St.

Anthonys College
Nursing Department
San Jose, Antique

ATTITUDE TOWARDS HIV TESTING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS OF

ST. ANTHONYS COLLEGE

A Research Paper

Presented to Mr. Aris Kendell R. Bungabong

of Nursing Department St. Anthonys College

San Jose, Antique

In Partial Fulfillment as
the Requirement to the accomplishment
of the Requirements of the course
NRes
Nursing Research 1

By

Merry Christine S. Mandeoya

Tweenie B. Dalumpines

Rupiny Kristy V. Barcenal

Merryll S. Quioyo

2017
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Introduction Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens the immune system, making the

body susceptible to opportunistic diseases that often lead to death. The predominant

mode of HIV transmission is through heterosexual contact, followed in magnitude by

perinatal transmission, where the mother passes the virus to the child during pregnancy,

delivery or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission are through infected blood and

unsafe injections.

HIV/AIDS is a global challenge that has threatened the very existence of the

human race. In most countries the epidemic did not occur until the 1980s. At present,

there is no country in the world without HIV cases (WHO 1995). The African continent

is said to hold the vast majority of the worlds HIV infected population. It is estimated

that in 2007, of the 33.0 million people living with HIV/AIDS, 22.0 million of them lived

in sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS, 2008).

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The earliest documented case of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa appears to have

been in 1981, (Biggar and Aggius, 1987). The elusive nature of the Human Immuno-

deficiency Virus (HIV) and its sequelae has created a demand for increased research in

the area of human sexual behavior. Many available studies show that transmission of the

disease is as a result of multiple sexual partners, in both heterosexual and homosexual

relationships, (Sewankambo et al.1987; WHO 1990; Serwadda et al.1992). More than 25

million people have died of AIDS since 1981. Africa has 11.6% AIDS orphans. At the

end of 2007, women accounted for 50% of all adults living with HIV worldwide and for

59% in sub-Saharan Africa. Young people (under 25 years old) account for half of all

new infections worldwide (UNAIDS, 2008).

Officially, the Philippines is a low-HIV-prevalence country, with less than 0.1

percent of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive. As of April 2015, the

Department of Health (DOH) AIDS Registry in the Philippines reported 24,936

cumulative cases. In April 2015, 560 new cases were reported showing a 42% increase

compared to the same period in the previous year. In the year 2014, a total of 6,011 cases

of HIV were reported with 91% of the cases being asymptomatic at the time of reporting

while 543 cases were diagnosed as AIDS. From 2001 to 2015 the number of cases

diagnosed per year increased 37 times, from 174 cases diagnosed in 2001 to 6,552 for the

first 10 months on 2015.

In the years 2010 to 2015, 91% (22,726) of cases were men with a median age of

28 years, with over half (12,616) in the 25-34 age group.[citation needed] 26% (6,529) of

men were 2024 years of age, an increase from 12% in 2005-2009. Since the year 2000,
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the high-prevalence age group has changed from the 30-39 year old age group being the

most affected from years 2000-2004, to the 25-34 age group from years 2005 to 2009,

and to 20-29 age group from years 2010-2015.

The infection rate among men having sex with men has multiplied 10 times from

2010 to 2015. The Department of Health reported in November 2015, that the rate of

prevalence has surpassed 5%, the UN's definition of concentrated epidemic, in eight

cities Cebu, Cagayan de Oro, Puerto Princesa, Davao, Quezon City, Paraaque and

Makati, with Cebu reaching 14%.

Between 1984 and 1990, 62% (133 of 216) of cases were female. From 2010 to

2015, females only comprised 5% (1017) of the 20,512 reported cases. From January

2010 to April 2015, 82% (20,512) of all cases were reported. At the time of reporting,

93% of these cases were still asymptomatic.

As of April 2015, 9,838 people living with HIV were undergoing Anti-Retroviral

Therapy in 23 treatment hubs.

