Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................XV
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ XVII

CHAPTER 1 Overview of video production ..............................................................................1

1.1 What is video production? .......................................................................1
FIRST STEP IN VIDEO PRODUCTION ...........................................................3
1.2 The need for know-how .......................................................................3
1.3 Its designed for you .................................................................................3
1.4 Learning basics..........................................................................................3
1.5 Remember the purpose ...........................................................................4
1.6 Equipment ..................................................................................................4
1.7 What equipment is needed? ...................................................................6
1.8 Is there a right way? ................................................................................. 7
1.9 The production approach ........................................................................8
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TECHNICALITIES ..................................................................................................9
1.10 Equipment performance..........................................................................9

CHAPTER 2 Production crew .....................................................................................................11

2.1 Production crew size...............................................................................11
VIDEO PRODUCTION CREW JOB DESCRIPTIONS ..................................11
2.2 Producer ...................................................................................................12
2.3 Assistant producer or associate producer (AP) ..............................12
2.4 Director .....................................................................................................12
2.5 Assistant director or associate director (AD) .................................. 13
2.6 Floor manager (FM) or stage manager (SM) .................................. 13
2.7 Production assistant (PA) ....................................................................14
2.8 Technical director (TD) or vision mixer ..............................................14
2.9 Makeup artist ...........................................................................................14
2.10 Graphic designer/operator ....................................................................14
2.11 Lighting director/vision supervisor..................................................... 15
2.12 Camera operator ..................................................................................... 15
2.13 Camera assistant.....................................................................................16
2.14 Audio mixer/sound mixer/sound supervisor ..................................... 17
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2.15 Boom operator or audio assistant ...................................................... 17

2.16 Engineer ....................................................................................................18
2.17 Writer .........................................................................................................18
2.18 Editor .........................................................................................................18
2.19 Set designer .............................................................................................18
PROFESSIONAL CREW ....................................................................................19
2.20 Freelance crew ........................................................................................19
2.21 Below-the-line/above-the-line ............................................................19
2.22 The structure of a video production crew .........................................19

CHAPTER 3 Organizing the production ..................................................................................21

3.1 Art conceals craft ................................................................................... 22
3.2 Shot selection ......................................................................................... 22
3.3 The problem of familiarity .................................................................... 23
3.4 The problem of quality.......................................................................... 26
3.5 The problem of bigger and better................................................... 26
3.6 Communication can be elusive............................................................ 26
3.7 Start with an idea (concept) ................................................................ 27
3.8 Goals and objectives ............................................................................. 27
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3.9 Target audience ...................................................................................... 28
3.10 Research ..................................................................................................30
3.11 Covering the subject .............................................................................. 31
3.12 Production methods ............................................................................. 32
3.13 The empirical approach ........................................................................ 32
3.14 The planned approach .......................................................................... 32
3.15 Storyboards ............................................................................................ 34
3.16 Why plan?..................................................................................................37
3.17 The three stages of production ...........................................................37
3.18 Coverage .................................................................................................. 38
3.19 Building an outline ................................................................................. 38
3.20 Broad treatment ..................................................................................... 38
3.21 Production research .............................................................................. 39
3.22 Remote surveys (recce) ........................................................................41
3.23 Freedom to plan ..................................................................................... 43
3.24 Single camera shooting ........................................................................ 45
3.25 Multicamera shooting ...........................................................................46
3.26 Copyright ..................................................................................................47
3.27 Contracts...................................................................................................47
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CHAPTER 4 Production techniques .......................................................................................49

4.1 Single- and multicamera production .................................................50
4.2 Multicamera ISO .................................................................................... 56
4.3 Multicamera production without a switcher .................................... 56
4.4 The illusion of reality ..............................................................................57
4.5 The cameras role ...................................................................................60
4.6 The camera as an observer..................................................................60
4.7 The persuasive camera ..........................................................................61
4.8 Beginning and ending ........................................................................... 62
4.9 Production methods ............................................................................. 62
4.10 How do you visualize something that does not exist? .................. 62

CHAPTER 5 Writing for video................................................................................................... 65

