Curved Beam PDF

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CURVED BEAMS
CONTENT:
WHATS A CURVED BEAM?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STRAIGHT BEAM AND A

CURVED BEAM
WHY STRESS CONCENTRA TION OCCUR AT INNER SIDE OR

CONCENTRATION
CONCAVE SIDE OF CURVED BEAM?
DERIVATION FOR STRESSES IN CURVED BEAM
PROBLEMS.
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Theory of Simple Bending

Due to bending moment, tensile stress develops in one portion of section
and compressive stress in the other portion across the depth. In between
these two portions, there is a layer where stresses are zero. Such a layer
is called neutral layer. Its trace on the cross section is called neutral axis.
Assumption
The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the
length of the beam.
The material of the beam obeys Hookes law.
The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain
plane after bending also.
Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of
the layer above or below it.
Youngs modulus is same in tension & compression.
Consider a portion of beam between sections AB and CD as shown in

the figure.
Let e1f1 be the neutral axis and g1h1 an
element at a distance y from neutral
axis. Figure shows the same portion
after bending. Let r be the
radius of curvature and is the angle

subtended by a1b1 and c1d1at centre of
radius of curvature. Since it is a neutral
axis, there is no change in its length (at
neutral axis stresses are zero.)
EF = E1F1 = R

G1H1 = (R+Y)
GH = R
Also Stress
OR
dF = 0
there is no direct force acting on the element considered.

Since yaa is first moment of area about neutral axis, ya/a is the
distance of centroid from neutral axis. Thus neutral axis coincides with
centroid of the cross section. Cross sec
sectional
tional area coincides with neutral
axis.
From (1) and (2)
CURVED BEAM
Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C -

clamps, crane hooks, frames of presses, riveters, punches, shears, boring
machines, planers etc. In straight beams the neutral axis of the section
coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam
is linear. But in the case of curved beams the neutral axis of the section
is shifted towards the centre of curvature of the beam causing a non-
linear [hyperbolic] distribution of stress. The neutral axis lies between
the centroidal axis and the centre of curvature and will always be present
within the curved beams.

Stresses in Curved Beam
Consider a curved beam subjected to bending moment Mb as shown

in the figure. The distribution of stress in curved flexural member is
determined by using the following assumptions:
i) The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous [i.e., same
material throughout] and isotropic [i.e., equal elastic properties in all
directions]
ii) The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the length
of the beam.
iii) The material of the beam obeys Hooke's law.
iv) The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain plane
after bending also.
v) Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of
the layer above or below it.
vi) The Young's modulus is same both in tension and compression.
Derivation for stresses in curved beam
Nomenclature used in curved beam
Ci =Distance from neutral axis to inner radius of curved beam

Co=Distance from neutral axis to outer radius of curved beam
C1=Distance from centroidal axis to inner radius of curved beam
C2= Distance from centroidal axis to outer radius of curved beam
F = Applied load or Force
A = Area of cross section
L = Distance from force to centroidal axis at critical section
d= Direct stress
bi = Bending stress at the inner fiber
bo = Bending stress at the outer fiber
ri = Combined stress at the inner fiber
ro = Combined stress at the outer fiber

c2
co
CA
NA
e
c1
ci
F
F
F
Mb
F
Mb
ri
rn
rc
C
L ro
Stresses in curved beam
Mb = Applied Bending Moment

ri = Inner radius of curved beam
ro = Outer radius of curved beam
rc = Radius of centroidal axis
rn = Radius of neutral axis
CL = Center of curvature
In the above figure the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes
before bending. i.e., when there are no stresses induced. When a bending
moment 'Mb' is applied to the beam the plane cd rotates with respect to
'ab' through an angle 'd' to the position 'fg' and the outer fibers are
shortened while the inner fibers are elongated. The original length of a
strip at a distance 'y' from the neutral axis is (y + rn). It is shortened by
the amount yd and the stress in this fiber is,
= E.e
Where = stress, e = strain and E = Young's Modulus

We know, stress = E.e

We know, stress e

i.e., =E ..... (i)

Since the fiber is shortened, the stress induced in this fiber is

compressive stress and hence negative sign.
The load on the strip having thickness dy and cross sectional area dA is
'dF'

i.e., dF = dA = dA

From the condition of equilibrium, the summation of forces over the
whole cross-section is zero and the summation of the moments due to
these forces is equal to the applied bending moment.
Let
Mb = Applied Bending Moment
ri = Inner radius of curved beam
ro = Outer radius of curved beam

rc = Radius of centroidal axis

rn = Radius of neutral axis
CL= Centre line of curvature
Summation of forces over the whole cross section
i.e. dF 0

=0

As is not equal to zero,

=0 ..... (ii)
The neutral axis radius 'rn' can be determined from the above equation.
If the moments are taken about the neutral axis,
Mb = ydF
Substituting the value of dF, we get

Mb = dA

= y ! " dA

=

ydA #$

0%
Since ydA represents the statical moment of area, it may be replaced

by A.e., the product of total area A and the distance 'e' from the
centroidal axis to the neutral axis.


Mb = A.e ..... (iii)

From equation (i) =

Substituting in equation (iii)

Mb = . A. e.

&'
=

..... (iv)
This is the general equation for the stress in a fiber at a distance 'y' from
neutral axis.
At the outer fiber, y = co
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo

&' ()
i.e., bo= ! ($ rn + co = ro) ..... (v)
)
Where co = Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber. It is compressive

stress and hence negative sign. At the inner fiber, y = ci
Bending stress at the inner fiber
&' ( *
bi=
+(*
&' ( *
bi =
*
i.e., ($ rn ci = ri) ..... (vi)
Where ci = Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber. It is tensile stress

and hence positive sign.

