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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 1 / 34
Overview
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 2 / 34
Energy Storage elements
Circuits with energy storage elements are dynamic circuits and have the
following attributes.
1
They can store energy.
2
They have memory. The instantaneous element voltage and current
depends not only on the applied voltage and current but also on the
previous values of element voltage and current.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 3 / 34
Types of Energy Storage elements
1
Two basic types of energy storage elements are Capacitors and Inductors.
2
Capacitors and inductors connected in series or in parallel can be reduced
to an equivalent capacitor or inductor without having any change on the
circuit parameters.
3
Capacitors and inductors can be connected in an op-amp circuit to perform
integration and dierentiation.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 4 / 34
Capacitors
A capacitor can be constructed with two parallel conducting plates
separated by a distance d.
d
i (t ) = C v (t ) (2)
dt
Eq. (2) refers to an important fact i.e if the voltage across a capacitor is to
be changed, an innite current is required. Therefore,
Fact
Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 6 / 34
Capacitors
Integrating 2 in terms of current i(t) will produce the expression for voltage
v(t),
t
Z
1
v (t ) = i (t )dt (3)
C
Where, to is called the initial time and v (to ) is called the initial condition.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 7 / 34
Example 7.2-1 DORF
For the voltage shown across a
1mF capacitor, nd the current.
i(t)=0 for t 0
2 for 0
i(t)=10 t1
i(t)=10
2 for t2
i(t)=0 for t2
v(t)=0 for t 0
v(t)=10t for 0 t1
v(t)=20-10t for t2
v(t)=0 for t 2 The value of
current can be calculated by
derivating the voltage v with
respect to time.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 8 / 34
Example 7.2-2 DORF
Find the voltage v(t) across a
0.5F capacitor, if the current is as
follows. Capacitor has no initial v(t)=0 for t 0
charge v(t)=0V for t 0. v(t)= t
for 0 t 1
2
v(t)=2t 1 for t 2
v(t)=3V for t 2
i(t)=0 for t 0
i(t)=t for 0 t1
i(t)=1 for t2
i(t)=0 for t 2 The value of
voltage can be calculated by
integrating the current using (4).
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 9 / 34
Energy storage in a Capacitors
Energy stored is the integration of power over time.
t
Z
wc (t ) = v (t )i (t )dt (5)
1
wc = Cv 2
(6)
2
Note that capacitor does not dissipate energy. The energy stored by an
ideal capacitor will remain forever if no external device is connected.
The charge on a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.
v (0+ ) = v (0 ) (7)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 10 / 34
Example 7.3-1 DORF
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 11 / 34
Parallel combination
For a parallel connection as shown i =i 1 + i2 + i3
dv dv dv
i =C + C2 + C3 (8)
1
dt dt dt
Because the voltage is same therefore
dv
i = (C + C2 + C3 ) (9)
1
dt
Eq. (11) implies that capacitors simply add up when connected in parallel.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 12 / 34
Series combinations
For a series connection as shown v =v 1 + v2 + v3 + ...vn
(10)
Because the current is same therefore
n Z t
1
v= idt + v( t
X
) (11)
n =1
Cn t o
0
CC
Cs = 1 2
(12)
C +C1 2
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 13 / 34
Example Exercise 7.4-1 DORF
Answer=4mF
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 14 / 34
Inductor
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 15 / 34
Inductor
Inductance is the measure of the ability of a device to store energy in the
form of magnetic eld.
An inductor can be constructed by winding a coil of wire around a
magnetic core.
d
v (t ) = L i (t ) (13)
dt
Eq. (13) refers to the voltage across an inductor.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 16 / 34
Inductor
Integrating the (13) we get,
t
Z
1
i (t ) = v (t )dt (14)
L
Z to Z t
1 1
i (t ) = v (t )dt + v (t )dt (15)
L L t o
t
Z
1
i (t ) = i (t )+ v (t )dt (16)
o
L t o
Thus, to nd the total current through an inductor, initial current through
the inductor is required. The time t
o is called initial time and inductor
current i (t o) is called initial current. Current cannot change
instantaneously because it would require innite voltage to do so.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 17 / 34
Example 7.5-1 DORF
di d
v (t ) = L = 0.1 (20te 2t
) = 2(2te 2t +e 2t ) = 2e 2t (12t )V
dt dt
(17)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 18 / 34
Energy storage in an inductor
Energy stored is the integration of power over time.
t
Z
wc (t ) = v (t )i (t )dt (18)
1
wc = Li 2
(19)
2
Note that inductor does not dissipate energy. The energy stored by an ideal
inductor will remain forever if no external device is connected.
The current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously.
i (0+ ) = i (0 ) (20)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 19 / 34
Example 7.6-2 DORF
Find the power and energy for an inductor of 0.1H when the current and
voltage have following values. i=0 and v=0 for t<0
i=20t and v=2 for 0 t 1
i=20 and v=0 for 1 t
Verify the voltage using eq.(13). Then power is simply the product of
voltage and current. P=vi=40t W for 0 t 1.