Overseas Filipino workers account for about 20 percent of all cases.

The impact of the disease has been mainly felt through the escalating morbidity and

mortality that disproportionately affects women during the prime of their productive life.

The consequences of the epidemic span across all spheres of life (individuals and

communities nationwide). It has imposed a severe and unsustainable burden on the

meager health sector resources, as funds are diverted from other areas to HIV prevention

and AIDS care and treatment services. HIV infection has also given rise to an epidemic
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of opportunistic infections, notably tuberculosis (TB). Treatment of some of these

opportunistic infections is more expensive than that of AIDS.

All persons between 15 24 years are defined as youth, (WHO, 1989). The youthful

stage is a time when most people are beginning to experiment with sex and are being

exposed to the dangers inherent in the process. The youth in Philippines as a group are

highly at risk of HIV infection. Youth constitute a considerable proportion of the worlds

population and are one of the most dynamic human resource bases. Youth go through

both physical and emotional stages of transition from childhood to adulthood.

Theoretical Framework

Theory of Reasoned Action

This theory was developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen in 1980 and later

revised by Ajzen (1985). The major assumption in the theory is that people are usually

rational and make predictable use of information available to them. In this case, the

visually impaired and sighted college student equipped with knowledge of HIV/AIDS

transmission and prevention would consider consequences or risks of health related

behaviour before engaging in them.

Attitudes are peoples feelings about themselves performing a behavioral act. The

model argues that, attitudes are determined by the most prominent beliefs about what

would happen as a consequence of what has been done. It is only the most easily

remembered consequences that really affect attitudes. For instance, if a persons first
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thought when he sees someone engage in unprotected sex is sex without a condom is

thrilling then this is the belief that will determine his attitude about using a condom. It

does not matter so much that he also believes such unprotected sex exposes him to

HIV/AIDS. That belief may not come to mind easily and the person may believe it is

other people who will get infected if they engage in unprotected sex.

Intentions to engage in or not to engage in certain behaviour are a function of

privately held attitudes toward the particular behaviour and socially determined

subjective norms that represent a persons belief that others think that he/she should

behave in a certain way. The theory predicts that a person is most likely to do something

when he or she feels good about doing it and feels social pressure to do it. On the other

hand, subjective norms are the persons perceptions of social influence about performing

the behaviour. For example, if a Student feels that most their fellow members engage in

unprotected sex, then he/she will perceive that there is a norm that favours such a

practice. This belief will therefore affect the Students attitude toward abstinence

negatively.

Subjective norms are affected by pressure from significant others. If someone

feels that any of the people he/she is motivated to please, for example, his/her parent or

teacher, may not want them to engage in sex before marriage, then the opinions of these

others will have an impact on perceptions of social pressure to do so. This affects ones

attitude. However, intentions towards a health related behaviour does not necessarily

guarantee action. Health education programmes on HIV/AIDS are based on the premises
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of the theory of reasoned action by Ajzen (1985). The assumption is that individual

reason determines human action

involving indulgence or restraint when faced with a threat to their health (Aggletone,

Homans & Mossa, 1989). The action taken depends on the extent to which one believes

he/she can fall prey to a disease, the severity of the disease, degree of exposure to

information about the disease and the extent to which an individual believes that a

preventive action has more rewards than costs. HIV/AIDS health education programs

have been based on these components (WHO, 1995).

Application: Students may make rational decisions based on the knowledge they

have about HIV/AIDS. If students are knowledgeable and consider themselves at risk,

then they are likely to have positive attitude toward safer sex practices such as

abstinence, proper condom use and HIV testing. On the other hand, with inadequate

knowledge and perception of invulnerability (not being at risk) one is likely to have a

negative attitude toward safer sex practices. Adoption of safer sex practices against

HIV/AIDS is likely to be effective when pupils have comprehensive HIV/AIDS

knowledge and when they perceive their risks of infection to be great.

