1

MATH 211
EXAM 2

Name SOLUTIONS Fall 2014

PLEASE SHOW ALL OF YOUR WORK!!

1.(10 PTS) Give 5 statements that are equivalent to a matrix being invertible.

For a square matrix A we have the following equivalencies for invertibility.

1) 0 is not an eigenvalue of A.
! ! !
2) The system Ax = b has exactly one solution for every b in n .
3) AT is invertible.
4) A is row equivalent to I . ( rref ( A ) = I )
5) A is a product of elementary matrices
6) AB = I for some B .
7) CA = I for some C.
8) The columns of A are linearly independent.
9) The rows of A are linearly independent.
10) The columns of A span n .
11) The vectors from the rows of A span n .
! ! !
12) The system Ax = b has exactly one solution for one particular b.
! ! ! !
13) Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution x = 0 .
14) rank(A) = n
!
16)
null ( A ) = {0}

15) nullity ( A ) = 0
16) col ( A ) = n
17) row ( A ) = n

18) The columns of A are a basis for n .

19) The rows of A are a basis for n .
 2
2.(15 PTS) Consider the following matrix and its reduced row echelon form.
5 6 27 5 6 6 4 1 0 3 0 1 1 0

3 4 17 8 1 9 8 0 1 2 0 1 1 0
A = 4 5 2 8 9 1 5 and rref (A) = 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
8 7 38 1 14 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

2 2 10 9 13 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a) Give a basis for col ( A ) .
5 6 5 4

3 4 8 8
4 , 5 , 8 , 5
8 7 1 2
9
2 2 0
b) Give a basis for row ( A ) .
1 0 0 0

0 1 0
0
3 2 0 0
, 0 ,
0 1 , 0
0

1 1 1
1 1 1 0
0 0
0 1

c) Give a basis for null ( A ) .
We will have the following from the 4 nonzero rows of rref ( A ) .
!
x1 = 3x3 x5 x6 , x2 = 2x3 + x5 x6 , x4 = x5 x6 , x7 = 0 so if x null(A) then
3x3 x5 x6
3 1 1
2x3 + x5 x6
2

1

1

x3
! 1 0 0
x= x5 x6 = x3 0 + x5 1 + x6 1 and thus a basis for null ( A ) is
0 1 0
x5
x6 0 0 1
0 0 0
0
3 1 1

2 1 1
1 0 0

0 , 1 , 1 .
0 1 0

0 0 1
0 0 0
 3
d) What is rank ( A ) ?
4
e) What is nullity ( A ) ?
3

35 0 4 5

4 5 0 , 3 5 give an orthonormal basis for a subspace W of 4.
3.(10 PTS) The vectors ,
0 35 0

0 4 5 0
1
! ! 1
a) Give the orthogonal projection projW ( v ) of the vector v = onto W.
1
1

3 5 3 5 0 0 4 5 4 5

! ! 4 5 4 5 ! 0 0 ! 3 5 3 5
projW ( v ) = v + v + v
0 0 3 5 3 5 0 0

0 0 4 5 4 5 0 0
35 0 4 5

7 4 5 7 0 + 1 3 5
= +
5 0 5 3 5 5 0
4 5
0 0
1

1
= 21
25
28
25

!
b) What is the orthogonal decomposition of the vector v above with respect to W?

1 0
1
! 1
1 0
v= = 21 + 4
1 25 25
1 28 3
25 25
 4
1 9
4.(10 PTS) Consider the matrix B = .
6 4
a) Find the characteristic polynomial of B .

p ( ) = det ( I B )
+ 1 9
= det
6 + 4
= ( + 1) ( + 4 ) 54
= 2 + 5 50
= ( + 10 ) ( 5 )

or

p ( ) = det ( I B ) = 2 trace(B) + ( 1) det ( B ) = 2 + 5 50

2

b) Select one of the eigenvalues of B and find a basis for its corresponding eigenspace.

6 9 9
If we choose = 5 , then E5 = null ( 5I B ) = null = span .
6 9 6
9 9 1
If we choose = 10 , then E10 = null ( 10I B ) = null = span .
6 6 1

4 6 4 3 2

2 4 4 3 2
5.(10 PTS) When the Eigenvectors command in Maple is applied to M = 3 3 1 2 2
2 1 4 6 2
5 4 0 1 3

the output is the following:
1 1 1 0 0
1
1 0 1 0 0
2
0
1 1
3 , 1 1
3 2 2

3 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0

a) What are the eigenvalues of M?

