - General to Specific
o Negative form, Positive Meaning -
painless
o Negative form, Negative Meaning -
immature
o OBJECT
o Real - pain
o Logical - facilitates learning and
conceptual device (genus)
o Imaginary - Darna
CHAPTER 5
o Definiendum - subject
o Definiens - predicate
o Nominal - what the name means and
not what the thing is
o N: Ostensive (demonstrative) - showing
the object
o N: Synonymous - same connotation
(sugar - saccharides)
o N: Etymological - origin of the word
o Real - tells us what the thing is
o R: Essential - Genus and difference
o R: Non - Essential
o NE: Distinctive - follow up after genus,
more notable characteristics.
o NE: Genetic - how something is
produced
o C: Efficient Cause - "by"
o C: Final Cause - "why was it created"
o Accidental - not connected, random