1. Evaluate: a. 5! b. 6! c. 7! d. 0!
many of these contain at least one of the vowels A,
2. Evaluate. a. b. c. d.
3. In how many different orders can you arrange 5
books on a shelf?
4. In how many different orders can 9 people stand in a
line?
5. In how many different ways can you answer 10 true-
false questions?
6. In how many different ways can you answer 10
multiple-choice questions if each question has 5
choices?
7. Many radio stations have 4-letter call signs
beginning with K. How many such call signs are
possible if letters (a) can be repeated? (b) cannot be
repeated?
8. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed using the
digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 if the digits (a) can be repeated?
(b) cannot be repeated?
9. In how many ways can 4 people be seated in a row
of 12 chairs?
10. In how many ways can 4 different prizes be given to
any 4 of 10 people if no person receives more than 1
prize?
11. A high school coach must decide on the batting
order for a baseball team of 9 players.
a. The coach has how many different batting orders
from which to choose?
b. How many different batting orders are possible if
the pitcher bats last?
c. How many different batting orders are possible if
the pitcher bats last and the team's best hitter bats
third?
12. A track coach must choose a 4-person 400 m relay
team and a 4-person 800 m relay team from a squad
of 7 sprinters, any of whom can run on either team.
If the fastest sprinter runs last in both races, in how
many ways can the coach form the two teams if
each of the 6 remaining sprinters runs only once and
each different order is counted as a different team?
13. How many numbers consisting of 1, 2, or 3 digits
(without repetitions) can be formed using the digits
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6?
14. If you have 5 signal flags and can send messages
by hoisting one or more flags on a flagpole, how
many messages can you send?
15. In some states license plates consist of 3 letters
followed by 2 or 3 digits (for example, RRK-54 or
ABC-055). How many such possibilities are there for
those plates with 2 digits? for those with 3 digits? In
all, how many license plates are possible?
16. How many possibilities are there for a license plate
with 2 letters and 3 or 4 nonzero digits?
17. a. How many 3-digit numbers contain no 7's?
b. How many 3-digit numbers contain at least one 7?
18. a. How many 4-digit numbers contain no 8's or 9's?
b. How many 4-digit numbers contain at least one 8
or 9?
19. How many numbers from 5000 to 6999 contain at
least one 3?
20. Many license plates in the U.S. consist of 3 letters
followed by a 3-digit number from 100 to 999. How
E, I, O, and U?
21. In how many ways can a club with 10 members
choose a president, a vice president, and a
treasurer?
22. In how many ways can a club with 10 members
choose a 3-person governing council?
23. A lock on a safe has a dial with 50 numbers on it. To
open it, you must turn the dial left, then right, and
then left to 3 different numbers. Such a lock is
usually called a combination lock, but a more
accurate name would be permutation lock. Explain.
24. a. In how many ways can a club with 20 members
choose a president and vice president?
b. In how many ways can the club choose a 2-
person governing council?
25. a. In how many ways can a club with 13 members
choose 4 different officers?
b. In how many ways can the club choose a 4-
person governing council?
26. a. In how many ways can a host-couple choose 4
couples to invite for dinner from a group of 10
couples?
b. Ten students each submit a woodworking project
in an industrial arts competition. There are to be first,
second, and third-place prizes plus an honorable
mention. In how many ways can these awards be
made?
27. A teacher has a collection of 20 true-false questions
and wishes to choose 5 of them for a quiz. How
many quizzes can be made if the order of the
questions is considered (a) important? (b)
unimportant?
28. Each of the 200 students attending a school dance
has a ticket with a number for a door prize. If 3
different numbers are selected, how many ways are
there to award the prizes, given that the 3 prizes are
(a) identical? (b) different?
29. Suppose you bought 4 books and gave one to each
of 4 friends. In how many ways can the books be
given if they are (a) all different? (b) all identical?
30. Eight people apply for 3 job positions. In how many
different ways can the 3 positions be filled if the
positions are (a) all different? (b) all the same?
31. How many different ways are there to deal a hand of
5 cards from a standard deck of 52 cards if the order
in which the cards are dealt is (a) important? (b) not
important?
32. In how many ways can 6 hockey players be chosen
from a group of 12 if the playing positions are (a)
considered? (b) not considered?
33. Of the 12 players on a school's basketball team, the
coach must choose 5 players to be in the starting
lineup. In how many ways can this be done if the
playing positions are (a) considered? (b) not
considered?
