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KEBUTUHANDASARSEMUAMAHLUK
HIDUP
OKSIGEN
AIR
MAKANAN
KEKURANGAN OKSIGEN
MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN
PALING CEPAT
OKSIGEN KASKADE
UDARA
BRONCHI
ALVEOLI
Ventilasi DARAH
KAPILER
Distribusi DARAH
ARTERI
Difusi DARAH
KAPILER
Sirkulasi
SEL
Dif i
Difusi
HYPOXIA
UDARA
FiO2
BRONCHI
Hypoxic ALVEOLI
yp
hypoxia Gas - Hb
DARAH darah - Laktat
KAPILER
DARAH
Stagnant ARTERI
hypoxia SpO2
DARAH
Anemic
hypoxia
i KAPILER
Histotoxic SEL
hypoxia
OKSIGEN KASKADE
UDARA
BRONCHI
ALVEOLI
Ventilasi DARAH
KAPILER
Distribusi DARAH
Air way ARTERI
Otot
Saraf
S f Jaringan
J i Difusi DARAH
Rongga dada paru KAPILER
Membrana Sirkulasi
alveolo- SEL
kapiler
Jantung Difusi
P.darah
Darah/Hb
Cairan
interstitial
Difusi
R SPIRATION
RESPIRATION
EXSTERNAL INTERNAL
Exsternal
Exsternalrespiration:Oxygendeliveryfromthe
respiration : Oxygen delivery from the
atmosphereintothelungsthroughairwaypassage
andreachthebloodvessels.
InternalRespiration:Oxygendeliveredfromtheblood
p yg
intothecell.
O2 O2
CO
2
CO O2
2
A.Pulmonalis V.Pulmonalis
Oxygenation
UDARA BEBAS:
PiO2 : 21% x 760 = 160 mmHg
PiCO2 : 0.04 % x 760 = 0.3 mmHg
ALVEOLUS
PiN2 : 78
78.6
6 % x 760 = 597mmHg
PiH2O : 0.46 % x 760 = 3.5 mmHg
N2 H 2O
Capillary
PAN2: PAH2O:
Diffusion Process 573 mmHg 47 mmHg
PAO2: PACO2:
104 mmHg 40 mmHg PaO2
Pulmonary Vein
Pulmonary ArteryO2 O2 CO2 O2
PvO2:
40 mmHg CO2 CO2
PcCO2: 45 PcCO2: 40
mmHgg PcO2: 100 mmHgg PAO2 PcO2
mmHg
H
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
Oxygencontent:ConcentrationofOxygenin
Oxygen content : Concentration of Oxygen in
arterialblood(CaO2).
TheequationbelowresembleOxygenFractionin
The equation below resemble Oxygen Fraction in
Haemoglobin andArterialPlasma
Equation
CaO2=(1.34x Hb x SaO2)+(0.003x PaO2)
Indications for Oxygen therapy
IndicationsforOxygentherapy
Cardiacandrespiratoryarrest
Cardiac and respiratory arrest
Hypoxemia(pO2<58.5mmHg,Sat<90%)
Hypotension(SystolicBP<100mmHg)
i (S li 00 )
LowCardiacOutputandMetabolicAcidosis(
bicarbonate<18mmol/l)
Respiratorydistress(RR>24/minute)
p y ( / )
AmericanCollegeofChestPhysiciansandNHLBI
Treatment I
TreatmentI
Empiric oxygentreatment
oxygen treatment
Cardiac/respiratoryarrest
Hypotension
i
RespiratoryDistress
Trauma
GCS decrease from any cause
GCSdecreasefromanycause
Postoperative
Treatment II
TreatmentII
Verify
Verifyhypoxemia
hypoxemia
Pulseoximetry
ABGs
G
StartOxygentreatment.
Treatmentgoal(satlevel)
Administrationmode,flow,whentostop
Administration mode flow when to stop
Oxygen Hazards
OxygenHazards
Fire
Fire(airwayfires)
( airway fires)
Tissuetoxicity,pulmonaryandretina
DecreasedhypoxemicdriveandincreasedVD
dh i di di d i
in
COPD.
Seizures(hyperbaric)
Mucosaldamageduetolackofhumidity
g y
Oxygen administration
Oxygenadministration
Lowflowsystems
Low flow systems
HighFlowsystems(HFOE)
i h l ( O )
Nasal Prongs
NasalProngs
Bateman, N T et al. BMJ 1998;317:798-801
TERIMA KASIH
TERIMAKASIH
Macam macamalatterapioksigen
No Nama Alat
l FiO2
i
1 Nasal kateter, nasal prong, binasal ( 1 5 LPM ) 24 40 %
7 Respirator 21 100 %
9 Incubator s/d 40 %
TERIMA KASIH
TERIMAKASIH
Monitoring the Patient
MonitoringthePatient
Clinicalassessmentincludingbutnotlimitedto
cardiac,pulmonary,andneurologicalstatus
Assessmentofphysiologicparameters:
yg
measurementofoxygentensionsorsaturationin
anypatienttreatedwithoxygen
46
Clinical Signs of Hypoxia
ClinicalSignsofHypoxia
Respiratory
esp ato y
Increasedrespiratoryrate(Tachypnea),dyspnea,cyanosis,accmuscle
use
Cardiac
Increasedheartrate(Tachycardia),hypertension
Neurological
Confusionorpanic
Cyanosis
y
Diaphoresis
Somnolence,confusion,blurredvision,lossofcoordination,impaired
judgment
RsCr 220 47
Long Term Sign
LongTermSign
Clubbing
ubb g
RsCr 220 48
PrecautionsofSupplemental
Precautions of Supplemental
Oxygen
1.Oxygentoxicity
2 Depression of ventilation
2.Depressionofventilation
3.RetinopathyofPrematurity
4.Absorptionatelectasis
5 Bacterial infection with humidifiers
5.Bacterialinfectionwithhumidifiers
Oxygen Toxicity
OxygenToxicity
Patientsexposedtohighoxygenlevelsfora
prolonged period of time have lung damage.
prolongedperiodoftimehavelungdamage.
Firstdamageiscapillaryepithelium,leadingtoedema,
thickened membranes and finally to pulmonary fibrosis
thickenedmembranesandfinallytopulmonaryfibrosis
andhypertension.
50
Oxygen:afirehazard
NEVERsmokewhileusingsupplementaloxygen
Severefacialburnscananddohappen
51
Clinical Guidelines
ClinicalGuidelines
ConsiderOxygenasadrug
Consider Oxygen as a drug
UsethelowestFIO2.
Use it for the shortest possible time
Useitfortheshortestpossibletime
Keepoxygenbelow50%if
If
Ifyouhaveto
h t acceptlowersaturationsthan
tl t ti th
normalinsomesituations
Checkequipmentregularlyforcontaminants
Ch k i t l l f t i t
52
Thatssallfolks!
That all folks!
Anyquestions?
y ques o s
53
Take home message
Takehomemessage
Acuteempiricoxygentreatmentisokbuthypoxemiashouldbe
verifiedwithpulseoximetryand/orABGswhensituationmore
stable.
Oxygenisadrugandshouldbeorderedassuch:modeof
Oxygen is a drug and should be ordered as such: mode of
administration,flowrate,FiO2(venturi),treatmentgoal,
monitoring,whentostop.
Neverwithholdoxygenoutoffearofpossiblehypercarbia
Never withhold oxygen out of fear of possible hypercarbia
Avoidoverzealoustreatment Adequatesaturationforthepatient.
COPD8890%