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Glasses
Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are devices
Glasses
consisting of glass or hard plastic lenses mounted in a frame that
holds them in front of a person's eyes, typically using a bridge over the
nose and arms which rest over the ears. Glasses are typically used for
vision correction, such as with reading glasses and glasses used for
nearsightedness. Safety glasses provide eye protection against flying
debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may
have protection for the sides of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some
types of safety glasses are used to protect against visible and near-
visible light or radiation. Glasses are worn for eye protection in some
sports, such as squash. Glasses wearers may use a strap to prevent the
glasses from falling off during movement or sports. Wearers of glasses
A modern pair of prescription reading
that are used only part of the time may have the glasses attached to a
glasses
cord that goes around their neck, to prevent the loss of the glasses.

Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect one's eyes against damage from high levels of ultraviolet
light. Typical sunglasses are darkened for protection against bright light or glare; some specialized glasses are clear in dark
or indoor conditions, but turn into sunglasses when in bright light. Most sunglasses do not have corrective power in the
lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be ordered. Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual
information (such as stereoscopy) or 3D glasses for viewing three-dimensional movies. Sometimes glasses with no
corrective power in the lenses are worn simply for aesthetic or fashion purposes. Even with glasses used for vision
correction, a wide range of designs are available for fashion purposes, using plastic, wire, and other materials.

People are more likely to need glasses the older they get with 93% of people between the age of 65-75 wearing corrective
lenses.[1][2]

Contents
1 Types
1.1 Corrective
1.2 Safety
1.3 Sunglasses
1.4 3D glasses
1.5 Magnification (bioptics)
1.6 Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses
1.7 Anti-glare protection glasses
2 Frames
2.1 Parts
2.2 Temple types
2.3 Materials
3 Corrective lens shape
4 History

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4.1 Precursors
4.2 Invention
4.3 Later developments
4.4 In fashion
5 Society and culture
5.1 Redistribution
5.2 Fashion
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links

Types
Glasses come in many styles. They can be marked or found by their primary function, but also appear in combinations
such as prescription sunglasses or safety glasses with enhanced magnification.

Corrective
Corrective lenses are used to correct refractive errors by bending the light
entering the eye in order to alleviate the effects of conditions such as
nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (Hypermetropia) or astigmatism.
The ability of one's eyes to accommodate their focus to near and distant focus
alters over time. Also, few people have eyes that show exactly equal refractive
characteristics; one may need a "stronger", (i.e. more refracting), lens than the
other. A common condition in people over forty years old is presbyopia, which
is caused by the eye's crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing
Seattle skyline as seen through a
the ability of the lens to accommodate (i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). corrective lens, showing the effect of
Corrective lenses, to bring the image back into focus on the retina, are made to refraction
conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A lensmeter
can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective
eyeglasses can significantly improve the life quality of the wearer. Not only do they enhance the wearer's visual experience,
but can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as headaches or squinting.

Pinhole glasses are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or
change focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to
using a small aperture in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining
popularity in everyday use. Pinhole glasses can be made in a DIY fashion by making small holes in a piece of card which is
then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.

The most common type of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a uniform refractive index. For people with
presbyopia and hyperopia, bifocal and trifocal glasses provide two or three different refractive indices, respectively, and
progressive lenses have a continuous gradient. Reading glasses provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on close-by
objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from drugstores, and offer a cheap, practical solution, though
these have two simple lenses of equal power, so will not correct refraction problems like astigmatism or refractive or

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prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For total correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to a
recent ophthalmic prescription are required. Adjustable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or
might be used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they don't have to be custom-manufactured for every
person).

Safety
Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in different situations. They are
made with break-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris or
other matter. Construction workers, factory workers, machinists and lab
technicians are often required to wear safety glasses to shield the eyes from
flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. As of 2017,
dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear
safety glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body
fluids. There are also safety glasses for welding, which are styled like
wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where Safety glasses with side shields
a full sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often
called "flash goggles", because they provide protection from welding flash.
Nylon frames are usually used for protection eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike
most regular glasses, safety glasses often include protection beside the eyes as well as in front of the eyes.