Theory of Optimistic Bias

It was developed by Weinstein in 1984 from a study he carried out which

established the existence of a pervasive bias in peoples judgment about their

susceptibility to illness. Individuals generally think that they are less likely than the

average person to experience health problems. He states that when people who hold this
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kind of orientation are asked to evaluate their own chances of developing certain diseases

compared to others of the same sex, they usually evaluate their own risks to be

significantly lower than that of others. He notes that the bias appears to emerge from

limitations of cognitive processing of risk factors by the individual concerned.

Additionally, it appears to occur for those risks which are perceived to be preventable

and are infrequent with the individual having little experience (Moore & Rosenthal,

1993;UNAIDS, 2003).

Application: Adolescents contracting HIV/AIDS do not show symptoms until

they are in their early twenties. They also fail to personalize the disease perceiving

HIV/AIDS as an adult problem or a disease for certain groups of people and not

themselves. Thus they perceive their risk of infection with HIV/AIDS to be lower than

that of their peers (Schonbeck, 2004). This theory was useful in determining pupils

perceptions of risk of infection with HIV/AIDS.

Conceptual Framework

The age 16 22 years is a difficult period for most youth as they attempt to cope

with decisions regarding marriage, education and work, which will influence and

determine their future life course.

Background variables and social factors can be conceptualized to influence a

sexual behavior by affecting the knowledge people have about AIDS and their risk

perceptions to getting the disease. Older persons are more likely than younger people to

have heard of AIDS or know someone who has suffered of the disease. However, they
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are less likely to be concerned about behavior change because many of them are married

or at least in some form of steady relationship. A change of sexual behavior is therefore

less likely in older than in younger people.

Students characteristics and environment shape their attitudes and knowledge

that in turn determine their sexual behavior. Because their attitudes are not yet firmly

established, they are likely to adapt to any message that seems appealing. Different

religions differ in views on sex related issues hence religious background influences

adolescent attitudes, beliefs and knowledge.

Students religious, cultural and family background and demographic

characteristics shape their beliefs, attitudes and knowledge towards HIV/AIDS which

later would influence sexual behavior. Attitudes and knowledge always precede behavior.

Physiologically, students go through a period of rapid growth emotional turbulence

during which they strive to achieve independence from their parents. While these stages

are universal, they can occur at widely varying ages in different cultures.

The above concepts are diagrammatically shown in Figure 1.1:

ANTECEDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT
AGE VARIABLE HIV TESTING
SEX
ATTITUDES
COURSE
MARITAL
STATUS
RESIDENCE
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Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis

The purpose of the study was to determine the attitude towards HIV testing

among college students of St. Anthonys College.

Objectives of the Study

Main Objective:

The main objective of the research is to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, behavior

and practices of students in St. Anthonys College.

Specific Objectives

The research will have the following specific objectives:

1. To establish the knowledge of HIV testing among students in St. Anthonys College

2. To study the attitudes of students in SAC towards HIV testing;

3. To identify practices of students in SAC to prevent HIV infection; and

4. To explore the relationship between socio economic characteristics and knowledge and

practices towards HIV testing among students in SAC.

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Hypothesis

Ho1: There are no significant differences in the attitudes toward HIV testing among

students of SAC when classified according to (a) sex, (b) age, (c) course, (d) marital

status (e) residence

Ho2: There is a significant association between the attitudes scores

Ho3: There is a significant relationship between the HIV Attitudes scores and the

empathy and AIDS avoidant attitude scores for males and females.

Significance of the Study

Results of the study may be beneficial to the students, School and future researchers.

Students. The result of this study will provide feedback information to the institution in

identifying the attitudes towards HIV testing and based on these they can design and

evaluate appropriate interventions alternatively that would increase the students

awareness on HIV testing.

School. The results of this study can serve as basis for the schools evaluation of the

Attitudes towards HIV testing. This will provide basis for suggesting strategies in

modifying aspects of HIV testing to promote positive attitude.