Difference between a straight beam and a curved beam
Sl.no straight beam curved beam

1 In Straight beams the neutral In case of curved beams the
axis of the section coincides neutral axis of the section is
with its centroidal axis and the shifted towards the center of
stress distribution in the beam curvature of the beam causing
is linear. a non-linear stress
distribution.

3 Neutral axis and centroidal Neutral axis is shifted

axis coincides towards the least centre of
curvature
Location of the neutral axis By considering a rectangular cross

section

Centroidal and Neutral Axis of Typical Section of Curved Beams


Why stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of

curved beam
Consider the elements of the curved beam lying between two axial
planes ab and cd separated by angle . Let fg is the final position of
the plane cd having rotated through an angle d about neutral axis.
Consider two fibers symmetrically located on either side of the neutral
yd.
axis. Deformation in both the fibers is same and equal to yd

Since length of inner element is smaller than outer element, the strain
induced and stress developed are higher for inner element than outer
element as shown.
Thus stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of curved
beam
The actual magnitude of stress in the curved beam would be influenced

by magnitude of curvature However, for a general comparison the stress
distribution for the same section and same bending moment for the
straight beam and the curved beam are shown in figure.
It is observed that the neutral axis shifts inwards for the curved beam.
This results in stress to be zero at this position, rather than at the centre
of gravity.
In cases where holes and discontinuities are provided in the beam, they
should be preferably placed at the neutral axis, rather than that at the
centroidal axis. This results in a better stress distribution.
Example:
For numerical analysis, consider the depth of the section ass twice
the inner radius.

For a straight beam:
Inner most fiber:
Outer most fiber:
For curved beam: h=2ri
e = rc - rn = h 0.910h = 0.0898h
co = ro - rn= h 0.910h = 0590h
ci = rn - ri = 0.910h - = 0.410h

Comparing the stresses at the inner most fiber based on (1) and (3), we
observe that the stress at the inner most fiber in this case is:
bci = 1.522BSi
Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 1.522 times greater
than that for a straight beam.
From the stress distribution it is observed that the maximum stress in a
curved beam is higher than the straight beam.
Comparing the stresses at the outer most fiber based on (2) and (4), we
observe that the stress at the outer most fiber in this case is:
bco = 1.522BSi
Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 0.730 times that for
a straight beam.
The curvatures thus introduce a non linear stress distribution.
This is due to the change in force flow lines, resulting in stress
concentration on the inner side.
To achieve a better stress distribution, section where the centroidal axis
is the shifted towards the insides must be chosen, this tends to equalize
the stress variation on the inside and outside fibers for a curved beam.
Such sections are trapeziums, non symmetrical I section, and T sections.
It should be noted that these sections should always be placed in a
manner such that the centroidal axis is inwards.
Problem no.1
Plot the stress distribution about section A-B of the hook as shown in
figure.
Given data:
ri = 50mm
ro = 150mm
F = 22X103N
b = 20mm
h = 150-50 = 100mm
A = bh = 20X100 = 2000mm2

e = rc - rn = 100 - 91.024 = 8.976mm
Section A-B will be subjected to a combination of direct load and

bending, due to the eccentricity of the force.
Stress due to direct load will be,
y = rn r = 91.024 r
Mb = 22X103X100 = 2.2X106 N-mm


Problem no.2
Determine the value of t in the cross section of a curved beam as
shown in fig such that the normal stress due to bending at the extreme
fibers are numerically equal.
Given data;
Inner radius ri=150mm
Outer radius ro=150+40+100
=290mm
Solution;
From Figure Ci + CO = 40 + 100
= 140mm (1)
Since the normal stresses due to bending at

the extreme fiber are numerically equal we
have,
i.e Ci=
= 0.51724Co (2)
Radius of neutral axis
rn=
rn =197.727 mm
ai = 40mm; bi = 100mm; b2 =t;
ao = 0; bo = 0; ri = 150mm; ro = 290mm;

i.e., 4674.069+83.61t = 4000+100t;
t = 41.126mm
Problem no.3
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in the
figure.
Solution:
The figure shows the critical section of the split

ring.
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 80mm
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 80
= 50mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 80 +
= 110mm
Radius of neutral axis rn =
=
= 77.081mm
Applied force F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)


Area of cross section A = d2 = x602 = 2827.433mm2
, ,
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc = 80mm
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = 20,000x80
=16x105N-mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis

e = rc ! rn
= 80! 77.081=2.919mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius
ci = rn ! ri
= 77.081! 50=27.081mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius
co = ro ! rn
= 110 ! 77.081=32.919mm
. /0000
d = !
/1/2.,44
Direct stress =
=! 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.)
&' *
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = !
*
+ 567508 7/2.015
/1/2.,447/.9597:0
=
= ! 105N/mm2 (compressive)
&' ) 567508 74/.959

) /1/2.,447/.9597550
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = =
= 58.016N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the inner fiber

ri = d + bi
= ! 7.0736! 105.00
= - 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
ro = d + bo
= ! 7.0736+58.016
Maximum shear stress
max = 0.5x max
= 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm2, at B
The figure.

Problem No. 4
Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean radius of
100mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2KN-m tending to
straighten the bar. Find the position of the Neutral axis and draw a
diagram to show the variation of stress across the section.
Solution
Given data:
b= 40mm h= 60mm
rc=100mm Mb= 2x106 N-mm
C1=C2= 30mm
rn=
ro= rc+h/2=100+30=130 =(ri+c1+c2)

ri= rc- h/2 = 100 - 30= 70mm (rc-c1)
rn= 96.924mm

e = rc - rn= 100-96.924
=3.075mm
ci= rn- ri = (c1-e) = 26.925mm
co=c2+e= (ro-rn) = 33.075mm
Area
A= bxh = 40x60 = 2400 mm2
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = =
= 104.239 N/mm2 (compressive)

&' ) +/;50< ;44.02:

) /,00;4.02:;540
= -68.94 N/mm2 (tensile)
+&'
=
Bending stress at the centroidal axis =
+/;50<
/,00;500
=
= -8.33 N/mm2 (Compressive)
The stress distribution at the inner and outer fiber is as shown in the
figure.