34. a. A hiker would like to invite 7 friends to go on a trip
but has room for only 4 of them. In how many ways
can they be chosen?
b. If there were room for only 3 friends. in how many
ways could they be chosen? How is your answer
related to the answer for part (a)? Why?
35. A certain chain of ice cream stores sells 28 different
flavors, and a customer can order a single-, double-,
or triple-scoop cone. Suppose on a multiple-scoop
cone that the order of the flavors is important and
that the flavors can be repeated. How many possible
cones are there?
36. Refer to Exercise 35 and find the number of double-
scoop ice cream cones that are possible if repetition
of flavors is allowed but the order of flavors is
unimportant.
37. Mr. .and Mrs. Smith each bought 10 raffle tickets.
Each of their three children bought 4 tickets. If 4280
tickets were sold in all, what is the probability that
the grand prize winner is:
a. Mr. or Mrs. Smith? b. one of the 5 Smiths?
c. none of the Smiths?
38. One of the integers between 11 and 20, inclusive, is
picked at random. What is the probability that the
integer is:
a. even? b. divisible by 3? c. a prime?
39. New York City is divided into five boroughs:
Manhattan, Queens, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and
Staten Island. Suppose that a New York City
telephone number is randomly chosen.
a. Explain why the probability that it is a Manhattan
telephone number is not 1/5.
b. What do you need to know in order to find the
correct probability in part (a)?
40. Suppose that a member of the U. S. Senate and a
member of the U. S. House of Representatives are
randomly chosen to be photographed with the
President. Explain why 1/50 is the probability that
the senator is from Iowa, and why 1/50 is not the
probability that the representative is from Iowa.
41. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed. Find the
probability that the die's number is even and the coin
is "heads."
42 The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are written on separate
slips of paper and placed in a hat. Two slips of paper
are then randomly drawn, one after the other and
without replacement. Find the probability that the
sum of the numbers picked is 6 or more.
43 Five percent of the welds on an automobile
assembly line are defective. The defective welds are
found using an X-ray machine. The machine
correctly rejects 92% of the defective welds and
correctly accepts all of the good welds.
a. What percent of the welds are accepted by the
machine?
b. Find the probability that an accepted weld is
defective.
44. An auto insurance company charges younger
drivers a higher premium than it does older drivers
because younger drivers as a group tend to have
more accidents. The company has 3 age groups:
Group A includes those under 25 years old, 22% of
all its policyholders. Group B includes those 25-39
years old, 43% of all of its policyholders. Group C
includes those 40 years old or older. Company
records show that in any given one-year period, 11%
of its Group A policyholders have an accident. The
percentages for groups B and C are 3% and 2%,
respectively.
a. What percent of the company's policyholders are
expected to have an accident during the next 12
months?
b. Suppose Mr. X has just had a car accident. If he
is one of the company's policyholders, what is the
probability that he is under 25?
45. Suppose you roll two dice, each of which is a regular
octahedron with faces numbered 1 to 8.
a. What is the probability that the sum of the
numbers showing is 2?
b. What is the probability that the sum is 3?
c. What sum is most likely to appear?
46. Suppose you roll two dice, each of which is a regular
dodecahedron with faces numbered 1 to 12.
a. What is the probability that the sum of the
numbers showing is 24?
b. What is the probability that the sum is 23?
c. What sum is most likely to appear?
47. From a group consisting of Alvin, Bob, Carol, and
Donna, two people are to be randomly selected to
serve on a committee.
a. Give a sample space for this experiment.
b. Find the probability that Bob and Carol are
selected.
c. Find the probability that Carol is not selected.
48. From a standard deck of cards, two cards are
randomly drawn, one after the other and without
replacement. The color of each card is noted.
a. Give a sample space for this experiment.
b. Explain why two red cards are less likely to be
drawn than a red card and then a black card.
49. Two cards are dealt from the top of a well-shuffled
standard deck of cards. a. Draw a tree diagram
showing the probabilities of a heart (H) and non-
heart (N) for each of the two cards. Find P(HH),
P(HN), P(NH), and P(NN).
50. A coin is slightly bent so that the probability of
getting "heads" on a toss is 0.55 instead of 0.50.
Find P(HH), P(HT), P(TH), and P(TT).