Nursing Education. The result of the study can serve as a guide on what should be

included in the health teachings regarding HIV testing.

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Future Researchers. This study may be further used as a baseline information for future

researchers. Also, the overall findings could lend support, or be a contradiction to

existing theories, or bring about the development of a better one.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarity and understanding, the following terms were given their

conceptual and operational definitions.

Antecedent variables

Age-- The length of time that one has existed or duration of life.

In this study, Age refers to the age of the respondent as of his/her last birthday.

Sex--The property or quality by which organisms are classified as female or male on the

basis of their reproductive organs and functions.

In this study, Sex refers to the biological classification as either male or female.

Civil Status--The position or standing of a person in relation to marriage.

In this study, Civil Status refers to status of the respondents whether they are married or

is living with a legal partner or single or never been married, divorced and separated.

Residence-- An establishment where it was originally or currently being used by a host as

their main place of dwelling or home.

CourseA program of instruction, as in a college or university.

Independent Variable

Attitude-- A settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one

that is reflected in a person's behavior.

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Dependent Variable

HIV Testing-- Designed to detect antibodies to HIV in your blood or saliva. Antibodies

are proteins produced by your body when you have an infection and they help fight

infection. If you are infected with HIV, your body makes very specific antibodies to fight

the infection.

Delimination of the study

This study aimed to determine the attitudes towards HIV testing among Students Of St.

Anthonys College.

The descriptive-correlational study design was used in this study.

The antecedent variables of the study were age, sex, civil status,course and

residence; the independent variable is the attitudes while the dependent variable is the

HIV testing.

The data needed for this investigation was gathered through an instrument

specifically constructed by the researchers. To describe the data gathered, the and

frequency and percentage was used as descriptive analysis; Chi-square and Gamma set @

0.05 alpha level will be employed as inferential analysis.

All statistical computations were processed through the use of Statistical Package for

Social Science (SPSS) software.

CHAPTER II
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Review of Related Literature

Introduction

AIDS results in progressive impairment of the human immune system and

the consequent emergence of various opportunistic infections. HIV infection is the

first stage of a morbid process that leads to AIDS. After enter ing the human

host, HIV attacks certain cells of the immune system and destroys them. There are

several modes of HIV transmission and the most common is through heterosexual and

homosexual intercourse. Perinatal transmission from mother to child and transfusion

of blood and blood products are also other modes of transmission. Intravenous drug

use is a common source of HIV transmission in the developed world while injections

and accidental needle stick injuries account for a small proportion of AIDS cases. In

sub Saharan Africa the most common is through heterosexual intercourse. The risk of

infection increases with the number of sexual partners. High rates of partner

exchange, the practice of certain types of sexual intercourse and the presence of

anal or genital lesions combine to increase the risk of HIV infection, (Akol et al, 2000).

Populations at risk of HIV infection and AIDS vary by geographical region.

In North America, Western Europe and parts of South America homosexual males

and IV drug users have the highest prevalence of AIDS. In Africa and most

parts of the Caribbean the highest prevalence levels are found among

heterosexual persons, especially those with numerous sexual partners (Palloni

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and Glicklich, 1989). Most of those infected are aged 20-49, the most sexually

active group. Sexual behavior therefore plays an important role in the risk of

infection.

Gradually, more and more countries around the world are starting to realize

that they must take decisive action if they are to avert a major AID S crisis. More

and more money is being channeled into Africa, especially by the US which

pledged $15 billion to fight AIDS in resource-poor countries.

Local Literature

MANILA, Philippines -- Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle has called on the

priests, religious, seminarians and laypeople of the Archdiocese of Manila to learn more

about HIV/AIDS.

Education about HIV and AIDS is necessary for the local church to come up with

an effective and appropriate pastoral response to the silent epidemic, Tagle wrote in a

circular published on the Manila archdiocese's website.