Sunglasses
Sunglasses provide improved comfort and protection against bright light and
often against ultraviolet (UV) light. Photochromic lenses, which are
photosensitive, darken when struck by UV light. The dark tint of the lenses in a
pair of sunglasses blocks the transmission of light through the lens.

Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses.

Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of
light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see
into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene).
Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections
from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed.
Liquid crystal displays often emit polarized light making them sometimes
difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn just for
aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that Woman wearing sunglasses

were popular for these reasons include teashades and mirrorshades. Many
blind people wear nearly opaque glasses to hide their eyes for cosmetic
reasons.

Sunglasses may also have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be
attached to another pair of glasses. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over top of another pair of
glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to wear contact lenses to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses can be used.

3D glasses

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The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual
information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing information for both eyes.
The signal, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic display, is filtered so that each eye
receives a slightly different image. The filters only work for the type of signal they were designed for.

Anaglyph 3D glasses have a different colored filter for each eye, typically red and blue or red and green. A polarized 3D
system on the other hand uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce
an image with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D system uses electronic shutters. Head-mounted displays can filter
the signal electronically and then transmit light directly into the viewers eyes.

Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at 3D movies. Polarized and active shutter glasses are used
with many home theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal can be shared between
multiple units.

Magnification (bioptics)
Glasses can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands.
An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which have small telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular
lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective glass and improve
aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles
or binoculars, or may be attached to existing glasses.

Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses

Yellow tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform minor color correction, on top of
reducing headaches due to lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective unprescribed glasses.[3]
Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses can also filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light
from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain.[4] These glasses can
be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.[5] Due to the ultra-violet light blocking
nature of these lenses, they also help users sleep at night along with reducing age-related macular degeneration.[6][7]

Anti-glare protection glasses

Anti-glare protection glasses, or anti-reflective glasses, can reduce the reflection of light that enters our eyes. The lenses
are given an anti-glare coating to prevent reflections of light under different lighting conditions. By reducing the amount
of glare on your eyes, vision can be improved.[8] The anti-glare also applies to the outer glass, thus allowing for better eye
contact.[8]

Frames
The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of glasses which is designed to hold the lenses in proper position. Ophthalmic
frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.[9]

Parts
two eye wires or rims surrounding and holding the lenses in place
bridge which connects the two eye wires,
chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the bridge
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top bar or brow bar, a bar just above the bridge providing structural
support and/or style enhancement. The addition of a top bar makes a pair
of glasses aviator eyeglasses
brows or caps plastic or metal caps which fit over the top of the eye wire
for style enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses.
The addition of brows makes a pair of glasses Brow line glasses
two nose pads that allow a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the
nose
two pad arms which connect the eye wire to the nose pads
two end pieces which connect the eye wire via the "hinges" to the temples
two hinges connecting the end pieces to the frames and allowing a swivel
movement Glasses, c.1920s
pair of frame-front end pieces
two temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
two temple tips at the end of each temple

Temple types
Spring-loaded flex hinge temples: These flex hinges are equipped with a small spring that affords the arms a greater
range of movement and does not limit them to the traditional, 90 degree angle. Repairs can be made by using Self
Aligning Spring Hinge Screws. Use screw insertion pliers to push the tip beyond the first barrel of a spring hinge at a
45 degree angle and use a standard screwdriver to tighten. As the screw moves down the barrel, it will move to a 90
degree angle. When finished, use a plier to break off the excess.[10]
Skull temples: bend down behind the ears, follow the contour of the skull and rest evenly against the skull
Library temples: generally straight and do not bend down behind the ears. Hold the glasses primarily through light
pressure against the side of the skull
Convertible temples: used either as library or skull temples depending on the bent
Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on athletic,
childrens, and industrial safety frames;
Comfort cable temples: similar to the Riding bow but constructed from coiled, metal, flexible cable

Materials

Plastic

Cellulose Acetate (Zyl)

Optyl (A type of hypoallergenic material made especially for eyeglass frames. It features a type of elasticity that
returns the material to its original shape)
Cellulose propionate (molded, durable plastic)
3D-printed plastic using super-fine polyamide powder and Selective Laser Sintering processes see Mykita Mylon (It
should also be noted that the frames can be 3-D printed by fused filament fabrication for pennies of ABS, PLA or
nylon)[11]
Nylon