-1, 2, and -3
 5
b) Give bases for each of the eigenspaces of M.

1 1

1 0
A basis for E1 is 1 . A basis for E2 is 1 .
1 0
0
1
1 0

1 0
1 , 1 .
A basis for E3 is 2 2

1 0
0 1

c) Give the algebraic and geometric multiplicity for each eigenvalue.

Eigenvalue Algebraic Multiplicity Geometric Multiplicity

-1 1 1
2 1 1
-3 3 2

x
2y x z
6.(10 PTS) Let T : 3 2 be given by T y = .
x z + 3y
z

Show that T is a linear transformation and find the standard matrix of T .

x x
2y x z 1 1
T y =
2
= y . Since T is a matrix transformation it is
x z + 3y 1
z
3
z
1 2 1
a linear transformation and its standard matrix is .
3 1

7.(5 PTS) Let A and B be matrices with C = AB . Show that col ( C ) col ( A ) . What does this say
about rank ( C ) in comparison to rank ( A ) ?

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
If y c ol ( C ) , then y = Cx for some x . This means y = Cx = ABx = Az col ( A ) for z = Bx .
Since the rank of a matrix is the dimension of its column space, we must have
rank ( C ) rank ( A ) .
 6
! ! !
8.(10 PTS) Let P be an invertible nxn matrix and let v1 , v2 ,, vk be linearly independent vectors in
! ! !
n . Show that Pv1 , Pv2 ,, Pvk are linearly independent.

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Assume 1Pv1 + 2 Pv2 ++ k Pvk = 0 . Then P ( 1v1 + 2 v2 ++ k vk ) = 0 and hence
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
1v1 + 2 v2 ++ k vk = P 1P ( 1v1 + 2 v2 ++ k vk ) = P 1 0 = 0 . This implies
! ! !
1 = 2 = = k = 0 since v1 , v2 ,, vk are linearly independent.
 7
MATH 211 EXAM 2
TAKE HOME PROBLEMS

Name Fall 2014

Note: If you use MAPLE on these problems, please provide me with a printed copy of all the
work you did. You can label that printout or add to it to indicate answers to questions. You can
also find both A and B in a Maple worksheet on Woodle.

DUE DATE: Monday, 17 November 2014 4:00 PM (EST)

1 1 1
1

2

1

9.(10 PTS) Suppose W = span , , .
1 4 1
1 3 1

1
! 2
a) Find the orthogonal projection of v = onto W .
3
4
!
b) Find the orthogonal projection of v onto W .

c) Find an orthonormal basis for W .

192 187 62 72 26

183 178 62 72 26
10.(10 PTS) Consider the matrix B = 72 73 11 18 20
18 19 25 18 20

18 19 29 18 2

a) Find the QR factorization of B .

b) Find eigenvectors and eigenvalues of B .
c) For any eigenvalue whose geometric multiplicity is not equal to the algebraic multiplicity,
! ! ! !
sequentially pick one solution xi+1 to the equation ( B I ) xi+1 = xi where you start with x1
as an eigenvector of B associated with . Do this until you have a basis of 5 that starts
with the eigenvectors and then adds in solutions to the equations above. Put these basis
vectors in a matrix S and compute S 1 BS .

11.(5 PTS) Extra Credit

Let A and B be nxn matrices with the same rank. Show that if A 2 B = A then B 2 A = B .
with LinearAlgebra :

Problem 9
w1 d 1, 1, 1, 1 ; w2 d 1, 2, 4, 3 ; w3 d 1,K1, 1,K1 ;
1
1
1
1

1
2
4
3

1
K1
(1.1)
1
K1

Part a)
X d w1 w2 w3
1 1 1
1 2 K1
(1.1.1)
1 4 1
1 3 K1
v d 1, 2, 3, 4
1
2
(1.1.2)
3
4
K1
w d X. Transpose X .X .Transpose X .v
 4
5
13
5
(1.1.3)
16
5
17
5

The vector w is the orthogonal projection of the vector v onto the subspace W.

Part b)
wp d v K w
1
5
3
K
5
(1.2.1)
1
K
5
3
5

The vector wp is the orthogonal projection of v onto the orthogonal complement of W.