Nine new cases of HIV are reported daily, of which 52 percent is in the National

Capital Region, Tagle wrote in the circular. While the global trend is decreasing, the

number of HIV cases is rising in the Philippines while the time it takes for cases to

double continues to shorten, he wrote. "Of the 9,669 reported cases from 1984 to May

2012, 5,245 cases (or 54 per cent of total cases) were recorded between 2010 and 2012.

What is alarming is that the 20-29 year old age group has had the most number of cases."
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Infectious diseases doctor Fr. Dan Cancino of the Ministers of the

Infirm told NCR in May that common causes of infection are injection drug use and men

having sex with men.

Manila archdiocese's website announced two workshop this month that will be

conducted by Msgr. Robert Vitillo, special advisor on HIV and AIDS for Caritas

Internationalist and head of the International Delegation to the UN in Geneva.

At the request of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, Caritas

Internationalist and the Catholic Medical Mission Board organized the workshops: the

first for priests and religious Aug. 22-23 at the San Carlos Seminary auditorium, San

Carlos Formation Complex, EDSA, Makati City; the second for seminarians and

laypeople Aug. 24 at Lay force chapel in the same compound.

He cited the bishops' conference's 2011 pastoral letter on AIDS, "Who Is My

Neighbor?". The letter emphasized the need for church workers to develop basic

knowledge and pastoral skills for ministry to people living with HIV and AIDS.

The state of the HIV epidemic in the Philippines has been described as "low and

slow", which is in stark contrast to many other countries in the region. A review of the

conditions for HIV spread in the Philippines is necessary. In contrast, there are numerous

factors suggesting that HIV is increasing and ready to emerge at high rates, including: the

lowest documented rates of condom use in Asia; increasing casual sexual activity;

returning overseas Filipino workers from high-prevalence settings; widespread

misconceptions about HIV/AIDS; and high needle-sharing rates among injecting drug

users.
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There was a three-fold increase in the rate of HIV diagnoses in the Philippines

between 2003 and 2008, and this has continued over the past year. HIV diagnoses rates

have noticeably increased among men, particularly among bisexual and homosexual men

(114% and 214% respective increases over 2003-2008). The average age of diagnosis has

also significantly decreased, from approximately 36 to 29 years.

Young adults, men who have sex with men, commercial sex workers, injecting

drug users, overseas Filipino workers, and the sexual partners of people in these groups

are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. There is no guarantee that a large HIV

epidemic will be avoided in the near future. Indeed, an expanding HIV epidemic is likely

to be only a matter of time as the components for such an epidemic are already present in

the Philippines.

In December 2009, 125 new HIV cases were confirmed by the DOH, a staggering

232% increase compared to the same period last year (n=38 in 2008). Seventy-three

percent of HIV-positive individuals are male, and sexual contact accounts for 90%

of HIV transmission. The infections are concentrated among sexual workers, MSM,

IDUs, and overseas contract workers.

Current trends in Philippine HIV infection are shifting to MSM and younger

populations; the age range associated with the most infections has shifted from 30 to 39

years of age to 20 to 29 years of age. Infection through homosexual contact increased

from 40% in 2008 to almost 70% in 2009.

Foreign Literature
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In the case of AIDS, primary prevention the prevention of infection or disease in

an apparently healthy population- is directed toward the preventing the disease in the

sexual partners of those who are infected with the virus. Public education must be a major

focus in these preventive efforts.

Moreover, these recommendations need to be made to all people, including those

who are at high risk, those who engage in high risk sexual practices (especially in

epidemic areas), and those who are at apparently low risk, sexually and demographically.

The general public needs and wants this information. In a survey by the National

AIDS Hotline, 89% of their callers requested information about AIDS, with the highest

demand (33%) being for information on transmission.

Groups at highest risk of contracting AIDS include homo- and bisexuals and

intravenous drug users in large cities; hemophiliacs; female prostitutes; heterosexuals.