Metal

Gold
Silver
Aluminum
Beryllium
Stainless steel
Titanium

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Flexon

Natural materials

Wood
Bone
Ivory
Leather
Semi-precious or precious stone

Corrective lens shape

Corrective lenses can be produced in many different shapes from a circular
lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that
will hold them. Frame styles vary and fashion trends change over time,
resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there are few
restrictions which allows for many trendy and fashionable shapes. Higher
power lenses can cause distortion of peripheral vision and may become thick
Modern glasses with a rectangular
and heavy if a large lens shape is used. However, if the lens becomes too small,
lens shape
the field of view can be drastically reduced.

Bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lenses generally require a taller lens shape to
leave room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with
rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the most
efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses as a fashion item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind,
virtually all eyeglasses were either round, oval, or curved octagons. It was not until glasses began to be seen as an
accessory that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional.

History

Precursors
Scattered evidence exists for use of vision aid devices in greek and roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald
by emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder[12].

The use of a convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in Ptolemy's Optics (which
however only survives in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved
by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and most notably by Alhazen (Book of Optics, ca. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy's Optics
and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the development of "reading stones".

Robert Grosseteste's treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read
the smallest letters at incredible distances". A few years later in 1262, Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the
magnifying properties of lenses.[13] The development of the first eyeglasses took place in Northern Italy in the second half
of the 13th century.[14]

Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed "sunglasses" for eye protection, without any
corrective properties.[15] Thus, flat panes of smoky quartz, were used in 12th-century China.[a] Similarly, the Inuit have
used snow goggles for eye protection.

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Invention
The first eyeglasses were made in Northern Italy, most likely in Pisa, by about 1290: In a
sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (ca. 1255
1311) wrote "It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses,
which make for good vision... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before
extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I
talked to him."[17]

Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making
eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa
Detail of a portrait of the
records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to Dominican Cardinal and
share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and renowned biblical scholar
willing heart."[18] By 1301, there were guild regulations in Venice governing the sale of Hugh of Saint-Cher
eyeglasses.[19] painted by Tommaso da
Modena in 1352
The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352
portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in
a scriptorium. Another early example would be a
depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alps in an
altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen,
Germany, in 1403. These early glasses had convex
lenses that could correct both hyperopia
(farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly
develops as a symptom of aging. It was not until
1604 that Johannes Kepler published the first
correct explanation as to why convex and concave
lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.[b]
The Glasses Apostle by
Conrad von Soest (1403) Early frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying
glasses riveted together by the handles so that they
Portrait of cardinal
could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet
Fernando Nio de Guevara
spectacles". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at by El Greco circa 1600
Kloster Wienhausen, a convent near Celle in Germany; they have been dated to circa shows glasses with temples
1400.[22] passing over and beyond
the ears

Other claims
Claims that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses have been exposed as hoaxes.[23][24]

Marco Polo is sometimes claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century, however,
no such statement appears in his accounts.[25][26] Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th
century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.[27]

It is also sometimes claimed that glasses were first invented in India. In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer stated in his
history of glasses that "the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that spectacles
must have been known in India earlier than in Europe".[28] However, Joseph Needham showed that the mention of
glasses in the manuscript Laufer used to justify the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that
manuscript, and the reference to them in later versions was added during the Ming dynasty.[29] In an 1971 article in the

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British Journal of Ophthalmology it

was argued that it: "...is therefore
most likely that the use of lenses
reached Europe via the Arabs, as
did Hindu mathematics and the
ophthalmological works of the
ancient Hindu surgeon
Susruta",[30] but all dates given are
well after the existence of
eyeglasses in Italy was established,
and there had been significant
shipments of eye glasses from Italy French Empire gilt scissors glasses
Seated apostle holding lenses in (with one lens missing), c.1805
to the Middle East, with one
position for reading. Detail from
Death of the Virgin, by the Master of shipment as large as 24,000
Heiligenkreuz, ca. 140030 (Getty glasses.[31]
Center).

