1

Vector and Tensor Analysis

Problem 2. Prove that where n, k and a are constants.

r
a. grad r = :
r

grad r = x12 + x2 2 + x32

= i1 + i2 + i3 x12 + x2 2 + x32
x1 x2 x3

= x12 + x2 2 + x32 i1 + x12 + x2 2 + x32 i2 + x12 + x2 2 + x32 i3
x1 x2 x3
2 x1 2 x2 2 x3
= i1 + i2 + i3
2 x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x12 + x2 2 + x32
1
= ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )
x2+x 2+x 2
1 2 3
r
grad r =
r

b. grad r n = nr n2r :

( )
n
grad r n = i1 + i2 + i3 x12 + x2 2 + x32
x1 x2 x3

( ) ( ) ( )
n n n

x1
2
+ x 2
2
+ x3
2
x12 + x2 2 + x32 x12 + x2 2 + x32
= i1 + i2 + i3
x1 x2 x3

( ) ( ) ( )
n 1 n 1 n 1
n x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x1 n x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x2 n x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x3
= i1 + i2 + i3
2 x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x12 + x2 2 + x32 2 x12 + x2 2 + x32

( )
n 1

n x12 + x2 2 + x32
= ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )
x12 + x2 2 + x32

( )
n2
=n x12 + x2 2 + x32 ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )
= nr n 2r

k k
c. grad = 3 r:
r r
 2

k k
grad = i1 + i2 + i3
r x1 x2 x3 x12 + x2 2 + x32

=

x1
i1 +

x2
i2 +

x3
(
i3 k ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
1/2
)
=
(( 1 2 3 )
k x 2 + x 2 + x 2 1/2
i1 +
)
k ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )(1/2

i2 +
)
k ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
1/2
(

i3
)
x1 x2 x3

= ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 x1 i1 + ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 x2 i2 + ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 x3 i3

k 3/2 k 3/2 k 3/2
2 2 2
= k ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
3/2
( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )

k
3 ( 11
= x i + x2i2 + x3i3 )

( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )

k
= r
r3
r
d. grad ln r = :
r2

grad ln r =

1x
i1 +


x 2
i2 +


x3
i3 ln x12 + x2 2 + x32

( )
=
(
ln x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) i + ( ln x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) i + ( ln x12 + x2 2 + x32 )i
x1 x2 x3
1 2 3

2 x1 2 x2 2 x3
2 x + x2 + x3
2 2 2
2 x + x2 + x3
2 2 2
2 x + x2 2 + x32
2

= 1
i1 + 1
i2 + 1
i3
x12 + x2 2 + x32 x12 + x2 2 + x32 x12 + x2 2 + x32
x1 x2 x3
= i + 2 i2 + 2 i
( x + x2 + x3 ) ( x1 + x2 + x3 ) ( x1 + x22 + x32 ) 3
2
1
2 2 1 2 2

x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3

=
( x12 + x22 + x32 )
r
=
r2

r
e. grad ( r ) = ' ( r ) :
r
 3

grad ( r ) = i1 + i2 + i3 ( r )
x1 x2 x3
( r ) ( r ) ( r )
= i1 + i2 + i3
x1 x2 x3
' ( r ) x1 ' ( r ) x2 ' ( r ) x3
= i1 + i2 + i3
r r r
'(r )
= ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )
r
r
= '( r )
r

f. grad ( air ) = a :

grad ( air ) = i1 + i2 + i3 ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 )
x1 x2 x3
( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 )
= i1 + i2 + i3
x1 x2 x3
= a1i1 + a2i2 + a3i3
=a

r ' ( r )
g. grad air ( r ) = a ( r ) + ( air )
r

grad air ( r ) = i1 + i2 + i3 ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ( r )
x1 x2 x3
( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ( r ) ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ( r ) ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ( r )
= i1 + i2 + i3
x1 x2 x3
( a x + a x + a x ) ' ( r ) x1 i + a r + ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ' ( r ) x2 i
= a1 ( r ) + 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 ( ) 2
r r
( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 ) ' ( r ) x3 i
a3 ( r ) + 3
r
( a x + a x + a x ) ' ( r ) x i + x i + x i
= a1 ( r ) i1 + a2 ( r ) i2 + a3 ( r ) i3 + 1 1 2 2 3 3 [ 1 1 2 2 3 3]
r
( a x + a x + a x ) ' ( r ) x i + x i + x i
= ( r ) [ a1i1 + a2i2 + a3i3 ] + 1 1 2 2 3 3 [ 1 1 2 2 3 3]
r
r ' ( r )
= a ( r ) + ( air )
r

Problem 3: Prove that .where n, k, a and c are constants.