Evidence suggests that the HIV may also be affecting more and more young people,

particularly runaways. In passive transmission, a mother can pass AIDS to her child

before or during birth.

Local Studies

Due to the increasing number of HIV positive cases in the Philippines has been

noted especially in the last three (3) years based from the results of the Philippines AIDS
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Registry (passive surveillance).

The Department of Education initiates HIV/AIDS information prevention

campaign awareness nationwide, to promote a deeper knowledge about AIDS and

provide correct information and comprehensive Education Br. Secretary Armin A.

Luistro FSC said the order is conducting the orientation workshop on HIV and AIDS

education is pursuant to Republic Act (R.A.) 8504 or the Philippine AIDS Prevention and

Control Act of 1988 and the Civil Service Commission Guidelines on the Implementation

of Workplace Policy and Education Program on HIV and AIDs.

This move is guided by a sense of urgency to address the unabated increase in

the incidence of HIV infection in high- risk areas in the country, .. The Philippines is

one of two countries in Asia which has registered a spike in HIV incidence in recent

years. This is happening while the rest of the region has been experiencing a downward

trend, Luistro explained. Official documents from the National Epidemiology Center

(NEC) of the Department of Health reported 313 cases in its 2012 March AIDS Registry,

which means ten cases of HIV infection are being reported in the country every day.

Last July 11 to 13 the DepEd has already completed trainings on HIV/AIDS

information and prevention program for the National Capital Region with 8 Metro Manila

divisions. Next was held last July 18 to 20 and was attended by 8 more NCR divisions.

The Visayas leg will be held in Cebu on August 8 to 10 while the Mindanao leg will be in

Davao on August 15 to 17, 2012. From the department, it will provide assistance to core

of trainers to conduct and orient DepEd officials from the regions and divisions,

including health personnel and administrative officers, education supervisors as well as

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alternative learning personnel. First we create awareness, then we communicate

accurate, appropriate and comprehensive information, and then we institute measures on

how to prevent its spread by translating such knowledge into positive behavioral change.

This can be done through a continuing education and information campaign that is

culture and gender-sensitive for our employees and teachers, said Luistro.

DepEd is duty-bound to accelerate the implementation of its HIV and AIDS

education program in compliance with its duties and responsibilities as a member of the

PNAC. According to UNICEFs country manager in the Philippines, Vanessa Tobin,

"We cannot be complacent any longer because the rate of HIV cases in the Philippines is

increasing at an alarming rate. One-third of new HIV infections are occurring among

young people aged 15 to 24". "There is no doubt that HIV + AIDS in the Philippines has

an adolescent face, Tobin added.Adolescence, she explains, is a critically important age.

It is during this second decade in a person's life, especially among girls in poor families,

that one is more likely to experience exploitation, abuse, early pregnancy and

childbirtha leading cause of death for teenage girls. This is reason UNICEF is investing

in educating and training the worlds 1.2 billion adolescents.

The Philippines first AIDS case was diagnosed in 1984. By 1992, 1984 cases of

AIDS had been reported, and screening in a few cities had identified fewer than 300

people seropositive for HIV. Nonetheless, certainhigh-risk behaviors were believed to be

widespread, including unprotected commercial sex work, and needle sharing in IDUs.

Although data on HIV prevalence and risk behavior was sketchy, the potential for further
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spread of HIV was evident. In addition, although many Filipinos had heard of HIV, they

lacked specific knowledge about the disease, its transmission

modes, and how best to protect themselves.

THE United Nations (UN) on Wednesday expressed alarm over the increasing
number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) cases in the country.

UN Special Envoy to Asia and the Pacific JVR Prasada Rao told the House of
Representatives Committee on Health during a hearing that the Philippines is now facing
the sub-population epidemic of HIV-AIDS.

Rao added that the Philippine government should now intervene to prevent the
fast and furious prevalence of the HIV-AIDS.