Problem No. 5
The section of a crane hook is a trapezium; the inner face is b and is at a

distance of 120mm from the centre line of curvature. The outer face is
25mm and depth of trapezium =120mm.Find the proper value of b, if the
extreme fiber stresses due to pure bending are numerically equal, if the
section is subjected to a couple which develop a maximum fiber stress of
60Mpa.Determine the magnitude of the couple.
Solution
ri = 120mm; bi = b; bo= 25mm; h = 120mm
bi = bo = 60MPa
Since the extreme fibers stresses due to pure bending are numerically
equal we have,
& ' * & ' )
* )
=
We have,
Ci/ri =co/ro =ci/co =120/240
2ci=co
But h= ci + co
120 = ci+2ci
Ci=40mm; co=80mm
rn= ri + ci = 120+40 =160 mm

b=150.34mm
To find the centroidal axis, (C2)
bo= 125.84mm; b=25mm; h=120mm
= 74.313mm.
But C1=C2
rc= ro-c2 =240 - 74.313 =165.687mm
e=rc- rn = 165.687 - 160 = 5.6869 mm
Bending stress in the outer fiber,
M> c
>?
Aer
5:0.1,/:5/0
A=
/
= 1050.4mm
&' ;10
60 =
50::0.,;:.612;/,0
Mb=10.8x106 N-mm

Problem no.6
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in
fig.1.9a
Solution:
Redraw the critical section as shown in the figure.
60
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 80! = 50mm
/
60
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 80 + = 110mm
/

CD) D* E
,

C550:0E
= =77.081mm
,
Applied force F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)

Area of cross section A = d2 = x602 = 2827.433mm2
, ,
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc = 80mm

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 20,000x80
=16x105N-mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc ! rn
= 80! 77.081
=2.919mm


ci = rn ! ri = 77.081! 50 = 27.081mm
co = ro ! rn = 110! 77.081 = 32.919mm
. /0000
d =!
/1/2.,44
Direct stress =
=! 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.)
&' * + 567508 7/2.015
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = !
* /1/2.,447/.9597:0
=
= ! 105N/mm2 (compressive)
&' ) 567508 74/.959
) /1/2.,447/.9597550
Combined stress at the inner fiber
ri = d + bi =! 7.0736! 105.00
=! 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
ro = d + b = ! 7.0736+58.016
Maximum shear stress
Gmax = 0.5x max = 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm2, at B

The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.

Problem no.7
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress induced
in a c frame of a hydraulic portable riveter shown in fig.1.6a
Solution:
R1
00
9000N
50
Draw the critical section as shown in
the figure. 80
Inner radius of curved beam ri =

175 mm
100mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 100+80
= 180mm F
10
h = 80mm
e
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 100+
/
c2 c1
= 140mm
b = 50 mm

Radius of neutral axis rn = ln I)
Critical
# I* %
Section
co ci ri = 100mm 175mm
10
= ln
ro
rn
JK?
NA
#J?%
CA
rc
CL F
= 136.1038mm
e = rc - rn = 140-136.1038 = 3.8962mm


ci = rn - ri = 136.1038-100 = 36.1038mm
co = ro - rn = 180-136.1038 = 43.8962mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force
l = 175+ rc = 175+140 = 315mm
Applied force F = 9000N
Area of cross section A = 50x80 = 4000mm2
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 9000x315
= 2835000 N-mm
. 9000
,000
Direct stress d = =
&' * /14:000746.5041
* ,00074.196/7500
&' ) /14:0007,4.196/
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = ! =!
) ,00074.196/7510
= ! 44.326N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi = 2.25+65.676
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 2.25! 44.362
= !42.112 N/mm2 (compressive)

Maximum shear stress Gmax = 0.5x max = 0.5x67.926

= 33.963 N/mm2, at the inner fiber
The stress distribution on the critical section is as shown in the figure.
ri=67.926 N/mm2
2
Combined stress ro=-42.112 N/mm
bi=65.676 N/mm2
Bending stress bo=-44.362 N/mm2
2
Direct stress (d) d=2.25 N/mm
NA
CA
b = 50 mm
h =80 mm

Problem no.8
The frame punch press is shown in fig. 1.7s. Find the stress in inner and
outer surface at section A-B the frame if F = 5000N
Solution: h = 40mm F
e
c2 c1
bo = 6 mm
bi = 18 mm
Draw the critical section as shown in the
figure.
co ci ri = 25mm 100mm
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 25mm rc
ro
rn
NA
CA
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 25+40 C F

L
= 65mm
>* />)
"
4 >* >)
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 =
,0 51/76
= " = 16.667mm
4 516

Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri ! c1

= 25+16.667 = 41.667 mm
J
>* >)

Radius of neutral axis rn = '* I) L ') I* I)
+ >* +>)
M I*
J
7,0516

= JKN<8L<N8 <8 =38.8175mm
+ 51+6
O? 8
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc! rn

= 1.667!38.8175
=2.8495mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn! ri

= 38.8175!25=13.8175mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro! rn
= 65-38.8175=26.1825mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = 100+ rc = 100+41.667
= 141.667mm
5 5
Area of cross section A = b Q b = x4018 Q 6 = 480mm2
/ /
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 5000x141.667

= 708335 N-mm

. :000
Direct stress d = = = 10.417N/mm2 (tensile)
,10
&' * 20144:754.152:
* ,107/.1,9:7/:
&' ) 20144:7/6.51/:
) ,107/.1,9:76:
= !208.606N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 10.417!286.232


ri=296.649 N/mm2
2
Combined stress ro=-198.189 N/mm
bi=286.232 N/mm2
Bending stress bo =-208.606 N/mm2
Direct stress (d) d=10.417 N/mm2
NA
CA
bo = 6 mm bi = 18 mm
h =40 mm