5.1 The scripts purpose ..............................................................................66
5.2 Is a script needed? .................................................................................66
5.3 Basic script formats .............................................................................. 67
5.4 The full script ..........................................................................................68
5.5 The drama script ..................................................................................... 71
5.6 Suggestions on scriptwriting ............................................................... 71
5.7 Be visual .................................................................................................... 71
5.8 Assimilation ............................................................................................. 72 VII
5.9 Relative pace........................................................................................... 72
5.10 Style ...........................................................................................................73

CHAPTER 6 The camera ............................................................................................................ 79

6.1 A range of models ..................................................................................80
6.2 Cameracraft..............................................................................................81
CAMERA FEATURES ........................................................................................84
6.3 Main features ..........................................................................................84
6.4 The lens system...................................................................................... 87
6.5 Focal length and lens angle ................................................................. 87
6.6 The prime lens ........................................................................................88
6.7 The zoom lens .........................................................................................89
6.8 Zoom lens control ...................................................................................91
6.9 The aperture of the camera ..................................................................91
6.10 Lens accessories .................................................................................... 93
6.11 The image sensor ...................................................................................94
6.12 Sensitivity ................................................................................................ 95
6.13 The viewfinder ........................................................................................ 95
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6.14 Indicators .................................................................................................96

6.15 Audio ......................................................................................................... 97
6.16 Power........................................................................................................99
CONTROLLING THE CAMERA .......................................................................99
6.17 Handling the camera .............................................................................99
6.18 Supporting the camera ........................................................................101
6.19 Handheld cameras ................................................................................101
6.20 The monopod ........................................................................................102
6.21 The pan head (panning head or tripod head) ................................102
6.22 Using a tripod........................................................................................ 103
6.23 The rolling tripod/tripod dolly ........................................................... 105
6.24 The pedestal ......................................................................................... 105
6.25 Jib arms ..................................................................................................106
6.26 Specialty camera mounts................................................................... 107
6.27 Handling care ........................................................................................108

CHAPTER 7 Using the camera .................................................................................................111

7.1 Just point and shoot ............................................................................. 112
7.2 What gets on the screen? ................................................................... 112
7.3 How close should you get? ................................................................. 113
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7.4 How much can we see? ........................................................................ 115
7.5 Lens angles............................................................................................. 116
7.6 So why move around?..........................................................................118
7.7 The zooming process ........................................................................... 121
CONTROLLING THE ZOOM ........................................................................... 121
7.8 Focusing................................................................................................. 123
7.9 Auto-focus ............................................................................................. 124
7.10 Depth of field ........................................................................................ 125
7.11 Maximum sharpness? ..........................................................................127
7.12 Difficult to focus? ..................................................................................127
7.13 Prefocusing the zoom lens ................................................................ 128
EXPOSURE ........................................................................................................ 129
7.14 What is exposure?............................................................................. 129
7.15 Underexposure and overexposure .................................................. 132
7.16 Automatic exposure ............................................................................ 132
7.17 Camera adjustments ........................................................................... 134
7.18 Practical solutions ................................................................................135
HANDLING THE CAMERA ..............................................................................137
7.19 Panning and tilting................................................................................137
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7.20 Following moving subjects ................................................................ 138

7.21 Framing movement.............................................................................. 139
7.22 Walking ................................................................................................... 139
7.23 Shooting from vehicles ........................................................................ 141
THE BASICS OF SHOOTING.......................................................................... 141
7.24 Practical conditions .............................................................................. 141
7.25 Selecting the right shots .................................................................... 142
7.26 Persuasive shots .................................................................................. 142
7.27 Guiding the viewer through the scene ............................................ 143
7.28 Clutter .....................................................................................................144
7.29 I cant see it properly ........................................................................... 145
COMPOSING PICTURES ................................................................................ 145
7.30 Composition rules and guidelines .................................................... 145
7.31 The brief shot ........................................................................................ 146
7.32 Dull is in the mind .............................................................................. 146
7.33 Shots that are different .......................................................................147
7.34 Fitting the frame ...................................................................................147
7.35 Dividing the image into thirds ........................................................... 149
7.36 Shooting from different angles......................................................... 150
7.37 Showing scale ....................................................................................... 150
7.38 Framing the subject.............................................................................. 151 IX
7.39 Leading lines ......................................................................................... 152
7.40 Headroom .............................................................................................. 152
7.41 Good balance .........................................................................................153
7.42 Juggling proportions ........................................................................... 154
7.43 Grouping (unity) ................................................................................... 154
7.44 Camera viewpoint ................................................................................ 154
7.45 Distortions ..............................................................................................155
ANTICIPATING EDITING..................................................................................155
7.46 Continuity................................................................................................155
7.47 Improving editing flexibility ............................................................... 156
7.48 What does a filter do? ..........................................................................157
7.49 Crossing the line ................................................................................... 158