Philippine National Aids Council (PNAC) Executive Director Ferchito Avelino

said during the same hearing that the council needs P1.2 billion for AIDS prevention
through its education and awareness campaign.

We need funds to support our program against HIV-AIDS, Avelino said. Health
authorities said there were 431 new cases of HIV in June, bringing to 2,323 the number
of new cases since January 2013 and to 14,025 since the disease was detected in 1984. Of
the 14,025 cases since 1984, 1,289 have become full-blown AIDS, the officials said.

Meanwhile, the Department of Health (DOH) said that from one case in every
three days in 2000, HIV cases have increased to one case a day in 2007, four cases a day
in 2010, seven cases a day in 2011 and nine cases a day in 2012, and a new HIV case
every two hours in 2013.

It said that the reported common mode of HIV transmission of all the cases in the
Philippines was sexual contact and males having sex with males. Males having sex with
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other males were the predominant type of sexual transmission through heterosexual
contact, followed by homosexual contact, then bisexual contact, the DOH said. It added
that other common mode of transmission were through needle sharing among injecting
drug users and through mother-to-child transmission. The DOH said that HIV leads to
AIDS. The latter is a condition where the virus attacks and damages the immune system
of the body, eventually causing death.

Foreign Studies

More than 92% of students were aware about HIV-AIDS disease, 83% were

aware about sexual route and 56 % were aware about the major routes of transmission

and 26% aware about major preventive measures, but there were some mis conception

about routes of transmission, prevention, behavior and treatment.

Study suggest that there was good awareness about HIV-AIDS as a disease and

sexual route of transmission but awareness about all major routes and preventive

measures are still lacking. There are certain misconceptions about routes of transmission,

prevention, behaviour and treatment.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for infection with

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2006, 57% of new HIV infections in the

United States occurred among MSM (1). To estimate and monitor risk behaviors, CDC's

National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system (NHBS) collects data from metropolitan

statistical areas (MSAs) using an anonymous cross-sectional interview of men at venues

where MSM data from 2008, which indicated that, of 8,153 MSM interviewed and tested

in the 21 MSAs participating in NHBS that year, HIV prevalence was 19%, with non-

Hispanic blacks having the highest prevalence (28%), followed by Hispanics (18%), non-
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Hispanic whites (16%), and persons who were multiracial or of other race (17%). Of

those who were infected, 44% were unaware of their infection. Men who know their

current HIV infection status can be linked to appropriate medical care and prevention

services.

Once linked to prevention services, men can learn ways to avoid transmitting the

virus to others. Young MSM (aged 18--29 years) (63%) and minority MSM (other than

non-Hispanic white) (54%) were more likely to be unaware of their HIV infection.

Efforts to ensure at least annual HIV testing for MSM should be strengthened, and HIV

testing and prevention programs should increase their efforts to reach young and minority

MSM.

There is no set age at which HIV/AIDS education should start, and different

countries have different regulations and recommendations. Often young people are

denied life-saving AIDS education because adults consider the information to be too

adult for young people. These attitudes hinder HIV prevention, as it is crucial that

young people know about HIV and how it is transmitted before they are exposed to

situations that carry a risk of HIV infection.

Synthesis

The local literature states that the Philippines still has limited and most of the

population have their misconceptions regarding HIV/AIDS and its prevention.

The foreign literature states that the awareness among the population at risk on

the prevention of HIV/AIDS is that they are not knowledgeable; and that the little
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knowledge they have, according to the studies, most of them are misconceptions on the

prevention of HIV/AIDS.
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CHAPTER III

Methodology

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3 consists of three parts: (1) Purpose of the Study and Research Design,

(2) Method, and (3) Data Analysis Procedures.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

The main purpose of this investigation was to determine the attitudes towards

HIV testing among sudents of St. Anthonys College.