Problem no.9
Figure shows a frame of a punching machine and its various dimensions.
Determine the maximum stress in the frame, if it has to resist a force of
85kN
75
750 mm
75 300 85 kN
250
550
Solution:
ai =75mm
F
Draw the critical section as shown in the 225 mm B
figure. a1
300mm
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 250mm b2 =75mm a2
b=
i
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 550mm
co ci A
X ri = 250 mm
rn
e
rc 750
ro=550 mm
NA
CA
Radius of neutral axis C

L F

rn =
I Y I Y I)
>* W *X * Z > [ )L ) \>) "
I* I)XY I) LY)
*
ai = 75mm; bi = 300mm; b2 = 75mm; ao = 0; bo = 0

A=a1+a2=75x300+75x225 =39375mm2
4942:
rn = 8?X]8 88?L? = 333.217mm
400 "2: "0
8? 8?X]8
Let AB be the ref. line

]8 8
J 7J 7 2:7400 2:7//: 2: "
x^ J
=
4942:

= 101.785mm
Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri +x^
= 250+101.785=351.785 mm
= 351.785-333.217=18.568mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn! ri
= 333.217! 250=83.217mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro! rn
= 550! 333.217=216.783mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = 750+ rc
= 750+351.785 = 1101.785mm
Applied force F = 85kN
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI
= 85000x1101.785
= 93651725N-mm
. 1:000
4942:
&' * 946:52/:714./52
* 4942:751.:617/:0

&' ) 946:52/:7/56.214
=!
) 4942:751.:617::0
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =!
= 24.165N/mm2, at the outer fiber
The below figure shows the stress distribution.
2
ri=44.8 N/mm
Combined stress ro=-48.33 N/mm2
bi=42.64 N/mm2
Bending stress bo=-50.49 N/mm2
Direct stress ( d) d=2.16 N/mm2
ai=75mm
NA
CA
a1
bi =300mm
b2 = 75 mm a2
225

Problem no.10
Compute the combined stress at the inner and outer fibers in the critical
cross section of a crane hook is required to lift loads up to 25kN. The
hook has trapezoidal cross section with parallel sides 60mm and 30mm,
the distance between them being 90mm .The inner radius of the hook is
100mm. The load line is nearer to the surface of the hook by 25 mm the
centre of curvature at the critical
section. What will be the stress at inner
and outer fiber, if the beam is treated as
10
straight beam for the given load?
0
m
90mm
m
30mm 60mm 25mm
F = 25 kN
NA
CA
Solution:
h = 90 mm
c2 c1
Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.

Inner radius of curved beam ri = 100mm
co ci ri
rn
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 100+90 = e
rc
190mm
ro
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber l
>* />) 90 60/740

" = x "
F C
L
c1 =
4 >* >) 4 6040
= 40mm

Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri + c1 = 100+40
= 140 mm
J
>* >)

Radius of neutral axis rn = '* I)L ') I* I)
I + >* +>)
M *
J
79076040

= <?NJ_? L `?NJ?? J_?
= 135.42mm
J?? + 60+40
_?

= 140! 135.42=4.58mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn ! ri = 135.42! 100
=35.42mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro ! rn = 190! 135.42
= 54.58mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc ! 25= 140! 25
= 115mm
Applied force F = 25,000N = 25kN
5 5
Area of cross section A = b Q b = x90x60 Q 30 = 4050mm2
/ /
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 25,000x115

= 2875000 N-mm
. /:000
,0:0

&' * /12:00074:.,/
* ,0:07,.:17500
= 54.9 N/mm2 (tensile)

&' ) /12:0007:,.:1
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo =! =!
) ,0:07,.:17590
Maximum shear stress max = 0.5x max = 0.5x61.072

b) Beam is treated as straight beam

From DDHB refer table,
b = 30mm
bo = 60-30 = 30mm
h = 90
c1 = 40mm
c2 = 90-50 = 40mm
A = 4050 mm2
Mb = 28750000 N/mm2
Also
4>/>) 7
C2 = ---------------------- From DDHB
47/>>)

4740/740790
C2 = = 50mm
47/74040
c1 = 90-50= 40mm
C67> 67>7>) >) E`

46c/>>) d
Moment of inertia I =
C6740 674074040 E90`

46c/74040d
=
= 2632500mm4
. /:000

Direct stress b = =
,0:0
&' J /12:0007,0
e 2632500

&' 2875000x50
Bending stress at the outer fiber bo = - =
e /64/:00
= -54.606N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 6.173-54.606
= -48.433N/mm2 (compressive)
The stress distribution on the straight beam is as shown in the figure.

2
ri= 49.858 N/mm
ro=-48.433 N/mm2
2
bi= 43.685 N/mm
2
bo =-54.606 N/mm
d d= 6.173 N/mm2
c2 =50mm c1=40mm
bo/2 = 15
60 mm
NA, CA
b
b = 30 mm
bo/2 = 15
h =90 mm

Problem no.11
The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is
30mm and depth is 60mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at
distance of 125mm from the inside section and the load line is 100mm
from the same point. Find the capacity of hook if the allowable stress in
tension is 75N/mm2
12
5
m
h=60mm
m
100
b=30mm
Solution:
F=?
Draw the critical section as shown in the h = 60mm
e
figure. c2 c1
Load line
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 125mm
b = 30 mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 125+60

100
= 185mm co ci ri = 125mm
ro
60 rn
Radius of centroidal axis rc =100+
/ rc
l
= 130mm
NA
CA
CL
60
Radius of neutral axis rn = ln = ln
F
I) JK8
#I* % #J8%
= 153.045mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn
= 155-153.045 = 1.955mm

Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri

= 153.045-125 = 28.045mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn
= 185-153.045 = 31.955mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -25 = 155-25 = 130mm
Area of cross section A = bh = 30x60 = 1800mm2
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = Fx130
= 130F
. .
Direct stress d = =
5100
&' * .
* 5100
Bending stress at the inner fiber bi = +
Combined stress at the inner fiber ri = d + bi

5407.7/1.0,: .
i.e., 75 = +
510075.9::75/: 5100
F = 8480.4N =Capacity of the hook.