Energy can be calculated through eq.(19 and is = 0.05(20 t ) for 0 t 1
2
and 0.05(20)
2
for 1 t .
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 20 / 34
Parallel combination
For a parallel connection as shown i =i 1 + i2 + i3
(21)
Because the voltage is same therefore
1 1 1 dv1
i =( + + + ) (22)
L 1 L2 L 3 L dtn
LL
Lp = 1 2
(23)
L
1 + L2
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 21 / 34
Series combinations
For a series connection as shown v =v 1 + v2 + v3 + ...vn
di di di di
v =L + L2 + L3 ......L (24)
1
dt dt dt n
dt
Because the current is same therefore
n
di
v= L
X
(25)
n =1
n
dt
Equivalent inductance procedure is just like resistors when connected in
series.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 22 / 34
Example Exercise 7.7-1 DORF
Answer=9mH
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 23 / 34
Initial conditions in a switched circuit
The circuits have one or more switches that open or close at time t . All
0
analysis is done as per this time instant therefore, t is the time just before
o
the switch is operated and t + is the time just after the switch is operated.
o
a long time before t0" means that the circuit is in steady state .
If a dc circuit is in a steady state condition,
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 24 / 34
Example 7.8-1 DORF
Prior to t=0, the switch has been closed for a long time. Determine the
values of the capacitor voltage and inductor current immediately after the
switch opens at time t=0.
10
i
L (0 ) = = 2A (26)
5
3 10
v C (0 ) = = 6V (27)
Before the switch opens at t = 0 , 5
V C (0+ ) = VC (0 ) = 6V (28)
i
L (0+ ) = iL (0 ) = 2A (29)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 25 / 34
Example 7.8-2 DORF
i
(0+ ), Vc (0+ ), dvCdt(0 ) , and diLdt
+ (0 )+
Find L for the circuit shown. Assume
steady-state conditions prevail at t = 0
i L (0 ) = 0 (30)
circuit, and the inductor will act like voltage and inductor in current,
vC (0+ ) = 2V (33)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 26 / 34
Example 7.8-2 DORF
To nd
dv C (0+ ) ,
dt
and L (0+ ) we throw
di
dt
the switch at t=0 and redraw the Applying KVL for the right side mesh
circuit as
vL vC + 1iL = 0 (38)
Therefore, at t = 0+
v L (0+ ) = vC (0+ ) iL (0+ )1 = 2V
(39)
dv Therefore,
i =C
C
(34)
C
dt
di (0+ ) A
dv (0+ ) i (0+ )
L
= 2 (40)
C
=
C
(35) dt s
dt C
di Apply KCL at node A to nd the iC
v =L L
(36)
dt L
v 10
dv (0 ) v (0+ )
+ i
C + iL +
c
=0 (41)
L L 2
= (37)
dt L
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 27 / 34
Example 7.8-2 DORF
At t = 0+
10 vC (0+ )
iC (0+ ) = iL (0+ ) = 6 0 = 6A (42)
2
Therefore,
dv (0 + ) i (0+ ) 6
= 12V /s
C C
= = (43)
dt C 0.5
Summary : At time t=0, the current in the inductor and the voltage of the
capacitor remained constant. However, the inductor voltage did change
instantaneously from 0-2V. Also the current through a capacitor changed
from 0-6 A. Also, the rate of change of voltage across a capacitor id 12
V/s and the rate of change of current in inductor is -2A/s.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 28 / 34
RC OP-AMP circuits
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 29 / 34
Dierentiator
dv (t )
v (t ) = R C 1
(46)
o 2 1
dt
This means that the output of this
The circuit equations are as follows.
op-amp circuit is proportional to the
First, apply KCL at negative terminal
derivative of the input.
of op-amp
Therefore, this circuit is called a
V V Cd (V V ) dierentiator.
i + o
+
1
(44)
R 2 dt
V V Cd (V V )
i = o
+
1
(45)
R 2 dt
However, V =
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher 0 and
(FEE, i
GIKI) = 0, Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 30 / 34
Integrator
However, V = 0 and i = 0,
therefore
V dv
= C2
1 o
(49)
R
1 dt
t
1
Z
v (t ) = v (x )dx (50)
o
RC
1 2
1
t
1
Z
The circuit equations are as follows.
v (t ) = v (x )dx (51)
First, apply KCL at negative terminal
o
RC 1 2 0
1
of op-amp
This means that the output of this
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 32 / 34
Summary
Figure: Ref: M.E Van Valkenburg, 1955 Network analysis" Prentice Hall.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 33 / 34
Summary
Figure: Ref: Dorf, R.C. and Svoboda, J.A., 2010.Introduction to electric circuits.
John Wiley and Sons.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 10 Resources November 21, 2017 34 / 34