Antenna Fundamentals

-Nagendra N N, Assistant Professor,

Department of TCE
 As an Engineer/Post Graduate Researcher
You would require to know
What is Antenna?
Antenna Types.
How Antenna Radiates?
Antenna Parameters
How to choose a Particular Antenna?
Design / Analysis / Modelling of Antenna.
Antenna Matching.
Antenna Measurements.
Antenna Placements in the System.

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 2

 AntennaTypes
Resonant Antennas Parabolic Antenna
Broadband Antenna Monopole Antenna
UltrawideBand Antennas Helical Antenna
Aperture Antennas Loop Antenna
Microstrip Antennas Clover Leaf Antenna
Wire Antennas Bow-Tie Antenna
Printed Antennas
Microchip Antennas
Frequency Independent Antennas
Slot Antennas
Discone Antenna
Yagi Antenna
Metamaterial Antennas
Dielectric Lens Antennas

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 3

 ANTENNA TYPES
Wire Antennas
Aperture Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Microstrip Patch
Antennas
Lens Antennas
Array Antennas

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 4

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 5

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 6

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 7

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 8

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 9

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 10

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 11

Identify what type of Antenna it is?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 12

Radiation ???

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 13

 Radiation Conditions
To creat radiation (electric field), there must be a time-
varying current dI/dt or an acceleration (or deceleration)
a of a charge q.
If the charge is not moving, a current is not created and
there is no radiation.
If a charge is moving with an uniform velocity, there is
no radiation if the wire is straight, and infinite in extent
There is radiation if the wire is curved, bent,
discontinuous, terminated, or truncated
If the charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates
even if the wire is straight.
Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 14
Radiation from Dipole

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 15

Spherical Co-ordinate System

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 16

Poynting vector

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 17

Power Intensity

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 18

Radiated Power

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 19

 Radiation Pattern
Field Pattern
Power Pattern

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 20

Radiation Power Plot

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 21

Near and Far Field Regions

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 22

Directivity

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 23

 Gain

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 24

Input Impedance

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 25

 Reflection Co-Efficient?
VSWR?
Return Loss?

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 26

Reflection Co-efficient

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 27

Impedance Bandwidth

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 28

Antenna Polarization

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 29

Mathematical Formulation of
Polarization

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 30

 Condition for

Linear Polarization

Circular Polarization

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 31

 Conditions for
Elliptical Polarization

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 32

Axial Ratio

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 33

Axial Ratio Beamwidth

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 34

Axial Ratio Bandwidth

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 35

 References
Stutzman and Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley
and Sons, 3rd Edition, 2013
C. A. Balanis: Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John
Wiley and Sons, 2nd Edition, 1997
John D Kraus, Ronald J Marhefka, Ahmad S Khan, Antennas
and Wave Propagation, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th Edition, 2010.

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 36

 Problems
An antenna has 30 antenna loss resistance and 77
radiation resistance. Compute the radiation efficiency.

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 37

 Problems
For an circular dish antenna with 20 cm
diameter identify the reactive near field region if
antenna operating frequency is 5 GHz.

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 38

 Problems
If power of 1 W is incident on the antenna input
terminal with VSWR 1.4 and antenna has conductor
and dielectric losses of 3.5 percent , then compute the
radiated power.

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 39

 Problems
An omnidirectional antenna would have constant
radiation in horizontal plane and would fall rapidly to
zero outside this plane. Suppose the pattern in the
vertical plane is constant out to from horizontal.
Obtain Directivity.

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 40

Problems

Nagendra N N - Dept. of TCE 41