Problem no.12
Design of steel crane hook to have a capacity of 100kN. Assume factor
of safety (FS) = 2 and trapezoidal section.
M =bi
bo
Z
Data: Load capacity F = 100kN = 105N;

Trapezoidal section; FS = 2
Solution: Approximately 1kgf = 10N
105 = 10,000 kgf =10t
Selection the standard crane hook dimensions from table 25.3 when safe
load =10t and steel (MS)
c =11933; Z = 14mm; M = 71mm and
NA
CA
h = 111 mm
h = 111mm
c2 c1
bi= M = 7133
bo=28 CL
bo = 2xZ = 2x14 = 28 mm bi=71
559 co ci ri=59.5 mm
r1 = = = 59.5mm
/ / e
rn
rc= l
h = 111mm
ro
F

Assume the load line passes through the centre of hook. Draw the
critical section as shown in the figure.
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 59.5mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 59.5+111 = 170.5mm
J
>* >)

Radius of neutral axis rn = '* I)L ') I* I)
+ >* >)
M I*
J
7555725/1

= ]JNJ]?.8LKN8_.8 J]?.8
+ 25/1
O? 8_.8
= 98.095mm
>* />)
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 = "
4 >* >)
555 25/7/1
= " = 47.465mm
4 25/1
Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri + c1
= 47.465+59.5= 106.965 mm
=106.965-98.095 =8.87mm
= 98.095-59.5=38.595mm
= 170.5-98.095=72.0405mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -106.965


5
Area of cross section A = b Q b
/
5
= x111x71 Q 28 = 5494.5mm2
/
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = 105x141.667

= 106.965x105N-mm
. 500000
Direct stress d = =
:,9,.:
&' * 506.96:7508 741.:9:
*
:,9,.:71.127:9.:
= 142.365/mm2 (tensile)
&' ) 506.96:7508 72/.,0:
:,9,.5x8.127520.:
)
= -93.2 N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at the outer fiber ro = d + bo = 18.2-93.2
= -75N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum shear stress max = 0.5x max = 0. 160.565

2
ri=160.565 N/mm
ro =-75 N/mm2
bi=142,365 N/mm2
bo=-93.2 N/mm2
d d =18.2 N/mm2
h = 111 mm
NA
CA
bo = 28 mm bi = 71 mm

Problem no.13
The figure shows a loaded offset bar. What is the maximum offset
distance x if the allowable stress in tension is limited to 50N/mm2
Solution:
Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.
Inner radius ri = 100 100/2 = 50mm
Outer radius ro = 100 + 100/2 = 150mm
Dro ri
2
Radius of neutral axis rn = W Z
4
15050
"=
2
=
4
93.3mm
e = rc - rn = 100 - 93.3 = 6.7mm
ci = rn ri = 93.3 50 = 43.3
mm
co = ro - rn = 150 - 93.3 =
56.7mm
i i
A = x d2 = x 1002 = 7853.98mm2
, ,
Mb = Fx = 5000 x
Combined maximum stress at the inner fiber
(i.e., at B)

ri= Direct stress + bending stress

. &' *
= Q
*
:000 :0007,4.4
50 Q
21:4.91 21:4.91j6.2j:0
x= 599.9 = Maximum offset distance.
Problem no.14
An Open S made from 25mm diameter
rod as shown in the figure determine the
maximum tensile, compressive and shear
stress
Solution:
(I) Consider the section P-Q

Draw the critical section at P-Q as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis rc =100mm
Inner radius ri =100 = 87.5mm
Outer radius ro = 100+ = 112.5mm

Radius of neutral axis
rn = =
= 99.6mm
Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =rc - rn
=100 - 99.6 = 0.4mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber ci = rn ri
= 99.6 87.5 =12.1 mm

Distance of neutral axis to outer fiber co = ro -rn

=112.5 99.6 = 12.9 mm

Area of cross-section A= d2 = x252 = 490.87 mm2
4 4
Distance from centroidal axis I = rc = 100mm

Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = F.l = 100 x 100
= 100000Nmm
Combined stress at the outer fiber (i.e., at Q) =Direct stress +bending

stress
F M b Co 1000 100000 X12.9
ro= - =
A Aeo 490.87 490.87 X 0.4 X 112.5
= - 56.36 N/mm2 (compressive)

Combined stress at inner fibre (i.e., at p)
ri= Direct stress + bending stress

F M b ci 1000 100000 X 12.1
= + = +
A Aeri 490.87 490.87 X 0.4 X 87.5
= 72.466 N/MM2 (tensile)

(ii) Consider the section R -S
Redraw the critical section at R S as shown in fig.
rc = 75mm
25
ri = 75 - =62.5 mm
2

25
ro = 75 + = 87.5 mm
2

A= d2 = X 252 = 490.87 mm2
4 4
Dro ri
2
rn = W Z
4
87.5 62.5
"
2
= =74.4755 mm
4
e = rc - rn = 75 -74.4755 =0.5254 mm
ci = rn - ri =74.4755 62.5 =11.9755 mm
co = ro - rn = 87.5 74.4755 = 13.0245 mm
l = rc = 75 mm
Mb = Fl = 1000 X 75 = 75000 Nmm

Combined stress at the outer fibre (at R) = Direct stress + Bending stress
F M b co 1000 75000 X13.0245
ro = = -
A Aero 490.87 490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5

Combined stress at the inner fiber (at S) = Direct stress + Bending stress
F M b co 1000 75000 X 11.9755
ri = + = +
A Aero 490.87 490.87 X 0.5245 X 62.5

Maximum tensile stress = 72.466 N/mm2 at P
2
Maximum compressive stress = 56.36 N/mm at Q
Maximum shear stress max=0.5 max= 0.5 X 72.466
= 36.233 N/mm2 at P
Stresses in Closed Ring

Consider a thin circular ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown
in the figure.