 4

a. div r = 3 :

div r = + + i( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )
x1 x2 x3
( x1 ) ( x2 ) ( x3 )
= + +
x1 x2 x3
= 1+1+1
=3

b. div ( kr ) = 3k :

div ( kr ) = + + i( kx1i1 + kx2i2 + kx3i3 )
x1 x2 x3
( kx1 ) ( kx2 ) k ( x3 )
= + +
x1 x2 x3
=k+k+k
= 3k

r
c. div = 0:
r3

r x1 x2 x3
div = + + i 3 i1 + 3 i2 + 3 i3
x1 x2 x3 r
3
r r r
( x1r 3 ) ( x2 r 3 ) ( x3 r 3 )
= + +
x1 x2 x3

=
(
x1 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 )
3/2
) + (x (x 2 1
2
+ x2 2 + x3 2 )
3/2
) + (x (x 3 1
2
+ x2 2 + x32 )
3/2
)
x1 x2 x3
3 3 3
= x1 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 x1 + x2 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) 2 x2 + x1 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) 2 x3
5/2 5/ 2 5/2

2 2 2
+ ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) + ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) (x + x2 2 + x32 )
3/2 3/2 3/2
+ 1
2

= ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) + 3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )

5/ 2

= ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
5/ 2
(0)
=0

d. div r n r = ( n + 3 ) r n :
 5

( ) (x i )+( ) (x i )+( ) ( x i )
n n n
div r n r = + + i x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 x12 + x2 2 + x3 2
x1 x2 x3
11 2 2 3 3

=
(
x1 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
n /2
) + (x (x 2 1
2
+ x2 2 + x32 )
n /2
) + (x (x
3 1
2
+ x2 2 + x3 2 )
n /2
)
x1 x2 x3
n n
n n
n n

= x1 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) 2 2 x1 + x2 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 2 x2 + x3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 2 x3
1 1 1

2 2 2
+ ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) + ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) + ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
n /2 n /2 n /2

2 2 2 1
n
2 2 2 1
n
2 2 2 1
n
= nx1 ( x1 + x2 + x3 ) + nx2 ( x1 + x2 + x3 ) + nx3 ( x1 + x2 + x3 )
2 2 2 2 2 2

+3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 )
n /2

n
1
= n ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) 2 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ) + 3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 )
n /2

= n ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) + 3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 )
n/ 2 n /2

= ( n + 3) ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 )
n /2

= ( n + 3) r n

e. div ( r ) r = 3 ( r ) + r ' ( r ) :

div ( r ) r = + + i( ( r ) x1i1 + ( r ) x2i2 + ( r ) x3i3 )
x1 x2 x3
( ( r ) x1 ) ( ( r ) x2 ) ( ( r ) x3 )
= + +
x1 x2 x3
x1 x x
= ( r ) + ( r ) + ( r ) + x1 ' ( r )
+ x2 ' ( r ) 2 + x3 ' ( r ) 3
r r r
x + x2 + x2
2 2 2
= 3 ( r ) + ' ( r ) 1
r
r
2
= 3 ( r ) + ' ( r )
r
= 3 ( r ) + r ' ( r )

f. div r n c = nr n 2 ( r ic ) :
 6

n
div r n c = + + i( r c1i1 + r c2i2 + r c3i3 )
n n

x1 x2 x3
( r n c1 ) ( r n c2 ) ( r n c3 )
= + +
x1 x2 x3
(r n
) + c (r ) + c (r )
n n

= c1
x1 x2 x3
2 3

= c1
(
( x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 )
n /2
) + c (( x 1
2
+ x2 2 + x32 )
n /2
) + c (( x 1
2
+ x2 2 + x3 2 )
n /2
)
x1 x2 x3
2 3

n n n
= c1 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 ) 2 x1 + c2 ( x12 + x2 2 + x3 ) 2 x2 + c3 ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) 2 2 x3
n 2 2 1 n 2 2 1 n 1