Part c)
w1
q1 d
Norm w1, 2
1
2
1
2
(1.3.1)
1
2
1
2
v2 d w2 K DotProduct w2, q1 $q1
 3
K
2
1
K
2
(1.3.2)
3
2
1
2
v2
q2 d
Norm v2, 2
3
K 5
10
1
K 5
10
(1.3.3)
3
5
10
1
5
10
v3 d w3 K DotProduct w3, q1 $q1 K DotProduct w3, q2 $q2
1
K1
(1.3.4)
1
K1
v3
q3 d
Norm v3, 2
1
2
1
K
2
(1.3.5)
1
2
1
K
2

I claim the following is an orthonormal basis for W.

q1, q2, q3
 1 3 1
K 5
2 10 2
1 1 1
K 5 K
2 10 2
, , (1.3.6)
1 3 1
5
2 10 2
1 1 1
5 K
2 10 2
Q d q1 q2 q3 ; Transpose Q .Q
1 3 1
K 5
2 10 2
1 1 1
K 5 K
2 10 2
1 3 1
5
2 10 2
1 1 1
5 K
2 10 2

1 0 0
0 1 0 (1.3.7)
0 0 1

This last command proves they are orthonormal, and hence also linearly independent. The fact that
they span W comes from the fact that they are linear combinations of vectors in W and hence the
span of {q1,q2,q3} is a subspace of W. They must be a basis because the dimension of this
subspace is 3, which is also the dimension of W.

Problem 10
B d 192, 183,K72, 18, 18 K187,K178, 73,K19,K19 K62,K62, 11, 25,K29 K72,K72, 18,
18,K18 26, 26,K20, 20, 2
192 K187 K62 K72 26
183 K178 K62 K72 26
K72 73 11 18 K20 (2.1)
18 K19 25 18 20
18 K19 K29 K18 2

Part a)
v d seq Column B, i , i = 1 ..5
 192 K187 K62 K72 26
183 K178 K62 K72 26
K72 , 73 , 11 , 18 , K20 (2.1.1)
18 K19 25 18 20
18 K19 K29 K18 2
p d GramSchmidt v
4629 28881 1530792 26730
K
8465 33908 1844323 13327

192 6396 10197 672192 28188

K K
8465 8477 1844323 13327
183
22601 55383 4595832 2916
K72 , , K , , (2.1.2)
8465 33908 1844323 13327
18
11999 858057 4823244 6561
18 K
8465 33908 1844323 13327
11999 972975 4065588 3645
K K
8465 33908 1844323 13327
x
n2 d x/
Norm x, 2
x
x/ (2.1.3)
LinearAlgebra:-Norm x, 2
q d map n2, p
64 1543 3209
8465 4393335 957203637
8465 20502230 4466950306
61 1066 2266
8465 4393335 K 957203637
8465 10251115 2233475153
24 22601 18461
K 8465 , 4393335 , K 957203637 , (2.1.4)
8465 61506690 13400850918
6 11999 286019
8465 K 4393335 957203637
8465 61506690 13400850918
6 11999 324325
8465 K 4393335 K 957203637
8465 61506690 13400850918
 21261 55
49158585242 K 26654
24579292621 13327
9336 58
K 49158585242 26654
24579292621 13327
63831 6
49158585242 , 26654
24579292621 13327
133979 27
49158585242 26654
49158585242 26654
112933 15
49158585242 26654
49158585242 26654
Qd q 1 q 2 q 3 q 4 q 5
64 1543 3209
8465 , 4393335 , 957203637 , (2.1.5)
8465 20502230 4466950306
21261 55
49158585242 , K 26654 ,
24579292621 13327
61 1066 2266
8465 , 4393335 , K 957203637 ,
8465 10251115 2233475153
9336 58
K 49158585242 , 26654 ,
24579292621 13327
24 22601 18461
K 8465 , 4393335 , K 957203637 ,
8465 61506690 13400850918
63831 6
49158585242 , 26654 ,
24579292621 13327
6 11999 286019
8465 , K 4393335 , 957203637 ,
8465 61506690 13400850918
133979 27
49158585242 , 26654 ,
49158585242 26654
6 11999 324325
8465 , K 4393335 , K 957203637 ,
8465 61506690 13400850918
112933 15
49158585242 , 26654
49158585242 26654
R d Transpose Q .B
24806 8038 9432 3862
3 8465 , K 8465 , K 8465 , K 8465 , 8465 , (2.1.6)
8465 8465 8465 8465
14 128981 64497
0, 4393335 , K 4393335 , K 4393335 ,
8465 20502230 10251115
71558
K 4393335 ,
10251115
 3 1823277
0, 0, 957203637 , 957203637 ,
2422 2233475153
889626
957203637 ,
2233475153
36 486153
0, 0, 0, 49158585242 , 49158585242 ,
1844323 24579292621
243
0, 0, 0, 0, 26654
13327
Q, R
64 1543 3209
8465 , 4393335 , 957203637 , (2.1.7)
8465 20502230 4466950306
21261 55
49158585242 , K 26654 ,
24579292621 13327
61 1066 2266
8465 , 4393335 , K 957203637 ,
8465 10251115 2233475153
9336 58
K 49158585242 , 26654 ,
24579292621 13327
24 22601 18461
K 8465 , 4393335 , K 957203637 ,
8465 61506690 13400850918
63831 6
49158585242 , 26654 ,
24579292621 13327
6 11999 286019
8465 , K 4393335 , 957203637 ,
8465 61506690 13400850918
133979 27
49158585242 , 26654 ,
49158585242 26654