The ring is symmetrical and is loaded symmetrically in both the

horizontal and vertical directions.
Consider the horizontal section as shown in the figure. At the two ends
A and B, the vertical forces would be F/2.
No horizontal forces would be there at A and B. this argument can be
proved by understanding that since the ring and the external forces are
symmetrical, the reactions too must be symmetrical.
Assume that two horizontal inward forces H, act at A and B in the upper
half, as shown in the figure. In this case, the lower
half must have forces H acting outwards as shown.
This however, results in violation of symmetry and
hence H must be zero. Besides the forces, moments
of equal magnitude M0 act at A and B. It should be
noted that these moments do not violate the
condition of symmetry. Thus loads on the section can
be treated as that shown in the figure. The unknown
quantity is M0. Again Considering symmetry, We
conclude that the tangents at A and B must be
vertical and must remain so after deflection or M0
does not rotate. By Castiglianos theorem, the partial
derivative of the strain energy with respect to the load gives the
displacement of the load. In this case, this would be zero.
.(1)

The bending moment at any point C, located at angle , as shown in the

figure.
Will be
..(2)
As per Castiglianos theorem,
From equation (2)
And, ds = Rd

As this quantity is positive the direction assumed for Mo is correct and it

produces tension in the inner fibers and compression on the outer.
It should be noted that these equations are valid in the region,
= 0 to = 900.
The bending moment Mb at any angle from equation (2) will be:

It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo.

The stress at any angle can be found by considering the
forces as shown in the figure.
Put = 0 in Bending moment equation (4) then we will
get,
At A-A Mbi = 0.181FR

Mbo = - 0.181FR
And = 90,
At B-B Mbi = - 0.318FR
Mbo = 0.318FR
The vertical force F/2 can be resolved in two

components (creates normal direct stresses) and S
(creates shear stresses).
The combined normal stress across any section will be:

The stress at inner (1Ai) and outer points (1Ao) at A-A will be (at = 0)
On similar lines, the stress at the point of application of load at inner and
outer points will be (at = 900)
It should be noted that in calculating the bending stresses, it is assumed

that the radius is large compared to the depth, or the beam is almost a
straight beam.

A Thin Extended Closed Link
Consider a thin closed ring subjected to symmetrical load F as shown in

the figure. At the two ends C and D, the vertical forces would be F/2.
No horizontal forces would be there at C and D, as discussed earlier

ring.
The unknown quantity is M0. Again considering symmetry, we
conclude that the tangents at C and D must be vertical and must remain
so after deflection or M0 does not rotate.
There are two regions to be considered in this case:
The straight portion, (0 < y < L) where
Mb = MO
The curved portion, where

\
As per Castiglianos theorem

It can be observed that at L = 0 equation reduces to the same expression

as obtained for a circular ring. Mo produces tension in the inner fibers
and Compression on the outer.
The bending moment Mb at any angle will be
Noting that the equation are valid in the region, = 0 to = p/2,
At = 0
At section B-B bending moment at inner and outer side of the fiber is
At section A-A the load point, i.e., at = p/2, the maximum value of
bending moment occurs (numerically), as it is observed that the second
part of the equation is much greater than the first part.
It can be observed that at L = 0, equation (v) reduces to the same

expression as obtained for a circular ring.
It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo.

The stress at any angle can be found by considering the force as

shown in the figure.
The vertical force F/2 can be resolved in two components (creates

normal direct stresses) and S (creates shear stresses).
The combined normal stress across any section will be
The stress at inner fiber 1Bi and outer fiber 1Bo and at section B-B will
be (at = 0):
The stress at inner fiber 1Ai and outer fiber 1Ao and at section A-A
will be (at the loading point = 900):

Problem 15
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 25 mm diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner
diameter of the ring is 60 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.29a and 1.29b respectively.
Inner radius ri = = 30mm
Outer radius = 30+25 = 55mm
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 30 + = 42.5mm
= =42.5mm

= 42.5 41.56 = 0.94mm
= 41.56 30 = 11.56mm


= 55 - 41.56 = 13.44mm
Direct stress at any cross section at an angle with horizontal
. k
/
d =
Consider the cross section A A

At section A A, = 900 with respect to horizontal
. k 90
/
Direct stress d = =0
Bending moment Mb = - 0.318Fr

Where r = rc, negative sign refers to tensile load
M>l = - 0.318x6500x42.5 = -87847.5 N-mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber l =Direct stress + Bending stress
&' * 121,2.:755.:6
=0- =!
* ,90.12,70.9,740
= - 73.36N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum stress at outer fiber l = Direct stress + Bending stress
&' ) 121,2.:754.,,
=0+ =
) ,90.12,70.9,7::
Consider the cross section B B

At section B B, = 00 with respect to horizontal

. k 0 6:007 cos 0
= 6.621 N/mm2
2A /7,90.12,
Direct stress d = =
Bending moment Mb = 0.182Fr

Where r = rc, positive sign refers to tensile load
M>o = 0.182x6500x42.5 = 50277.5 N-mm
Maximum stress at the inner fiber o =Direct stress + Bending stress

&' * :0/22.:755.:6
* ,90.874x0.9,740
= d - = 6.621 +

&' ) :0/22.:754.,,
= d + =6.621+
) ,90.12,70.9,7::
= -20 N/mm2 (compressive)