CHAPTER 8 Shooting people and objects ........................................................................... 161

SHOOTING PEOPLE ........................................................................................ 161
8.1 The single person .................................................................................. 161
8.2 Arranging people shots ...................................................................... 163
8.3 Effective shots...................................................................................... 163
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8.4 Selecting the right shot ...................................................................... 166

8.5 Single-camera interviews ...................................................................167
8.6 Editing continuous interviews .......................................................... 169
8.7 Shooting groups................................................................................... 170
8.8 Car interviews ........................................................................................172
8.9 Walking interviews................................................................................173
SHOOTING INSTRUCTIONAL PRODUCTIONS .......................................176
8.10 Typical instructional productions ......................................................176
8.11 Approaches to instruction ..................................................................176
8.12 Advance planning..................................................................................177
8.13 Creating the instructional program ...................................................178
8.14 Shooting objects ...................................................................................179

CHAPTER 9 Working with the talent .....................................................................................181

9.1 Talent .......................................................................................................181
9.2 Talent and production styles ............................................................. 183
9.3 The interview: go beyond the obvious ............................................ 186
9.4 Selecting talent .................................................................................... 186
9.5 Inexperienced talent ........................................................................... 187
9.6 The host .................................................................................................188
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9.7 When there are problems...................................................................188
9.8 Presenting the information ............................................................... 189
9.9 Importance of people in the scene...................................................190

CHAPTER 10 Audio for video ................................................................................................... 193

10.1 The essential component ...................................................................194
10.2 The nature of sound ............................................................................ 195
10.3 Acoustics................................................................................................ 196
10.4 Mono sound........................................................................................... 198
10.5 Stereo sound......................................................................................... 199
10.6 Surround sound .................................................................................... 199
10.7 Microphone care..................................................................................200
10.8 Directional features ............................................................................200
10.9 Popular types of microphone............................................................201
SUPPORTING THE MICROPHONE ........................................................... 202
10.10 Camera microphones ......................................................................... 202
10.11 The handheld microphone ................................................................ 203
10.12 The shotgun microphone ..................................................................204
10.13 Using the shotgun microphone........................................................ 205
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10.14 The shotgun and the boom pole (fishpole) ....................................207

10.15 Lavalier (lapel or clip-on mic) microphones...................................207
10.16 Boundary or PZM microphone .........................................................210
10.17 Hanging microphone ...........................................................................210
10.18 Surround sound microphone .............................................................210
10.19 Microphone stands and mounts ....................................................... 212
10.20 Wireless microphone ........................................................................... 212
10.21 Hidden mics ........................................................................................... 214
CONTROLLING DYNAMICS .......................................................................... 214
10.22 Dynamic range ...................................................................................... 214
10.23 Automatic control for audio............................................................... 214
10.24 Manual control ...................................................................................... 215
10.25 Monitoring the audio ........................................................................... 216
10.26 The audio mixer .....................................................................................217
10.27 Using the audio mixer ......................................................................... 218
10.28 Natural sound ....................................................................................... 219
10.29 Anticipation .......................................................................................... 220
10.30 Anticipating sound editing ................................................................. 221
10.31 Filtered sound....................................................................................... 221
10.32 Reverberation .......................................................................................222
10.33 Program music......................................................................................223 XI
10.34 Sound effects .......................................................................................223

CHAPTER 11 Lighting for video ...............................................................................................225

11.1 Lighting for everyone......................................................................... 226
11.2 The camera does not compensate ...................................................227
11.3 The key factors .....................................................................................227
11.4 The lights intensity ............................................................................ 228
11.5 If there is not enough light ................................................................ 228
11.6 If there is too much light .................................................................... 228
11.7 Hard light quality................................................................................. 229
11.8 Soft light quality................................................................................... 231
11.9 Lighting contrast ..................................................................................232
11.10 Three-point lighting.............................................................................233
11.11 Color temperature compensation ....................................................235
11.12 Using colored light ...............................................................................235
11.13 Shooting in daylight ............................................................................236
11.14 Using reflectors ....................................................................................238
11.15 Bounce light ..........................................................................................239
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11.16 Do we really need to light it? .............................................................239