Later developments
The American scientist Benjamin Franklin,
who suffered from both myopia and
presbyopia, invented bifocals. Serious
historians have from time to time produced
evidence to suggest that others may have
preceded him in the invention; however, a
correspondence between George Whatley
and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of
the United States, suggested that Franklin
had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps
50 years earlier than had been originally
thought.[32] The first lenses for correcting Harry S. Truman, 33rd
President of the United
astigmatism were designed by the British
States, was known to have
astronomer George Airy in 1825.[33]
poor vision.

Over time, the construction of frames for

glasses also evolved. Early eyepieces were
A portrait of Francisco de Quevedo
designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose
y Villegas, 15801645
(pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in
place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the
weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed some time before 1727,
possibly by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various
styles with attached handles such as "scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes were also fashionable from the second half of the
18th century and into the early 19th century.

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr and Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld[34]), developed
the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, Joshua
Silver designed eyewear with adjustable corrective glasses. They work by silicone liquid, a syringe, and a pressure
mechanism.[35]

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Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common, as their
technology has improved. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special memory metal alloys that
return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offers
dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also
often made from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in earlier times.

In fashion
In the 1930s, "spectacles" were described as "medical appliances."[36] Wearing
spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s,
fashionable glasses started to become available through manufacturers, and
the government also recognized the demand for stylized eyewear.[36]

Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like glasses, have
traditionally been designed to camouflage against the skin and restore ability
without being visible.[36] In the past, design for disability has "been less about
projecting a positive image as about trying not to project an image at all."[36]
Pullin uses the example of spectacles, traditionally categorized as a medical
device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a
fashionable accessory.[36] Much like other fashion designs and accessories,
eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections,
by season and designer.[36] It is becoming more common for consumers
A Woman in fashion glasses
purchase eyewear with clear, non-prescription lenses, illustrating that glasses
are no longer a social stigma, but a fashionable accessory that "frames your
face."[36]

Society and culture

Redistribution
Some organizations like Lions Clubs International,[37] Unite For Sight,[38], ReSpectacle,[39] and New Eyes for the Needy
provide a way to donate glasses and sunglasses. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 pairs.[40]

Fashion
Many people require glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many
shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and
lenses that can be utilized in various combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of
a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the wearer. Some
people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses as a style accessory.

Personal image
For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried
Glasses - Decoration, Presi HQ,
several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals
Budapest
to be stigmatized and stereotyped as pious clergymen (as those in religious
vocation were the most likely to be literate and therefore the most likely to
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need reading glasses), elderly, or physically weak and passive.[41][42] The stigma began to fall away in the early 1900s when
the popular Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian
Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of horn-rimmed glasses as the "Glasses" character in his films.[41][42]

Since, eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion item and often act as a key
component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon
became synonymous with the styles of eye-glasses they wore to the point that thick,
black horn-rimmed glasses are often called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round
metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon (or Harry Potter) Glasses." British
comedic actor Eric Sykes was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick,
square, horn-rimmed glasses, which were in fact a sophisticated hearing aid that
alleviated his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations.[43] Some celebrities have
become so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even
after taking alternate measures against vision problems: United States Senator Barry
Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey continued to wear non-prescription glasses
after being fitted for contacts and getting laser eye surgery, respectively.
Former United States senator
Barry Goldwater in horn-
Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters
rimmed glasses
they play, such as Anne Kirkbride, who wore oversized, 1980s-style round horn-
rimmed glasses as Deirdre Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street, and
Masaharu Morimoto, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef
Japanese. In 2012 some NBA players wear lensless glasses with thick plastic frames like horn-rimmed glasses during post-
game interviews, geek chic that draws comparisons to Steve Urkel.[44][45]

In superhero fiction, eyeglasses have become a standard component of various heroes' disguises (as masks), allowing them
to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero persona: Superman is well known for wearing
1950s style horn-rimmed glasses as Clark Kent, while Wonder Woman wears either round, Harold Lloyd style glasses or
1970s style bug-eye glasses as Diana Prince. An example of the halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear
glasses are intelligent.

Styles
In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of fashion; as such, various different styles have come
in and out of popularity. Most are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.