51. A card is randomly chosen from a standard deck.
a. Show that the events "face card" and "diamond"
are independent.
b. Show that the events "red card" and "diamond"
are not independent.
52. The following 6 cards are placed face down on a
table: ace, 2, and 3 of hearts; ace and 2 of clubs;
and ace of spades. One card is randomly chosen.
a. Are the events "ace" and "heart" independent?
b. Are the events "ace" and "club" independent?
53. A penny, a nickel, and a dime are tossed one after
the other. Find P(3 "heads"), P(exactly 2 "heads"),
P(exactly 1 "head"), and P(no "heads").
54. A die is rolled 3 times. Find P(3 sixes) and P(no
sixes).
55. Three cards are dealt from a well-shuffled standard
deck.
a. Complete the calculation: P(3 clubs) =
?
b. Find the probability that all 3 cards are red.
 c. Find the probability that all 3 cards are aces. 68. A town council consists of 8 Democrats, 7
d. Find the probability that none of the cards is an Republicans, and 5 Independents. A committee of 3
ace. is chosen by randomly pulling names from a hat.
e. Find the probability that at least one of the cards What is the probability that the committee has:
is an ace. a. 3 Independents?
f. Find the probability that either one or two of the b. no Independents?
cards is an ace. 69. Jar A contains 2 red balls and 3 white balls. Jar B
56. Five cards are dealt from a well-shuffled standard contains 4 red balls and 1 white ball. A coin is
deck. tossed. If it shows "heads," a ball is randomly picked
a. Find the probability that all 5 cards are spades. from Jar A; if it shows "tails," a ball is randomly
(Hint: See Exercise 55(a).) picked from Jar B.
b. Find the probability that all 5 cards are of the a. Find the probability of picking a red ball.
same suit. b. If a red ball is picked, find the probability that it
c. Find the probability that none of the cards is an came from Jar A.
ace. 70. Jars A has 1 red ball and 2 white balls; Jar B has 2
d. Find the probability that at least one card is an red balls and 2 white balls; and Jar C has 3 red balls
ace. and 1 white ball. A die is rolled. If an even number
57. Repeat Exercise 55 if each card is replaced before comes up, a ball is randomly picked from Jar A. If a
the next is drawn. "1 or a "3" comes up, a ball is randomly picked from
58. Repeat Exercise 56 if each card is replaced before Jar B. If a "5" comes up, a ball is randomly picked
the next is drawn. from Jar C.
59. Three people are randomly chosen. Find the a. Find the probability of picking a red ball.
probability of each event. b. If a red ball is picked, what is the probability that it
a. All were born on different days of the week. came from Jar A? from Jar B? from Jar C?
b. At least two people were born on the same day of 71. Machine A produces 60% of the ball bearings
the week. manufactured by a factory and Machine B produces
60. A die is rolled 3 times. Find the probability of each the rest. Five percent of Machine A's bearings fail to
event. have the required precision, and two percent of
a. All 3 numbers are different. Machine B's bearings fail.
b. At least 2 of the numbers are the same. a. What percent of the bearings fail to have the
61. A bag contains 3 red marbles and 2 black marbles. required precision?
Two persons, A and B, take turns drawing a marble b. If a bearing is inspected and fails to have the
from the bag without replacing any of the marbles required precision, what is the probability that it was
drawn. The first person to draw a black marble wins. produced by Machine A?
What is the probability that person A, who draws
first, wins?
62. Repeat Exercise 61 if the bag contains 4 red
marbles and 1 black marble.
63. Five cards are dealt from a well-shuffled standard
deck. What is the probability of getting:
a. all hearts?
b. no hearts?
c. at least one heart?
64. Thirteen cards are dealt from a well-shuffled
standard deck. What is the probability of getting:
a. all clubs?
b. no clubs?
c. at least one club?
65. A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 white marbles. If
2 marbles are randomly drawn, one after the other
and without replacement, what is the probability that
the number of red marbles is 0? 1? 2? (Check to see
that the sum of the probabilities is 1.)
66. Repeat Exercise 65 if the bag contains 6 red
marbles and 2 white marbles; that is, find the
probabilities of drawing 0, 1, and 2 red marbles.
67. Free concert tickets are distributed to 4 students
chosen at random from 8 juniors and 12 seniors in
the school orchestra. What is the probability that free
tickets are received by:
a. 4 seniors?
b. no seniors?