Problem 16
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 50 mm diameter rod subjected to a compressive load of 20kNN. The
mean diameter of the ring is 100 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.30a and 1.30b respectively.
Inner radius ri = - = 25mm
Outer radius = + = 75mm
Radius of centroidal axis rc = = 50mm
= = 46.65mm

= 50 - 46.65 = 3.35mm
= 46.65-25 = 21.65 mm
= 75 - 46.65 = 28.35mm
Area of cross section A = x552 = 1963.5mm2


p qrs t
/u
d =
Consider the cross section A A

p qrs 90
/u
Bending moment Mb = + 0.318Fr

Where r = rc, positive sign refers to tensile load
vwx = + 0.318x20000x50 = 318000 N-mm
Maximum stress at the inner fiber yz{x =Direct stress + Bending stress
|} q ~ 31800021.6:
uz~ 5964.:4.4:/:
=0+ =

Maximum stress at outer fiber yzrx = Direct stress + Bending stress
|} q 451000/1.35
uz 5964.:4.4:2:
=0 - =-

Consider the cross section B B

. k 0 /00007 k 0
/
Direct stress d = =
/75964.:

Bending moment Mb = -0.1828Fr
Where r = rc, negative sign refers to tensile load
M>o = - 0.182x20000x50 = -182000 N-mm
&' * 51/0007/5.6:
Aer* 5964.5x3.4:7/:
= d - = -5.093 +

&' ) 51/0007/1.4:
= d + = -5.093 +
) 5964.:74.4:72:

Problem 17
A chain link is made of 40 mm diameter rod is circular at each end the
mean diameter of which is 80mm. The straight sides of the link are also
80mm. The straight sides of the link are also 80mm.If the link carries a
load of 90kN; estimate the tensile and compress
compressive
ive stress in the link
along the section of load line. Also find the stress at a section 900 away
from the load line
Solution: refer figure
= 80mm; dc = 80mm; rc = 40mm;
F = 90kN = 90000N
Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32
Inner radius ri = 40 - = 20mm
Outer radius = + = 60mm
= = 37.32mm

=40-37.32 = 2.68mm
= 37.32-20 = 17.32 mm


= 60 37.32 = 22.68mm
. k
d =
/
Consider the cross section A A [i.e., Along the load line]

. k 90
/
.I /
Bending moment M>l = - where r = rc,
/
900007,07/7,010
M>l = = 1.4x106N-mm
/7,010
Maximum stress at the inner fiber l =Direct stress + Bending stress
&' * 5.,750< 752.4/
=0+ =
* 7,0 7/.617/0
O
= - 360 N/mm2 (tensile)

&' ) 5.,750< 7//.61
=0- =-
)
O
7,0 7/.61760

Consider the cross section B B [i.e., 900 away from the load line]
. k / 5.,750< 7 k 0
Direct stress d = = = 35.81 N/mm2
/ /7O7,0

(compressive)
.I /+
Bending moment M>l = - where r = rc,
/
900007,07/7,0+710
M>l = = - 399655.7N-mm
/7,010
&' * 4996::.2752.4/
= d - = 35.81 +
* /7 7,0 7/.617/0

O

&' ) 4996::.27//.61
= d + = 35.81 -
) /7O7,0 7/.61760


Maximum tensile stress occurs at outer fiber of section A A and
maximum compressive stress occurs at the inner fiber of section A A.

Using usual notations prove that the moment of resistance M of a

curved beam of initial radius R1 when bent to a radius R2 by
uniform bending moment is
M = EAeR1
Consider a curved beam of uniform cross section as shown in Figure

below. Its transverse section is symmetric with respect to the y axis and
in its unstressed state; its upper and lower surfaces intersect the vertical
xy plane along the arcs of circle A B and EF centered at O [Fig. 1(a)].
AB
Now apply two equal and opposite couples M and M' as shown in Fig. 1.
(c). The length of neutral surface remains the same. and ' are the
central angles before and after applying the moment M. Since the length
of neutral surface remains the same
R1 =R2' ..... (i)
Figure
Consider the arc of circle JK located at a distance y above the neutral
surface. Let r1 and r2 be the radius of this arc before and after bending
couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK,
.... (ii)
From Fig. 1.2 a and c, r1 = R1 y; r2 = R2 y ..... (iii)

= (R2 y) ' (R1 y)

=R2' 'y R1 + y
= y (' ) [ R1 = R2' from equ (i)]
= y
[ ' = + = ] ..... (iv)
The normal strain x in the element of JK is obtained by dividing
the deformation by the original length r1 of arc JK.
x = ..... (v)
The normal stress x may be obtained from Hooke's law x = Ex
x =E ..... (vi)
i.e. x = E ( r1 = R1 y) .(vii)
Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress x does not vary linearly
with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting x versus y, we
obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.
From the condition of equilibrium the summation of forces over the

entire area is zero and the summation of the moments due to these forces
is equal to the applied bending moment.
F =0
i.e., xdA =0 ..... (viii)
and ( yxdA)=M ..... (ix)

Substituting the value of the x from equation (vii) into equation

(viii)
t +z

t
J J "dA=0 zJ
t J +zJ
Since is not equal to zero "dA = 0
t zJ
u
i.e. R1 ! =0
z1
u
i.e., . R1 ! =0
z1
u
R1 = x
1
It follows the distance R1 from the centre of curvature O to the
u
neutral surface is obtained by the relation R1 = x ..... (x)

