CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Our society still considers mental disorders or mental disorders as a disease that can not be
cured, scary, curse, embarrassing, and other negative terms. Stigma and discrimination are still
high. The term for the sufferer is often pronounced with the vocabulary of "madman".

In fact, people with mental disorders also need family support, social, and the wider
community that greatly affect their healing - as well as drugs. Mental disorders can happen to
anyone without knowing about race, ethnicity and customs, age, religion, status, profession,
culture, position, education, environment, nature, and others. Depression is one of the mental /
mental disorders. Are not many of us depressed? But we do not need to worry, first identify what
exactly mental disorder (mental disorder) it.

Term not only 'mental disorders', there is also 'mental pain' (mental illnes), and 'mental
health' (mental health). All three have the interrelationship of meaning and difference of
'dimension'.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. DEFINITION MENTAL ILLNESS

Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in thinking, emotion or

behavior (or a combination of these). Mental illnesses are associated with distress and/or
problems functioning in social, work or family activities.

Mental illness is common. In a given year:

1. nearly one in five (19 percent) U.S. adults experience some form of mental illness
2. one in 24 (4.1 percent) has a serious mental illness
3. one in 12 (8.5 percent) has a substance use disorder*

Mental illness is treatable. The vast majority of individuals with mental illness
continue to function in their daily lives.

Mental health

involves effective functioning in daily activities resulting in:

1. Productive activities (work, school, caregiving)

2. Healthy relationships
3. Ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity

Mental Illness

refers collectively to all diagnosable mental disorders health conditions involving

1. Significant changes in thinking, emotion and/or behavior

2. Distress and/or problems functioning in social, work or family activities

Mental health is the foundation for thinking, communication, learning, resilience and
self-esteem. Mental health is also key to relationships, personal and emotional well-being and
contributing to community or society.

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 Many people who have a mental illness do not want to talk about it. But mental illness
is nothing to be ashamed of! It is a medical condition, just like heart disease or diabetes. And
mental health conditions are treatable. We are continually expanding our understanding of how
the human brain works, and treatments are available to help people successfully manage mental
health conditions.

Mental illness does not discriminate; it can affect anyone regardless of your age,
gender, income, social status, race/ethnicity, religion/spirituality, sexual orientation,
background or other aspect of cultural identity. While mental illness can occur at any age,
three-fourths of all mental illness begins by age 24.

Mental illnesses take many forms. Some are fairly mild and only interfere in limited
ways with daily life, such as certain phobias (abnormal fears). Other mental health
conditions are so severe that a person may need care in a hospital.

Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that
affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression,
anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors.

Many people have mental health concerns from time to time. But a mental health
concern becomes a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress
and affect your ability to function.

A mental illness can make you miserable and can cause problems in your daily life,
such as at school or work or in relationships. In most cases, symptoms can be managed
with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy).

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B.SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances
and other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors.

Examples of signs and symptoms include:

Feeling sad or down

Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate
Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt
Extreme mood changes of highs and lows
Withdrawal from friends and activities
Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping
Detachment from reality (delusions), paranoia or hallucinations
Inability to cope with daily problems or stress
Trouble understanding and relating to situations and to people
Alcohol or drug abuse
Major changes in eating habits
Sex drive changes
Excessive anger, hostility or violence
Suicidal thinking
Sometimes symptoms of a mental health disorder appear as physical problems, such as
stomach pain, back pain, headache, or other unexplained aches and pain.

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C. CATEGORIES MENTAL ILLNESS

1. Anxiety disorders

People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and
dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety or panic, such as a rapid heartbeat
and sweating. An anxiety disorder is diagnosed if the person's response is not appropriate for
the situation, if the person cannot control the response, or if the anxiety interferes with normal
functioning. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social
anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.

2. Mood disorders
These disorders, also called affective disorders, involve persistent feelings of sadness
or periods of feeling overly happy, or fluctuations from extreme happiness to extreme
sadness. The most common mood disorders are depression, bipolar disorder,
and cyclothymic disorder.

3. Psychotic disorders

Psychotic disorders involve distorted awareness and thinking. Two of the most
common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations the experience of images or
sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices and delusions, which are false fixed beliefs
that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary. Schizophrenia is an
example of a psychotic disorder.

4. Eating disorders

Eating disorders involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors

involving weight and food. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are
the most common eating disorders.

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5. Impulse control and addiction disorders

People with impulse control disorders are unable to resist urges, or impulses, to
perform acts that could be harmful to themselves or others. Pyromania (starting fires),
kleptomania (stealing), and compulsive gambling are examples of impulse control disorders.
Alcohol and drug are common objects of addictions. Often, people with these disorders
become so involved with the objects of their addiction that they begin to ignore
responsibilities and relationships.

6. Personality disorders

People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that
are distressing to the person and/or cause problems in work, school, or social relationships. In
addition, the person's patterns of thinking and behavior significantly differ from the
expectations of society and are so rigid that they interfere with the person's normal
functioning. Examples include antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder.

7. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

People with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause them to
perform certain rituals or routines. The disturbing thoughts are called obsessions, and the
rituals are called compulsions. An example is a person with an unreasonable fear of germs
who constantly washes his or her hands.

8. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

PTSD is a condition that can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying event,
such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster.
People with PTSD often have lasting and frightening thoughts and memories of the event,
and tend to be emotionally numb.

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in thinking, emotion or behavior
(or a combination of these). Mental illnesses are associated with distress and/or problems
functioning in social, work or family activities. A mental illness can make you miserable and can
cause problems in your daily life, such as at school or work or in relationships. In most cases,
symptoms can be managed with a combination of medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy).
Signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary, depending on the disorder, circumstances and
other factors. Mental illness symptoms can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ranna Parekh, M.D., M.P.H.November 2017

www.mayoclinic.org

www.psychologytoday.com