2 2 2
n2
= n ( x1 + x2 + x3
2 2 2
) (c x + c x
2
1 1 2 2 + c3 x3 )

( )
n 2
=n x12 + x2 2 + x3 2 ( c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 )
= nr n 2 ( r ic )

g. div ( r c ) = 0 :

div ( r c ) = + + i( r c )
x1 x2 x3

= + + i i1 ( r2 c3 r3c2 ) + i2 ( r3c1 r1c3 ) + i3 ( r1c2 r2 c1 )
x1 x2 x3
( r2 c3 r3c2 ) ( r3c1 r1c3 ) ( r1c2 r2 c1 )
= + +
x1 x2 x3
= 0+0+0
=0

h. div r ( r ic ) = 4 ( cir ) :

div r ( r ic ) = i ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )( x1c1 + x2 c2 + x3c3 )

= i ( x12 c1 + x1 x2 c2 + x1 x3c3 ) i1 + ( x1 x2 c1 + x2 2 c2 + x2 x3c3 ) i2 + ( x1 x3c1 + x2 x3c2 + x3 2 c3 ) i3
= 2 x1c1 + x2 c2 + x3c3 + x1c1 + 2 x2 c2 + x3c3 + x1c1 + x2 c2 + 2 x3c3
= 4 x1c1 + 4 x2 c2 + 4 x3c3
= 4 ( x1c1 + x2 c2 + x3c3 )
= 4 ( cir )
i. div a ( r ic ) = div c ( air ) = aic :
 7

div a ( r ic ) = i ( a1i1 + a2i2 + a3i3 )( x1c1 + x2 c2 + x3c3 )

= i ( x1a1c1 + x2 a1c2 + x3 a1c3 ) i1 + ( x1a2 c1 + x2 a2 c2 + x3 a2 c3 ) i2 + ( x1a3c1 + x2 a3c2 + x3 a3c3 ) i3
= a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3c3
= aic

div c ( air ) = i ( c1i1 + c2i2 + c3i3 )( x1a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 )

= i ( x1a1c1 + x2 a2 c1 + x3 a3c1 ) i1 + ( x1a1c2 + x2 a2 c2 + x3 a3c2 ) i2 + ( x1a1c3 + x2 a2 c3 + x3 a3c3 ) i3
= a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3c3
= aic

j. div ( r a ) c = 2aic :

div ( r a ) c = i a ( r ic ) r ( aic )
= i ( a1i1 + a2i2 + a3i3 )( x1c1 + x2 c2 + x3c3 ) ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )( a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3c3 )

= i{( x1a1c1 + x2 a1c2 + x3 a1c3 ) i1 + ( x1a2 c1 + x2 a2 c2 + x3 a2 c3 ) i2 + ( x1a3c1 + x2 a3c2 + x3 a3c3 ) i3

( x1a1c1 + x1a2 c2 + x1a3c3 ) i1 + ( x2 a1c1 + x2 a2 c2 + x2 a3c3 ) i2 + ( x3 a1c1 + x3 a2 c2 + x3 a3c3 ) i3 }
= a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3c3 a1c1 a2 c2 a3c3 a1c1 a2 c2 a3c3 a1c1 a2 c2 a3c3
= 2a1c1 2a2 c2 2a3c3
= 2 ( a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3c3 )
= 2aic

k. div ( r a ) r = 2a ir :

div ( r a ) r = i a ( r ir ) r ( air )
= i ( a1i1 + a2i2 + a3i3 ) ( x12 + x2 2 + x32 ) ( x1i1 + x2i2 + x3i3 )( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 )

= i{( x12 a1 + x2 2 a1 + x32 a1c3 ) i1 + ( x12 a2 + x2 2 a2 + x3 2 a2 ) i2 + ( x12 a3 + x2 2 a3 + x3 2 a3 ) i3

( x12 a1 + x1a2 x2 + x1a3 x3 ) i1 + ( x2 a1 x1 + x2 2 a2 + x2 a3 x3 ) i2 + ( x3 a1 x1 + x3 a2 x2 + x32 a3 ) i3 }

= 2a1 x1 + 2a2 x2 + 2a3 x3 2a1 x1 a2 x2 a3 x3 a1 x1 2a2 x2 a3 x3 a1 x1 a2 x2 2a3 x3
= 2a1 x1 2a2 x2 2a3 x3
= 2 ( a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 )
= 2air