1
The value of R1 is not equal to the 1 distance from O to the centroid

of the cross-section, since 1 is obtained by the relation,
5
1 = 1 ..... (xi)
u
Hence it is proved that in a curved member the neutral axis of a
transverse section does not pass through the centroid of that section.
Now substitute the value of x from equation (vii) into equations (ix)
t J +zJ
"y dA =M
t zJ
t J +zJ /
i.e., " dA = M ($ r1 = R1 - y from iii)
t zJ
/
t CJ +/J zJ zJ E
i.e.,
t
zJ
dA = M
t u
i.e., #5 / ! 25 Q 1%= M
t zJ
t u
i.e., #5 / ! 25 Q 5 % = M [using equations (x) and (xi)]
t J

t
i.e., 5 ! 25 Q 5 v
t
t
i.e., 5 ! 5 =M
t
t |
i.e., = ^^^1 +1
..... (xii)
t uz
t |
i.e., = ($e =
1 R1 from Fig. 1.2a)
t u
xiii)
t
Substituting into equation (VI)
t
|
x = ..... (xiv)
u1 +
Mz1 +1
x= ($ r1 = R1 y ..... (xv)
uz1
An equation (xiv) is the general expression for the normal stress x in a

curved beam.
To determine the change in curvature of the neutral surface caused by
the bending moment M
From equation (i),
5 5 t

J t
5 tt
"
J t

5 t 5 |
1Q "= #1 Q %
J t J u
t |
{$From equation (xiii) = }
t u
1 v
Q
5 5
5 5
!
M
i.e. =
J EAeR1
5 5
M =EAe R1 ! "
J
Hence proved
References:

ASSIGNMENT
1. What are the assumptions made in finding stress distribution for a curved flexural member? Also
give two differences between a straight and curved beam
2. Discuss the stress distribution pattern in curved beams when compared to straight beam with
sketches
3. Derive an expression for stress distribution due to bending moment in a curved beam
EXERCISES
1. Determine the force F that will produce a maximum tensile stress of 60N/mm2 in section
A - B and the corresponding stress at the section C - D
2. A crane hook has a section of trapezoidal. The area at the critical section is 115 mm2. The hook
carries a load of 10kN and the inner radius of curvature is 60 mm. calculate the maximum tensile,
compressive and shear stress.
Hint: bi = 75 mm; bo = 25 mm; h = 115 mm
3. A closed ring is made of 40 mm diameter rod bent to a mean radius of 85 mm. If the pull along
the diameter is 10,000 N, determine the stresses induced in the section of the ring along which it is
divided into two parts by the direction of pull.
4. Determine of value of t in the cross section of a curved beam shown in Figure such that the normal
stresses due to bending at the extreme fibers are numerically equal.

VTU,Jan/Feb.2005
Fig.1.35
5. Determine a safe value for load P for a machine element loaded as shown in Figure limiting the
maximum normal stress induced on the cross section XX to 120 MPa.
6. The section of a crane hook is trapezoidal, whose inner and outer sides are 90 mm and
25 mm respectively and has a depth of 116 mm. The center of curvature of the section is at a
distance of 65 mm from the inner side of the section and load line passes through the center of
curvature. Find the maximum load the hook can carry, if the maximum stress is not to exceed 70
MPa.
7. a) Differentiate between a straight beam and a curved beam with stress distribution in each of the
beam.
b) Figure shows a 100 kN crane hook with a trapezoidal section. Determine stress in the outer,
inner, Cg and also at the neutral fiber and draw the stress distribution across the section AB.

87.5
25
A B
m
m
.5
62
112.5
F = 100kN
8. A closed ring is made up of 50 mm diameter steel bar having allowable tensile stress of 200
MPa. The inner diameter of the ring is 100 mm. For load of 30 kN find the maximum stress in
the bar and specify the location. If the ring is cut as shown in part -B of
Fig. 1.40, check whether it is safe to support the applied load.

REFERENCE BOOKS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN by Farazdak Haideri
MACHINE DESIGN by Maleev and Hartman
MACHINE DESIGN by Schaums out lines
DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS by V.B.Bhandari
DESING OF MACHINE ELEMENTS-2 by J.B.K Das and P.L. Srinivasa murthy
DESIGN OF SPRINGS Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur, IITM

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com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | RESULTS | FORUMS

WHATS A CURVED BEAM?

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STRAIGHT BEAM AND A

WHY STRESS CONCENTRA TION OCCUR AT INNER SIDE OR

DERIVATION FOR STRESSES IN CURVED BEAM

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Theory of Simple Bending

Consider a portion of beam between sections AB and CD as shown in

radius of curvature and is the angle

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there is no direct force acting on the element considered.

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From (1) and (2)

Curved beams are the parts of machine members found in C -

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Stresses in Curved Beam

Consider a curved beam subjected to bending moment Mb as shown

Derivation for stresses in curved beam

Nomenclature used in curved beam

Ci =Distance from neutral axis to inner radius of curved beam

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Stresses in curved beam

Mb = Applied Bending Moment

Where = stress, e = strain and E = Young's Modulus

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We know, stress = E.e

Since the fiber is shortened, the stress induced in this fiber is

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rc = Radius of centroidal axis

Summation of forces over the whole cross section

If the moments are taken about the neutral axis,

Since  ydA represents the statical moment of area, it may be replaced

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At the outer fiber, y = co

Bending stress at the outer fiber bo

Where co = Distance from neutral axis to outer fiber. It is compressive

Bending stress at the inner fiber

Where ci = Distance from neutral axis to inner fiber. It is tensile stress

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Difference between a straight beam and a curved beam

Sl.no straight beam curved beam

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3 Neutral axis and centroidal Neutral axis is shifted

Location of the neutral axis By considering a rectangular cross

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Centroidal and Neutral Axis of Typical Section of Curved Beams

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Why stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of

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The actual magnitude of stress in the curved beam would be influenced

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For a straight beam:

Inner most fiber:

Outer most fiber:

For curved beam: h=2ri

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e = rc - rn = 100 - 91.024 = 8.976mm

Section A-B will be subjected to a combination of direct load and

Mb = 22X103X100 = 2.2X106 N-mm

Since ydA represents the statical moment of area, it may be replaced

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