6 11999 324325
8465 , K 4393335 , K 957203637 ,
8465 61506690 13400850918

112933 15
49158585242 , 26654 , 3 8465 ,
49158585242 26654
24806 8038 9432 3862
K 8465 , K 8465 , K 8465 , 8465 ,
8465 8465 8465 8465
 14 128981 64497
0, 4393335 , K 4393335 , K 4393335 ,
8465 20502230 10251115
71558
K 4393335 ,
10251115
3 1823277
0, 0, 957203637 , 957203637 ,
2422 2233475153
889626
957203637 ,
2233475153
36 486153
0, 0, 0, 49158585242 , 49158585242 ,
1844323 24579292621
243
0, 0, 0, 0, 26654
13327
B K Q.R
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 (2.1.8)
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

Part b)
Eigenvectors B
4 0 0 K2 4
9
4 0 0 K2 4
9
K1 0 0 2 K1
9 , (2.2.1)
1
K18 1 0 0 K2 K
2
36
1 0 0 1 1

4 0 0 K2 4
4 0 0 K2 4
K1 0 0 2 K1
Md
1
1 0 0 K2 K
2
1 0 0 1 1
 4 0 0 K2 4
4 0 0 K2 4
K1 0 0 2 K1
(2.2.2)
1
1 0 0 K2 K
2
1 0 0 1 1
x1 d Column M, 1
4
4
K1 (2.2.3)
1
1
x4 d Column M, 4
K2
K2
2 (2.2.4)
K2
1
x5 d Column M, 5
4
4
K1
(2.2.5)
1
K
2
1

x1 is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue 9, x4 is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue -18, and x5 is an
eigenvector for the eigenvalue 36

Part c)
C d B K 9$IdentityMatrix 5
 183 K187 K62 K72 26
183 K187 K62 K72 26
K72 73 2 18 K20 (2.3.1)
18 K19 25 9 20
18 K19 K29 K18 K7
ReducedRowEchelonForm C x1
1 0 0 0 K4 K1
0 1 0 0 K4 K1
0 0 1 0 1 0 (2.3.2)
0 0 0 1 K1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
x2 d K1,K1, 0, 0, 0
K1
K1
0 (2.3.3)
0
0

Just a double check that I have the correct thing.

x1 K C.x2
0
0
0 (2.3.4)
0
0
ReducedRowEchelonForm C x2
5
1 0 0 0 K4 K
3
4
0 1 0 0 K4 K
3
2 (2.3.5)
0 0 1 0 1
3
4
0 0 0 1 K1 K
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
 5 4 2 4
x3 d K ,K , ,K , 0
3 3 3 3
5
K
3
4
K
3
2 (2.3.6)
3
4
K
3
0

Again a doublecheck.
x2 K C.x3
0
0
0 (2.3.7)
0
0
P d x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
5
4 K1 K K2 4
3
4
4 K1 K K2 4
3
2 (2.3.8)
K1 0 2 K1
3
4 1
1 0 K K2 K
3 2
1 0 0 1 1

PK1 .B.P
9 1 0 0 0
0 9 1 0 0
0 0 9 0 0 (2.3.9)
0 0 0 K18 0
0 0 0 0 36