The descriptive-correlational study design was employed in this investigation. David

(2002) defines descriptive-survey research as a type of research which answer to the

questions who, what, when, where, and how. This type of research describes a situation

or a given state of affairs in terms of specified aspects or factors.

The antecedent variables of the study were age, sex, civil status, course and residence,;

the independent variable was the attitudes while the dependent variable was the HIV

testing.
 St. Anthonys College
Nursing Department
San Jose, Antique

Method

Respondents

The respondents of this study were the 40 students of St. Anthonys College last March 8,

2017. The convenient sampling was employed in the selection of the final respondents of

the study. According to David(2002), convenient sampling is a non-probability sampling

technique in which the investigator selects the units as they become available.

The respondents were further classified according to age, sex, civil status, course and

residence .As for age, 16-22 years old College Students ;as for sex, male and female; as

for civil status, single(those who have never been married), and married(those who have

been married or widowed); as for course, Nursing, ETD, LAED, Criminology and

Business Ed., as for residence if what municipality they belong.

Data Gathering Instrument

Data for this investigation were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire.

A personal data sheet was attached to the instrument to gather data on the respondents

name (optional), age, sex, marital status and course.

 St. Anthonys College
Nursing Department
San Jose, Antique

To assess attitudes towards HIV testing, 15- item test culled out from the researchers

readings was constructed.

Through a structured interview, the respondents were asked to make a response from

among the four choices by answering the item corresponding to their responses such as:

strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree.

Strongly Agree, means that the respondent is strongly in favor of the idea conveyed.

Agree, means that the respondent is in favor of the idea conveyed.

Disagree, means that the respondent is not in favor of the idea conveyed.

Strongly Disagree, means that the respondent is strongly not in favor of the idea

conveyed.

The choices were assigned their numerical weights as follows:

Response Weight

Strongly Disagree 1

Disagree 2

Agree 3

Strongly Agree 4

To determine the level of satisfaction of the patients, 15- item test culled out from the

researchers readings was constructed.

Through a structured interview, the respondents were asked to make a response from

among the four choices by answering the item corresponding to their responses such as:

strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree.

 St. Anthonys College
Nursing Department
San Jose, Antique

Strongly Agree, means that the respondent is strongly in favor of the idea conveyed.

Agree, means that the respondent is in favor of the idea conveyed.

Disagree, means that the respondent is not in favor of the idea conveyed.

Strongly Disagree, means that the respondent is strongly not in favor of the idea

conveyed.

The choices were assigned their numerical weights as follows:

Response Weight

Strongly Disagree 1

Disagree 2

Agree 3

Strongly Agree 4

The extent of relationship was interpreted based on the scale of coefficient of correlation

and its descriptive equivalent from the guide scales by Henry Garrett.

Scale Decsription

0.90 1.0 Very High Correlation

Very Dependable Relationship

0.70 0.89 High Correlation

Marked Relationship

0.40 0.69 Moderate Correlation

Substantial Relationship

0.20 0.39 Low Correlation

Definite but Small Relationship
 St. Anthonys College
Nursing Department
San Jose, Antique

Less than 0.20 Negligible Correlation

Negligible Relationship

Procedure

A letter of permission to conduct the study was sent to thedifferent deans of St.

Anthonys College.

Before gathering the data, the respondents were informed of their involvement in

the study. The questionnaires were distributed personally by the researchers to the

respondents with the assistance of the teachers. The respondents were asked for their

consent to be respondents and were oriented about the researchers and the objectives of

the study. The instruments were then gathered and checked for the completeness of data.

Then, the data were tallied, tabulated, computer processed and interpreted.

Data Analysis Procedure

The study employed the following descriptive and inferential statistics:

Frequency and Percentage were used to describe the data gathered.

Chi-square and Gamma were utilized to determine the relationship between

variables.

All statistical computations were computer-processed using the Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.

St. Anthonys College
Nursing Department
San Jose, Antique