11.17 Lighting options .................................................................................. 240
11.18 Existing light ........................................................................................ 240
LIGHTWEIGHT LIGHT SUPPORTS ............................................................ 241
11.19 Grip clamps ............................................................................................ 241
11.20 Light stands........................................................................................... 241
LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................243
11.21 Camera light ..........................................................................................243
11.22 Scoop ..................................................................................................... 244
11.23 Broad ......................................................................................................245
11.24 The portable soft light ........................................................................245
11.25 Multilamp sources............................................................................... 246
11.26 Open face adjustable light .................................................................247
11.27 Fresnel spotlights ................................................................................247
PRACTICAL LIGHTING .................................................................................. 248
11.28 The general approach to lighting .................................................... 248
11.29 Using one light ..................................................................................... 249
11.30 Using multiple lights ........................................................................... 250

CHAPTER 12 The background..................................................................................................253

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12.1 The importance of the background ................................................ 254
12.2 The impact of the background ......................................................... 254
12.3 Real and unreal backgrounds ............................................................255
12.4 Set design for 16:9 ..............................................................................256
12.5 The neutral background .....................................................................256
12.6 Economical sets ...................................................................................258
12.7 Semipermanent sets ...........................................................................259
12.8 Chroma-key/matting .......................................................................... 260
12.9 Virtual sets ........................................................................................... 262
12.10 Outside/back-lot sets .........................................................................263
12.11 The location as a background .......................................................... 264
12.12 Watch the background ....................................................................... 264
12.13 Camera height ...................................................................................... 266
12.14 Foreground pieces .............................................................................. 266
12.15 Creating depth ......................................................................................267
12.16 Versions of reality .............................................................................267
12.17 What can we do about the background? ....................................... 268
12.18 Rearranging the background............................................................ 269
12.19 Altering the background.....................................................................270
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12.20 Partial settings .....................................................................................270

12.21 Typical examples of partial settings .................................................271
12.22 Facing reality.........................................................................................272

CHAPTER 13 Television graphics.............................................................................................275

13.1 The goals of television graphics .......................................................276
13.2 Types of graphics .................................................................................276
13.3 Designing graphics ..............................................................................276
13.4 Backgrounds for graphics ..................................................................278
13.5 Graphics equipment ............................................................................278

CHAPTER 14 Recording and viewing the video ................................................................... 281

RECORDING THE VIDEO ............................................................................... 281
14.1 High-definition television (HDTV or HD) ...................................... 282
14.2 Videotape ..............................................................................................283
14.3 Analog and digital ............................................................................... 284
14.4 Tape formats .........................................................................................285
14.5 Flash memory .......................................................................................287
14.6 Hard disk drive (HDD) (internal hard drive) ................................. 288
14.7 External camera hard drives............................................................. 288
14.8 Hard drive server recorders.............................................................. 289 XIII
14.9 Recordable DVD.................................................................................. 289
14.10 XD cam disk .......................................................................................... 290
14.11 Recording media care ........................................................................ 290
14.12 Video recording suggestions............................................................. 291
VIEWING THE VIDEO ...................................................................................... 291
14.13 How we see color ................................................................................ 292
14.14 How the camera sees color .............................................................. 292
14.15 Monitors and receivers .......................................................................293

CHAPTER 15 Editing...................................................................................................................295
15.1 Editing goals ........................................................................................ 296
15.2 Shooting order versus running order ..............................................297
15.3 Editing video and audio ......................................................................297
15.4 Logging ................................................................................................. 298
15.5 An overview of the nonlinear process............................................. 301
15.6 Editing equipment .............................................................................. 302
15.7 Organization ........................................................................................ 304
15.8 Editing begins ...................................................................................... 304
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15.9 Selecting required sections .............................................................. 304

15.10 The order of shots .............................................................................. 305
15.11 Where should the edits be made? ................................................... 305
15.12 Transitions ............................................................................................ 306
15.13 Good continuity ....................................................................................307
15.14 Editing priorities .................................................................................. 308
15.15 Good editing techniques ................................................................... 308
15.16 Anticipating editing ............................................................................. 310

GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................313
INDEX ................................................................................................................................................325

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