Browline glasses
Bug-eye glasses
Cat eye glasses
GI glasses
Horn-rimmed glasses
Lensless glasses
Pince nez
Rimless glasses
Full-rimmed glasses

See also
Adjustable-focus eyeglasses Eye examination
Baden-Powell's Unilens Eyeglass prescription

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History of optics X-ray vision

Monocle

Notes
1. Chinese judges wore dark glasses to hide their facial expressions during
court proceedings.[16]
2. In his treatise Ad Vitellionem paralipomena [Emendations (or Supplement)
to Witelo] (1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for
the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the image
is once again properly focused on the retina.[20][21]

References
1. Collin, Liz. "Good Question: Why Do So Many Of Us Need Glasses?" (htt
p://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/06/22/good-question-why-do-so-many-of
Young woman wearing eyeglasses
-us-need-glasses/).
2. "Newsroom" (http://news.essilorusa.com/stories/detail/vision-impact-institu
te-releases-study-on-corrective-lens-wearers-in-the-u).
3. Blue blocking glasses http://www.businessinsider.in/Blue-blocking-
glasses-have-become-a-popular-way-of-protecting-eyesight-but-you-
probably-dont-need-them/articleshow/57276757.cms. Retrieved
1 September 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
4. All about vision.com http://www.allaboutvision.com/cvs/irritated.htm.
Retrieved 1 September 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Cat eye glasses
5. "BluTech Lenses Technology, The story behind BluTech Lenses" (http://b
lutechlenses.com/technology/). BluTech Lenses.
6. "Expert Healthy Vision & Eye Care Tips, News, Articles & Information
Essilor USA" (http://news.essilorusa.com/stories/detail/new-eyeglass-lens
es-block-harmful-blue-light-and-uv-raysM). essilorusa.com.
7. "protect your vision" (http://www.bluelightexposed.com/protect-our-vision/#
how-can-you-protect-your-vision-against-the-harmful-effects-of-blue-light-e
xposure). Blue light exposed.
8. "Anti-glare Coating" (http://www.allaboutvision.com/lenses/anti-reflective.ht
m). All about Vision.com. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
9. "Optical Course" (http://www.harisingh.com/OpticalCourse.htm).
OpticalCourse.com. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
10. "Self Aligning Spring Hinge" (http://www.vigoroptical.com/sealsphi.html).
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M. "Reversing the Trend of Large Scale and Centralization in
Manufacturing: The Case of Distributed Manufacturing of Customizable 3-
D-Printable Self-Adjustable Glasses" (https://www.academia.edu/9747930/
Reversing_the_Trend_of_Large_Scale_and_Centralization_in_Manufactur
ing_The_Case_of_Distributed_Manufacturing_of_Customizable_3-D-Print
able_Self-Adjustable_Glasses). Challenges in Sustainability. 2 (1).
doi:10.12924/cis2014.02010030 (https://doi.org/10.12924%2Fcis2014.020
10030).
12. The Natural History, Book 37, Chpt.16. Pliny the Elder. John Bostock,
M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion
Court, Fleet Street. 1855
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13. "...Optics Highlights: II. Spectacles" (http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/optic

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Bibliography
Ilardi, Vincent (2007), Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (https://books.google.com/books?id=peIL7h
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Needham, Joseph (1962), "part 1", Science & Civilisation in China (https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ9nayZZ2oE
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External links
The dictionary definition of spectacles at Wiktionary
Media related to Glasses at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Glasses at Wikiquote
"Spectacles Gallery", Museum (http://www.college-optometrists.org/en/knowledge-centre/museyeum/online_exhibition
s/spectacles/), British Optical Association.
"Spectacles", The Medieval Technology (http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/spectacles.html), NYU.
"Are Your Eyes Right" (http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=oiUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=12&query=Vol.+144), Popular
Science (article), February 1944, on eyes and how eyeglasses correct vision (page 120).
"Common Spectacles Styles before, during and after the Civil War" (https://www.archive.org/details/HistoryOnYourFac
e-CommonSpectaclesStylesBeforeDuringAndAfterThe), Archive.org (article), 2012, Antique Eyeglasses in America.

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